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Duan Z, Xie Z, Hu Y, Xu J, Ren J, Liu Y, Nie HY. Self-Assembled Monolayers of a Fluorinated Phosphonic Acid as a Protective Coating on Aluminum. Molecules 2024; 29:706. [PMID: 38338450 PMCID: PMC10856205 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) placed in hot water (HW) at 90 °C is roughened due to its reaction with water, forming Al hydroxide and Al oxide, as well as releasing hydrogen gas. The roughened surface is thus hydrophilic and possesses a hugely increased surface area, which can be useful in applications requiring hydrophilicity and increased surface area, such as atmospheric moisture harvesting. On the other hand, when using HW to roughen specified areas of an Al substrate, ways to protect the other areas from HW attacks are necessary. We demonstrated that self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of a fluorinated phosphonic acid (FPA, CF3(CF2)13(CH2)2P(=O)(OH)2) derivatized on the native oxide of an Al film protected the underneath metal substrate from HW attack. The intact wettability and surface morphology of FPA-derivatized Al subjected to HW treatment were examined using contact angle measurement, and scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, respectively. Moreover, the surface and interface chemistry of FPA-derivatized Al before and after HW treatment were investigated by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), verifying that the FPA SAMs were intact upon HW treatment. The ToF-SIMS results therefore explained, on the molecular level, why HW treatment did not affect the underneath Al at all. FPA derivatization is thus expected to be developed as a patterning method for the formation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic areas on Al when combined with HW treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoqi Duan
- College of Engineering, Dali University, Dali 671003, China; (Z.D.); (Z.X.)
| | - Zaixin Xie
- College of Engineering, Dali University, Dali 671003, China; (Z.D.); (Z.X.)
| | - Yongmao Hu
- College of Engineering, Dali University, Dali 671003, China; (Z.D.); (Z.X.)
| | - Jiawen Xu
- Surface Science Western, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 0J3, Canada; (J.X.); (J.R.)
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Jun Ren
- Surface Science Western, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 0J3, Canada; (J.X.); (J.R.)
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Heng-Yong Nie
- Surface Science Western, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 0J3, Canada; (J.X.); (J.R.)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
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Gambaro S, Nascimento ML, Shekargoftar M, Ravanbakhsh S, Sales V, Paternoster C, Bartosch M, Witte F, Mantovani D. Characterization of a Magnesium Fluoride Conversion Coating on Mg-2Y-1Mn-1Zn Screws for Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8245. [PMID: 36431729 PMCID: PMC9692750 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
MgF2-coated screws made of a Mg-2Y-1Mn-1Zn alloy, called NOVAMag® fixation screws (biotrics bioimplants AG), were tested in vitro for potential applications as biodegradable implants, and showed a controlled corrosion rate compared to non-coated screws. While previous studies regarding coated Mg-alloys have been carried out on flat sample surfaces, the present work focused on functional materials and final biomedical products. The substrates under study had a complex 3D geometry and a nearly cylindrical-shaped shaft. The corrosion rate of the samples was investigated using an electrochemical setup, especially adjusted to evaluate these types of samples, and thus, helped to improve an already patented coating process. A MgF2/MgO coating in the µm-range was characterized for the first time using complementary techniques. The coated screws revealed a smoother surface than the non-coated ones. Although the cross-section analysis revealed some fissures in the coating structure, the electrochemical studies using Hanks' salt solution demonstrated the effective role of MgF2 in retarding the alloy degradation during the initial stages of corrosion up to 24 h. The values of polarization resistance (Rp) of the coated samples extrapolated from the Nyquist plots were significantly higher than those of the non-coated samples, and impedance increased significantly over time. After 1200 s exposure, the Rp values were 1323 ± 144 Ω.cm2 for the coated samples and 1036 ± 198 Ω.cm2 for the non-coated samples, thus confirming a significant decrease in the degradation rate due to the MgF2 layer. The corrosion rates varied from 0.49 mm/y, at the beginning of the experiment, to 0.26 mm/y after 1200 s, and decreased further to 0.01 mm/y after 24 h. These results demonstrated the effectiveness of the applied MgF2 film in slowing down the corrosion of the bulk material, allowing the magnesium-alloy screws to be competitive as dental and orthopedic solutions for the biodegradable implants market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Gambaro
- National Research Council, Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy, CNR-ICMATE, 16149 Genoa, Italy
| | - M. Lucia Nascimento
- Biotrics Bioimplants AG, Ullsteinstrasse 108, 12109 Berlin, Germany
- Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Straße 4–6, 14197 Berlin, Germany
| | - Masoud Shekargoftar
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering (CRC-I), Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering and University Hospital Research Center, Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Samira Ravanbakhsh
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering (CRC-I), Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering and University Hospital Research Center, Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Vinicius Sales
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering (CRC-I), Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering and University Hospital Research Center, Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Carlo Paternoster
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering (CRC-I), Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering and University Hospital Research Center, Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Marco Bartosch
- Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Straße 4–6, 14197 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Witte
- Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Straße 4–6, 14197 Berlin, Germany
| | - Diego Mantovani
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering (CRC-I), Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering and University Hospital Research Center, Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Abstract
Nonferrous materials such as copper and its alloys are sensitive to seawater corrosion. In this work, a hydrothermal carbonization coating was deposited on a C26000 brass and pure copper. The effectiveness of the coating on improving seawater corrosion performance was examined. First, hydrothermal carbonization of sugar (with 10 wt.% sucrose in water) at 200 °C and 1.35 MPa for 4 h was performed to generate the carbon-rich coating. The results of surface morphology, composition, hardness, thickness, and wettability to seawater were presented. Then, the corrosion resistance of the brass and pure copper with and without coating was evaluated by measuring the Tafel constants in seawater. Important parameters including the corrosion current, potentials of corrosion, and polarization resistance for the brass and pure copper with and without the coating were calculated from the polarization measurement data. It was found that the hydrothermal carbonization of sugar produced a relatively dense carbon-rich layer on the surface of the copper and brass specimens. This carbon layer has a thickness of 120 µm, and it is highly corrosion resistant. The corrosion current of the copper and its alloy in seawater is reduced significantly through the hydrothermal carbonization treatment. The carbonized coating reduced the corrosion current obviously, but only resulted in a small positive shift of 0.05–0.1 V in the corrosion potentials. The hydrothermally produced carbon layer is just like a passivation coating on the pure copper and copper alloy to slow down their corrosion rates in seawater.
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Gao S, Li B, Lu K, Alabidun S, Xia F, Nickel C, Xu T, Cheng Y. Modulating MnO 2 Interface with Flexible and Self-Adhering Alkylphosphonic Layers for High-Performance Zn-MnO 2 Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:23724-23731. [PMID: 33983703 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal oxides are essential electrode materials for high-energy-density batteries, but it remains highly challenging to modulate their interfacial charge-transfer process and improve their cycling stability. Here, using MnO2 nanofibers as an example, we describe the application of self-assembled alkylphosphonic modification layers for significantly improved cycling stability and high-rate performance of Zn-MnO2 batteries. Two modifier organic molecules with the same phosphonic functional group but different alkyl tail lengths were employed and systematically compared, including butylphosphonic acid (BPA) and decylphosphonic acid (DPA). The phosphonic groups form strong interfacial covalent bonding and assist the generation of conformal and flexible coatings with few nanometers thickness on a MnO2 surface. The intertwined alkylphosphonic molecules in the modulation layers have interconnected phosphonic groups, which improve interfacial charge transfer of H+ ions for fast conversion of MnO2 to MnOOH without compromising electrolyte wetting. Importantly, the coating layers effectively reduce dissolutive loss of Mn2+ from MnO2 during battery cycling since diffusion of both water molecules and divalent Mn2+ cations was inhibited across the modification layers. The flexible coatings could readily adapt to the morphological changes of MnO2 during battery cycling and provide long-lasting protection. Overall, we identified that BPA has the optimal balance of hydrophobic-hydrophilic components and enabled modified MnO2 cathodes with >30% improved discharge capacity compared with unmodified MnO2 cathodes, together with substantially improved long-term cycling stability with >60% capacity retention for 400 cycles in aqueous ZnSO4 electrolytes without any Mn2+ additive. This work provides new insights into tuning electrochemical pathways that move away from the prevailing rigid, ceramic coating-based surface modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Bomin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Ke Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Sarat Alabidun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Colton Nickel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Yingwen Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
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