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Foley GR, Marthick JR, Lucas SE, Raspin K, Banks A, Stanford JL, Ostrander EA, FitzGerald LM, Dickinson JL. Germline Sequencing of DNA Damage Repair Genes in Two Hereditary Prostate Cancer Cohorts Reveals New Disease Risk-Associated Gene Variants. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2482. [PMID: 39001544 PMCID: PMC11240467 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16132482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Rare, inherited variants in DNA damage repair (DDR) genes have a recognised role in prostate cancer (PrCa) susceptibility. In addition, these genes are therapeutically targetable. While rare variants are informing clinical management in other common cancers, defining the rare disease-associated variants in PrCa has been challenging. Here, whole-genome and -exome sequencing data from two independent, high-risk Australian and North American familial PrCa datasets were interrogated for novel DDR risk variants. Rare DDR gene variants (predicted to be damaging and present in two or more family members) were identified and subsequently genotyped in 1963 individuals (700 familial and 459 sporadic PrCa cases, 482 unaffected relatives, and 322 screened controls), and association analyses accounting for relatedness (MQLS) undertaken. In the combined datasets, rare ERCC3 (rs145201970, p = 2.57 × 10-4) and BRIP1 (rs4988345, p = 0.025) variants were significantly associated with PrCa risk. A PARP2 (rs200603922, p = 0.028) variant in the Australian dataset and a MUTYH (rs36053993, p = 0.031) variant in the North American dataset were also associated with risk. Evaluation of clinicopathological characteristics provided no evidence for a younger age or higher-grade disease at diagnosis in variant carriers, which should be taken into consideration when determining genetic screening eligibility criteria for targeted, gene-based treatments in the future. This study adds valuable knowledge to our understanding of PrCa-associated DDR genes, which will underpin effective clinical screening and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgea R Foley
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - James R Marthick
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Sionne E Lucas
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Kelsie Raspin
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Annette Banks
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Janet L Stanford
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., M4-B874, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Elaine A Ostrander
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Liesel M FitzGerald
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Joanne L Dickinson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
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Raspin K, Marthick JR, Donovan S, Blizzard L, Malley RC, Jung CH, Banks A, Redwig F, Skala M, Dickinson JL, FitzGerald LM. Identification of a novel recurrent EEF2 gene amplification in familial prostate tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2023; 62:247-255. [PMID: 36520140 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.23117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent tumor copy number variations (CNVs) in prostate cancer (PrCa) have predominantly been discovered in sporadic tumor cohorts. Here, we examined familial prostate tumors for novel CNVs as prior studies suggest these harbor distinct CNVs. Array comparative genomic hybridization of 12 tumors from an Australian PrCa family, PcTas9, highlighted multiple recurrent CNVs, including amplification of EEF2 (19p13.3) in 100% of tumors. The EEF2 CNV was examined in a further 26 familial and seven sporadic tumors from the Australian cohort and in 494 tumors unselected for family history from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). EEF2 overexpression was observed in seven PcTas9 tumors, in addition to seven other predominantly familial tumors (ntotal = 34%). EEF2 amplification was only observed in 1.4% of TCGA tumors, however 7.5% harbored an EEF2 deletion. Analysis of genes co-expressed with EEF2 revealed significant upregulation of two genes, ZNF74 and ADSL, and downregulation of PLSCR1 in both EEF2 amplified familial tumors and EEF2 deleted TCGA tumors. Furthermore, in TCGA tumors, EEF2 amplification and deletion were significantly associated with a higher Gleason score. In summary, we identified a novel PrCa CNV that was predominantly amplified in familial tumors and deleted in unselected tumors. Our results provide further evidence that familial tumors harbor distinct CNVs, potentially due to an inherited predisposition, but also suggest that regardless of how EEF2 is dysregulated, a similar set of genes involved in key cancer pathways are impacted. Given the current lack of gene-based biomarkers and clinical targets in PrCa, further investigation of EEF2 is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsie Raspin
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - James R Marthick
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Shaun Donovan
- Diagnostic Services, Sonic Healthcare, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Leigh Blizzard
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Roslyn C Malley
- Diagnostic Services, Sonic Healthcare, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Chol-Hee Jung
- Melbourne Bioinformatics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Annette Banks
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Frank Redwig
- Department of Urology, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Marketa Skala
- WP Holman Clinic, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Joanne L Dickinson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Liesel M FitzGerald
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Raspin K, O'Malley DE, Marthick JR, Donovan S, Malley RC, Banks A, Redwig F, Skala M, Dickinson JL, FitzGerald LM. Analysis of a large prostate cancer family identifies novel and recurrent gene fusion events providing evidence for inherited predisposition. Prostate 2022; 82:540-550. [PMID: 34994974 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
There is strong interest in the characterisation of gene fusions and their use to enhance clinical practices in prostate cancer (PrCa). Significantly, ~50% of prostate tumours harbour a gene fusion. Inherited factors are thought to predispose to these events but, to date, only one study has investigated gene fusions in a familial context. Here, we examined the prevalence and diversity of gene fusions in 14 tumours from a single large PrCa family, PcTas9, using the TruSight® RNA Fusion Panel and Sanger sequencing validation. These fusions were then explored in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) PrCa data set (n = 494). Overall, 64.3% of PcTas9 tumours harboured a gene fusion, including known erythroblast transformation-specific (ETS) fusions involving ERG and ETV1, and two novel gene fusions, C19orf48:ETV4 and RYBP:FOXP1. Although 3' ETS genes were overexpressed in PcTas9 and TCGA tumour samples, 3' fusion of FOXP1 did not appear to alter its expression. In addition, PcTas9 fusion carriers were more likely to have lower-grade disease than noncarriers (p = 0.02). Likewise, TCGA tumours with high-grade disease were less likely to harbour fusions (p = 0.03). Our study further implicates an inherited predisposition to PrCa gene fusion events, which are associated with less aggressive tumours. This knowledge could lead to clinical strategies to predict men at risk for fusion-positive PrCa and, thus, identify patients who are more or less at risk of aggressive disease and/or responsive to particular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsie Raspin
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Dannielle E O'Malley
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - James R Marthick
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | | | - Roslyn C Malley
- Hobart Pathology, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Annette Banks
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Frank Redwig
- Department of Urology, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Marketa Skala
- WP Holman Clinic, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Joanne L Dickinson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Liesel M FitzGerald
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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Marthick JR, Raspin K, Foley GR, Blackburn NB, Banks A, Donovan S, Malley RC, Field MA, Stanford JL, Ostrander EA, FitzGerald LM, Dickinson JL. Massively parallel sequencing in hereditary prostate cancer families reveals a rare risk variant in the DNA repair gene, RAD51C. Eur J Cancer 2021; 159:52-55. [PMID: 34736042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James R Marthick
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Kelsie Raspin
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Georgea R Foley
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Nicholas B Blackburn
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Annette Banks
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | | | - Roslyn C Malley
- Hobart Pathology, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Matthew A Field
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology and Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, 4878, Australia; Genome Informatics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra
| | - Janet L Stanford
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., M4-B874, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Elaine A Ostrander
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Liesel M FitzGerald
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Joanne L Dickinson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia.
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Raspin K, FitzGerald LM, Marthick JR, Field MA, Malley RC, Banks A, Donovan S, Thomson RJ, Foley GR, Stanford JL, Dickinson JL. A rare variant in EZH2 is associated with prostate cancer risk. Int J Cancer 2021; 149:1089-1099. [PMID: 33821477 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PrCa) is highly heritable, and although rare variants contribute significantly to PrCa risk, few have been identified to date. Herein, whole-genome sequencing was performed in a large PrCa family featuring multiple affected relatives spanning several generations. A rare, predicted splice site EZH2 variant, rs78589034 (G > A), was identified as segregating with disease in all but two individuals in the family, one of whom was affected with lymphoma and bowel cancer and a female relative. This variant was significantly associated with disease risk in combined familial and sporadic PrCa datasets (n = 1551; odds ratio [OR] = 3.55, P = 1.20 × 10-5 ). Transcriptome analysis was performed on prostate tumour needle biopsies available for two rare variant carriers and two wild-type cases. Although no allele-dependent differences were detected in EZH2 transcripts, a distinct differential gene expression signature was observed when comparing prostate tissue from the rare variant carriers with the wild-type samples. The gene expression signature comprised known downstream targets of EZH2 and included the top-ranked genes, DUSP1, FOS, JUNB and EGR1, which were subsequently validated by qPCR. These data provide evidence that rs78589034 is associated with increased PrCa risk in Tasmanian men and further, that this variant may be associated with perturbed EZH2 function in prostate tissue. Disrupted EZH2 function is a driver of tumourigenesis in several cancers, including prostate, and is of significant interest as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsie Raspin
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Liesel M FitzGerald
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - James R Marthick
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Matt A Field
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine and Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia.,John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Roslyn C Malley
- Hobart Pathology, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Annette Banks
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Russell J Thomson
- Centre for Research in Mathematics and Data Science, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Georgea R Foley
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Janet L Stanford
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joanne L Dickinson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Nyberg T, Govindasami K, Leslie G, Dadaev T, Bancroft E, Ni Raghallaigh H, Brook MN, Hussain N, Keating D, Lee A, McMahon R, Morgan A, Mullen A, Osborne A, Rageevakumar R, Kote-Jarai Z, Eeles R, Antoniou AC. Homeobox B13 G84E Mutation and Prostate Cancer Risk. Eur Urol 2019; 75:834-845. [PMID: 30527799 PMCID: PMC6470122 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The homeobox B13 (HOXB13) G84E mutation has been recommended for use in genetic counselling for prostate cancer (PCa), but the magnitude of PCa risk conferred by this mutation is uncertain. OBJECTIVE To obtain precise risk estimates for mutation carriers and information on how these vary by family history and other factors. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Two-fold: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published risk estimates, and a kin-cohort study comprising pedigree data on 11983 PCa patients enrolled during 1993-2014 from 189 UK hospitals and who had been genotyped for HOXB13 G84E. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Relative and absolute PCa risks. Complex segregation analysis with ascertainment adjustment to derive age-specific risks applicable to the population, and to investigate how these vary by family history and birth cohort. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS A meta-analysis of case-control studies revealed significant heterogeneity between reported relative risks (RRs; range: 0.95-33.0, p<0.001) and differences by case selection (p=0.007). Based on case-control studies unselected for PCa family history, the pooled RR estimate was 3.43 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.78-4.23). In the kin-cohort study, PCa risk for mutation carriers varied by family history (p<0.001). There was a suggestion that RRs decrease with age, but this was not significant (p=0.068). We found higher RR estimates for men from more recent birth cohorts (p=0.004): 3.09 (95% CI 2.03-4.71) for men born in 1929 or earlier and 5.96 (95% CI 4.01-8.88) for men born in 1930 or later. The absolute PCa risk by age 85 for a male HOXB13 G84E carrier varied from 60% for those with no PCa family history to 98% for those with two relatives diagnosed at young ages, compared with an average risk of 15% for noncarriers. Limitations include the reliance on self-reported cancer family history. CONCLUSIONS PCa risks for HOXB13 G84E mutation carriers are heterogeneous. Counselling should not be based on average risk estimates but on age-specific absolute risk estimates tailored to individual mutation carriers' family history and birth cohort. PATIENT SUMMARY Men who carry a hereditary mutation in the homeobox B13 (HOXB13) gene have a higher than average risk for developing prostate cancer. In our study, we examined a large number of families of men with prostate cancer recruited across UK hospitals, to assess what other factors may contribute to this risk and to assess whether we could create a precise model to help in predicting a man's prostate cancer risk. We found that the risk of developing prostate cancer in men who carry this genetic mutation is also affected by a family history of prostate cancer and their year of birth. This information can be used to assess more personalised prostate cancer risks to men who carry HOXB13 mutations and hence better counsel them on more personalised risk management options, such as tailoring prostate cancer screening frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Nyberg
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Koveela Govindasami
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Goska Leslie
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tokhir Dadaev
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth Bancroft
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Holly Ni Raghallaigh
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Mark N Brook
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Nafisa Hussain
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Diana Keating
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Andrew Lee
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Romayne McMahon
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Angela Morgan
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Andrea Mullen
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Andrea Osborne
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Reshma Rageevakumar
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Zsofia Kote-Jarai
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Rosalind Eeles
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Antonis C Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Li B, Huang Q, Wei GH. The Role of HOX Transcription Factors in Cancer Predisposition and Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040528. [PMID: 31013831 PMCID: PMC6520925 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeobox (HOX) transcription factors, encoded by a subset of homeodomain superfamily genes, play pivotal roles in many aspects of cellular physiology, embryonic development, and tissue homeostasis. Findings over the past decade have revealed that mutations in HOX genes can lead to increased cancer predisposition, and HOX genes might mediate the effect of many other cancer susceptibility factors by recognizing or executing altered genetic information. Remarkably, several lines of evidence highlight the interplays between HOX transcription factors and cancer risk loci discovered by genome-wide association studies, thereby gaining molecular and biological insight into cancer etiology. In addition, deregulated HOX gene expression impacts various aspects of cancer progression, including tumor angiogenesis, cell autophagy, proliferation, apoptosis, tumor cell migration, and metabolism. In this review, we will discuss the fundamental roles of HOX genes in cancer susceptibility and progression, highlighting multiple molecular mechanisms of HOX involved gene misregulation, as well as their potential implications in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Qilai Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Gong-Hong Wei
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland.
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Prostate Cancer Genomics: Recent Advances and the Prevailing Underrepresentation from Racial and Ethnic Minorities. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041255. [PMID: 29690565 PMCID: PMC5979433 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (CaP) is the most commonly diagnosed non-cutaneous cancer and the second leading cause of male cancer deaths in the United States. Among African American (AA) men, CaP is the most prevalent malignancy, with disproportionately higher incidence and mortality rates. Even after discounting the influence of socioeconomic factors, the effect of molecular and genetic factors on racial disparity of CaP is evident. Earlier studies on the molecular basis for CaP disparity have focused on the influence of heritable mutations and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Most CaP susceptibility alleles identified based on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were common, low-penetrance variants. Germline CaP-associated mutations that are highly penetrant, such as those found in HOXB13 and BRCA2, are usually rare. More recently, genomic studies enabled by Next-Gen Sequencing (NGS) technologies have focused on the identification of somatic mutations that contribute to CaP tumorigenesis. These studies confirmed the high prevalence of ERG gene fusions and PTEN deletions among Caucasian Americans and identified novel somatic alterations in SPOP and FOXA1 genes in early stages of CaP. Individuals with African ancestry and other minorities are often underrepresented in these large-scale genomic studies, which are performed primarily using tumors from men of European ancestry. The insufficient number of specimens from AA men and other minority populations, together with the heterogeneity in the molecular etiology of CaP across populations, challenge the generalizability of findings from these projects. Efforts to close this gap by sequencing larger numbers of tumor specimens from more diverse populations, although still at an early stage, have discovered distinct genomic alterations. These research findings can have a direct impact on the diagnosis of CaP, the stratification of patients for treatment, and can help to address the disparity in incidence and mortality of CaP. This review examines the progress of understanding in CaP genetics and genomics and highlight the need to increase the representation from minority populations.
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