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Cui X, Yang Y, Zhang M, Bao L, Jiao F, Liu S, Wang H, Wei X, Qian W, Shi X, Su C, Qian Y. Mulberry leaves supplementation alters lipid metabolism and promotes fatty acid β oxidation in growing mutton sheep. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae076. [PMID: 38908013 PMCID: PMC11196999 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Mulberry leaves (MLs) are an unconventional feed with fiber and various active ingredients, and are acknowledged as likely to regulate lipid metabolism, while the molecular mechanism remains undefined. Therefore, our objective was to define the role of MLs on the overall lipid metabolism. We conducted a feeding experiment of three groups on growing mutton sheep fed with dried mulberry leaves (DMLs), with fermented mulberry leaves (FMLs), or without MLs (as control). Analyses of transcriptome and widely target lipids demonstrated the addition of MLs triggered big perturbations in genes and metabolites related to glycerolipid, phospholipid, ether lipid, and sphingolipid metabolism. Additionally, the variations of the above lipids in the treatment of MLs possibly facilitate immunity enhancement of growing mutton sheep via the activation of complement and coagulation cascades. Furthermore, treatments with MLs could expedite proceedings of lipid degradation and fatty acid β oxidation in mitochondria, thereby to achieve the effect of lipid reduction. Besides, added DMLs also fuel fatty acid β-oxidation in peroxisomes and own much stronger lipolysis than added FMLs, possibly attributed to high fiber content in DMLs. These findings establish the novel lipid-lowering role and immune protection of MLs, which lays the foundation for the medicinal application of MLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Minjuan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lijun Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Feng Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hexin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xinlan Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wei Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chao Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yonghua Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Shenzhen Fengnong Holding Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
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cADPR is a gene dosage-sensitive biomarker of SARM1 activity in healthy, compromised, and degenerating axons. Exp Neurol 2020; 329:113252. [PMID: 32087251 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
SARM1 is the central executioner of pathological axon degeneration, promoting axonal demise in response to axotomy, traumatic brain injury, and neurotoxic chemotherapeutics that induce peripheral neuropathy. SARM1 is an injury-activated NAD+ cleavage enzyme, and this NADase activity is required for the pro-degenerative function of SARM1. At present, SARM1 function is assayed by either analysis of axonal loss, which is far downstream of SARM1 enzymatic activity, or via NAD+ levels, which are regulated by many competing pathways. Here we explored the utility of measuring cADPR, a product of SARM1-dependent cleavage of NAD+, as an in cell and in vivo biomarker of SARM1 enzymatic activity. We find that SARM1 is a major producer of cADPR in cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, sciatic nerve, and brain, demonstrating that SARM1 has basal activity in the absence of injury. Following injury, there is a dramatic SARM1-dependent increase in the levels of axonal cADPR that precedes morphological axon degeneration. In vivo, there is also a rapid and large injury-stimulated increase in cADPR in sciatic and optic nerves. The increase in cADPR after injury is proportional to SARM1 gene dosage, suggesting that SARM1 activity is the prime regulator of cADPR levels. The role of cADPR as an important calcium mobilizing agent prompted exploration of its functional contribution to axon degeneration. We used multiple bacterial and mammalian engineered enzymes to manipulate cADPR levels in neurons but found no changes in the time course of axonal degeneration, suggesting that cADPR is unlikely to be an important contributor to the degenerative mechanism. Using cADPR as a SARM1 biomarker, we find that SARM1 can be partially activated by a diverse array of mitochondrial toxins administered at doses that do not induce axon degeneration. Hence, the subcritical activation of SARM1 induced by mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to the axonal vulnerability common to many neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we assay levels of both nerve cADPR and plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL) following nerve injury in vivo, and demonstrate that both biomarkers are excellent readouts of SARM1 activity, with cADPR reporting the early molecular changes in the nerve and NfL reporting subsequent axonal breakdown. The identification and characterization of cADPR as a SARM1 biomarker will help identify neurodegenerative diseases in which SARM1 contributes to axonal loss and expedite target validation studies of SARM1-directed therapeutics.
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