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Liu T, Lee S, Kim M, Fan P, Boughton RK, Boucher C, Jeong KC. A study at the wildlife-livestock interface unveils the potential of feral swine as a reservoir for extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 473:134694. [PMID: 38788585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Wildlife is known to serve as carriers and sources of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Due to their unrestricted movements and behaviors, they can spread antimicrobial resistant bacteria among livestock, humans, and the environment, thereby accelerating the dissemination of AMR. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae is one of major concerns threatening human and animal health, yet transmission mechanisms at the wildlife-livestock interface are not well understood. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of ESBL-producing bacteria spreading across various hosts, including cattle, feral swine, and coyotes in the same habitat range, as well as from environmental samples over a two-year period. We report a notable prevalence and clonal dissemination of ESBL-producing E. coli in feral swine and coyotes, suggesting their persistence and adaptation within wildlife hosts. In addition, in silico studies showed that horizontal gene transfer, mediated by conjugative plasmids and insertion sequences elements, may play a key role in spreading the ESBL genes among these bacteria. Furthermore, the shared gut resistome of cattle and feral swine suggests the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes at the wildlife-livestock interface. Taken together, our results suggest that feral swine may serve as a reservoir of ESBL-producing E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA; Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Shinyoung Lee
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA; Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Miju Kim
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA; Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA; Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Peixin Fan
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA; Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Raoul K Boughton
- Range Cattle Research and Education Center, Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Ona, FL 33865, USA
| | - Christina Boucher
- Department of Computer and Information Science and Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Kwangcheol C Jeong
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA; Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
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Molecular Characteristics of an NDM-4 and OXA-181 Co-Producing K51-ST16 Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: Study of Its Potential Dissemination Mediated by Conjugative Plasmids and Insertion Sequences. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0135422. [PMID: 36602346 PMCID: PMC9872697 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01354-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) strain GX34 was recovered from the respiratory tract of an elderly male with severe pneumonia, and only susceptible to amikacin, tigecycline, and colistin. Complete genome suggested that it belonged to K51-ST16 and harbored plasmid-encoded NDM-4 and OXA-181, located on IncFIB plasmid GX34p1_NDM-4 and ColKP3/IncX3 plasmid GX34p4_OXA-181, respectively. A series of transconjugants generated in the plasmid conjugation assays, including Escherichia coli J53-N1 (harboring a self-transmissible and blaNDM-1-producing plasmid Eco-N-1-p), J53-N2 (harboring a blaNDM-4-producing plasmid and a helper plasmid GX34p5), and J53-O (harboring a blaOXA-181-producing plasmid), could be stably inherited after 10 days of serial passage and no significant biological fitness costs were detected. Furthermore, we first reported the blaNDM-1 gene, derived from blaNDM-4 mutation (460C>A) under meropenem pressure, could be in vitro transferred into a self-conjugative, recombined plasmid Eco-N-1-p of J53-N1. Eco-N-1-p was mainly recombined by GX34p4_OXA-181 (40,449 bp, 75.16%) and GX34p1_NDM-4 (8,553 bp, 15.89%), in which IS26 and IS5-like probably played a major role. Eco-N-1-p could be transferred into the conjugation recipient K. pneumoniae KP54 and make the latter sacrifice fitness. The retention rates of blaNDM-1 remained high stability (>80% after 200 generations). The comparative genomic analysis of GX34 and those carrying blaNDM-4 or blaOXA-181 genes retrieved from the NCBI RefSeq database showed all blaNDM-4 (26/26, 100.00%) and blaOXA-181 (13/13, 100.00%) were surrounded by IS26. The immediate environment of blaNDM-4 and blaOXA-181 in GX34 and some retrieved strains shared identical features, hinting at their possible dissemination. Effective measures should be taken to monitor the spread of this clone.
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Emergence and Dissemination of Extraintestinal Pathogenic High-Risk International Clones of Escherichia coli. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12122077. [PMID: 36556442 PMCID: PMC9780897 DOI: 10.3390/life12122077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiresistant Escherichia coli has been disseminated worldwide, and it is one of the major causative agents of nosocomial infections. E. coli has a remarkable and complex genomic plasticity for taking up and accumulating genetic elements; thus, multiresistant high-risk clones can evolve. In this review, we summarise all available data about internationally disseminated extraintestinal pathogenic high-risk E. coli clones based on whole-genome sequence (WGS) data and confirmed outbreaks. Based on genetic markers, E. coli is clustered into eight phylogenetic groups. Nowadays, the E. coli ST131 clone from phylogenetic group B2 is the predominant high-risk clone worldwide. Currently, strains of the C1-M27 subclade within clade C of ST131 are circulating and becoming prominent in Canada, China, Germany, Hungary and Japan. The C1-M27 subclade is characterised by blaCTX-M-27. Recently, the ST1193 clone has been reported as an emerging high-risk clone from phylogenetic group B2. ST38 clone carrying blaOXA-244 (a blaOXA-48-like carbapenemase gene) caused several outbreaks in Germany and Switzerland. Further high-risk international E. coli clones include ST10, ST69, ST73, ST405, ST410, ST457. High-risk E. coli strains are present in different niches, in the human intestinal tract and in animals, and persist in environment. These strains can be transmitted easily within the community as well as in hospital settings. WGS analysis is a useful tool for tracking the dissemination of resistance determinants, the emergence of high-risk mulitresistant E. coli clones and to analyse changes in the E. coli population on a genomic level.
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Ma K, Zong Z. Resistance to aztreonam-avibactam due to CTX-M-15 in the presence of penicillin-binding protein 3 with extra amino acids in Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1047109. [PMID: 36406430 PMCID: PMC9674307 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1047109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aztreonam-avibactam is a promising combination to treat carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales including coverage for metallo-β-lactamases. Escherichia coli strains resistant to aztreonam-avibactam have emerged but resistance mechanisms remain to be elucidated. We performed a study to investigate the mechanism for aztreonam-avibactam in a carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli clinical strain. This strain was resistant to aztreonam-avibactam (aztreonam MIC, 16 mg/L in the presence of 4 mg/L avibactam). Whole genome sequencing revealed that the strain carried metallo-β-lactamase gene blaNDM-4 and the extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) gene blaCTX-M-15 and had a YRIK four amino acid insertion in penicillin-binding protein 3 (PBP3). blaCTX-M-15 was cloned into pET-28a(+), followed by the transformation, with the gene, of E. coli strain 035125∆pCMY42 possessing the YRIK insertion in PBP3 and strain BL21 with the wildtype PBP3. blaCTX-M-14, another common ESBL gene, and blaCTX-M-199, a hybrid of blaCTX-M-14 and blaCTX-M-15 were also individually cloned into both E. coli strains for comparison. Aztreonam-avibactam resistance was only observed in the E. coli strains with the YRIK insertion in PBP3 that produced CTX-M-15 or its hybrid enzyme CTX-M-199. Checkerboard titration assays were performed to determine the synergistic effects between aztreonam-avibactam and ceftazidime or meropenem. Doubling avibactam concentration in vitro reversed aztreonam-avibactam resistance, while the combination of aztreonam-avibactam and ceftazidime or meropenem did not. In conclusion, CTX-M enzymes with activity against aztreonam, (e.g., CTX-M-15 and CTX-M-199), can confer resistance in the combination of PBP3 with YRIK insertions in metallo-β-lactamase-producing carbapenem-resistant E. coli. Doubling the concentration of avibactam may overcome such resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ma
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiyong Zong
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Center for Pathogen Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiyong Zong,
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Comparison of Two Distinct Subpopulations of Klebsiella pneumoniae ST16 Co-Occurring in a Single Patient. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0262421. [PMID: 35467408 PMCID: PMC9241866 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02624-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The higher resistance rate to ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA) is mainly related to carbapenem resistance, especially New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM). The CZA-susceptible Klebsiella pneumoniae (K191663) and the later CZA-resistant isolates (K191724, K191725, K191773) co-producing NDM-4 and OXA-181 were obtained from the same hospitalized patient returning from Vietnam. Our study aims to elucidate the diversity of K. pneumoniae ST16 through comparative analysis of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data and identify the potential evolution of plasmids by sequencing longitudinal clinical isolates during antibiotic treatment. Firstly, multilocus sequence typing analysis and phylogenic analysis suggested that these strains belong to the two lineages of K. pneumoniae ST16. Surprisingly, the CZA-resistant strains were closely related to K. pneumoniae ST16 described in South Korea, instead of the blaNDM-4- or blaOXA-181-carrying ST16 reported in Vietnam. Secondly, blaNDM-4, blaTEM-1B, and rmtB co-existed on a self-conjugative IncFII(Yp)-like plasmid, which played a significant role in CZA resistance. It could transfer into the recipient Escherichia coli J53 at high frequency, indicating the risk of mobile carbapenemases. In addition, the loss of 12-kbp fragment occurred in blaNDM-4-positive isolate (K191773), which was likely caused by insertion sequence-mediated homologous recombination. Last but not least, as a repressor of acrAB operon system, acrR was truncated by a frameshift mutation in K191663. Thus, our study provided baseline information for monitoring the occurrence and development of bacterial resistance. IMPORTANCE As a leading health care-acquired infection pathogen, Klebsiella pneumoniae is threatening a large number of inpatients due to its diverse antibiotic resistance and virulence factors. Heretofore, with a growing number of reports about the coexistence of several carbapenemases in carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP), epidemiologic surveillance has been strengthened. Nevertheless, the nosocomial outbreaks by CRKP ST16 are gradually increasing worldwide. Our study provides a deeper insight into the diversification of clinical isolates of CRKP ST16 in China. In addition, the comparison analysis of resistant plasmids may reveal the transmission of carbapenemase-encoding genes. Furthermore, our study also highlights the importance of longitudinal specimen collection and continuous monitoring during the treatment, which play a crucial role in understanding the development of antibiotic resistance and the evolution of resistance plasmids.
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Mazumder R, Hussain A, Abdullah A, Islam MN, Sadique MT, Muniruzzaman SM, Tabassum A, Halim F, Akter N, Ahmed D, Mondal D. International High-Risk Clones Among Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:736464. [PMID: 34671331 PMCID: PMC8521144 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.736464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background:Escherichia coli is a major extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)–producing organism responsible for the rapid spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) that has compromised our ability to treat infections. Baseline data on population structure, virulence, and resistance mechanisms in E. coli lineages from developing countries such as Bangladesh are lacking. Methods: Whole-genome sequencing was performed for 46 ESBL–E. coli isolates cultured from patient samples at the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b)-Dhaka. Sequence data were analyzed to glean details of AMR, virulence, and phylogenetic and molecular markers of E. coli lineages. Results: Genome comparison revealed presence of all major high-risk clones including sequence type 131 (ST131) (46%), ST405 (13%), ST648 (7%), ST410 (4.3%), ST38 (2%), ST73 (2%), and ST1193 (2%). The predominant ESBL gene and plasmid combination were blaCTX–M–15 and FII-FIA-FIB detected in diverse E. coli phylogroups and STs. The blaNDM–5 (9%) gene was present in prominent E. coli STs. One (2%) mcr-1–positive ST1011 E. coli, coharboring blaCTXM–55 gene, was detected. The extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli genotype was associated with specific E. coli lineages. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based genome phylogeny largely showed correlation with phylogroups, serogroups, and fimH types. Majority of these isolates were susceptible to amikacin (93%), imipenem (93%), and nitrofurantoin (83%). Conclusion: Our study reveals a high diversity of E. coli lineages among ESBL-producing E. coli from Dhaka. This study suggests ongoing circulation of ST131 and all major non-ST131 high-risk clones that are strongly associated with cephalosporin resistance and virulence genes. These findings warrant prospective monitoring of high-risk clones, which would otherwise worsen the AMR crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razib Mazumder
- Genomics Center, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Arif Hussain
- Genomics Center, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ahmed Abdullah
- Genomics Center, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Nazrul Islam
- Clinical Microbiology and Immunology Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Tuhin Sadique
- Clinical Microbiology and Immunology Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S M Muniruzzaman
- Clinical Microbiology and Immunology Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anika Tabassum
- Clinical Microbiology and Immunology Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Farhana Halim
- Clinical Microbiology and Immunology Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nasrin Akter
- Clinical Microbiology and Immunology Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Dilruba Ahmed
- Clinical Microbiology and Immunology Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Dinesh Mondal
- Genomics Center, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Wein T, Wang Y, Barz M, Stücker FT, Hammerschmidt K, Dagan T. Essential gene acquisition destabilizes plasmid inheritance. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009656. [PMID: 34252089 PMCID: PMC8297927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extra-chromosomal genetic elements are important drivers of evolutionary transformations and ecological adaptations in prokaryotes with their evolutionary success often depending on their ‘utility’ to the host. Examples are plasmids encoding antibiotic resistance genes, which are known to proliferate in the presence of antibiotics. Plasmids carrying an essential host function are recognized as permanent residents in their host. Essential plasmids have been reported in several taxa where they often encode essential metabolic functions; nonetheless, their evolution remains poorly understood. Here we show that essential genes are rarely encoded on plasmids; evolving essential plasmids in Escherichia coli we further find that acquisition of an essential chromosomal gene by a plasmid can lead to plasmid extinction. A comparative genomics analysis of Escherichia isolates reveals few plasmid-encoded essential genes, yet these are often integrated into plasmid-related functions; an example is the GroEL/GroES chaperonin. Experimental evolution of a chaperonin-encoding plasmid shows that the acquisition of an essential gene reduces plasmid fitness regardless of the stability of plasmid inheritance. Our results suggest that essential plasmid emergence leads to a dose effect caused by gene redundancy. The detrimental effect of essential gene acquisition on plasmid inheritance constitutes a barrier for plasmid-mediated lateral gene transfer and supplies a mechanistic understanding for the rarity of essential genes in extra-chromosomal genetic elements. Mobile genetic elements have been extensively studied due to their role as agents of genetic innovation and rapid adaptation in prokaryotes. Specifically, prokaryotic plasmids have been the focus of investigation in the context of bacterial survival under growth limiting conditions with the prime example of resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals. In contrast, plasmids that encode for functions that are essential to their host viability are rarely described. We investigate the evolution of plasmids that encode for genes previously identified as essential for bacterial life. Our analysis of Escherichia isolates reveals only few plasmid-encoded essential genes, which likely function in the plasmid rather than the host life cycle. Following the evolution of plasmids encoding an essential gene in Escherichia coli in real time, we further find that the acquisition of a chromosomal essential gene may lead to plasmid loss. Our study supplies data and a mechanistic understanding on the rarity of essential genes in mobile genetic elements. We conclude that prokaryotic plasmids are rarely essential for their bacterial host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanita Wein
- Institute of General Microbiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Yiqing Wang
- Institute of General Microbiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Myriam Barz
- Institute of General Microbiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Fenna T. Stücker
- Institute of General Microbiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Tal Dagan
- Institute of General Microbiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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Kantele A, Kuenzli E, Dunn SJ, Dance DAB, Newton PN, Davong V, Mero S, Pakkanen SH, Neumayr A, Hatz C, Snaith A, Kallonen T, Corander J, McNally A. Dynamics of intestinal multidrug-resistant bacteria colonisation contracted by visitors to a high-endemic setting: a prospective, daily, real-time sampling study. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2021; 2:e151-e158. [PMID: 33821248 PMCID: PMC8009952 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(20)30224-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance is highly prevalent in low-income and middle-income countries. International travel contributes substantially to the global spread of intestinal multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Hundreds of millions of annual visitors to low-income and middle-income countries are all exposed to intestinal multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria resulting in 30-70% of them being colonised at their return. The colonisation process in high-exposure environments is poorly documented because data have only been derived from before travel and after travel sampling. We characterised colonisation dynamics by exploring daily stool samples while visiting a low-income and middle-income countries. METHODS In this prospective, daily, real-time sampling study 20 European visitors to Laos volunteered to provide daily stool samples and completed daily questionnaires for 22 days. Samples were initially assessed at Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos, for acquisition of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing (ESBL) Gram-negative bacteria followed by whole-genome sequencing of isolates at MicrobesNG, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. The primary outcome of the study was to obtain data on the dynamics of intestinal multidrug-resistant bacteria acquisition. FINDINGS Between Sept 18 and Sept 20, 2015, 23 volunteers were recruited, of whom 20 (87%) European volunteers were included in the final study population. Although colonisation rates were 70% at the end of the study, daily sampling revealed that all participants had acquired ESBL-producing Gram-negative bacteria at some point during the study period; the colonisation status varied day by day. Whole-genome sequencing analysis ascribed the transient pattern of colonisation to sequential acquisition of new strains, resulting in a loss of detectable colonisation by the initial multidrug-resistant Gram-negative strains. 19 (95%) participants acquired two to seven strains. Of the 83 unique strains identified (53 Escherichia coli, 10 Klebsiella spp, and 20 other ESBL-producing Gram-negative bacteria), some were shared by as many as four (20%) participants. INTERPRETATION To our knowledge, this is the first study to characterise in real-time the dynamics of acquiring multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial colonisation during travel. Our data show multiple transient colonisation events indicative of constant microbial competition and suggest that travellers are exposed to a greater burden of multidrug-resistant bacteria than previously thought. The data emphasise the need for preventing travellers' diarrhoea and limiting antibiotic use, addressing the two major factors predisposing colonisation. FUNDING The Finnish Governmental Subsidy for Health Science Research, The Scandinavian Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, the Sigrid Jusélius Foundation, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council; Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council; The Royal Society; Joint Programming Initiative on Antimicrobial Resistance, and European Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Kantele
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Human Microbiome Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esther Kuenzli
- Department of Medicine, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Public and Global Health, Epidemiology, Biostatistic and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Steven J Dunn
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David A B Dance
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Rue Mahosot, Vientiane, Lao
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London UK
| | - Paul N Newton
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Rue Mahosot, Vientiane, Lao
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London UK
| | - Viengmon Davong
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Rue Mahosot, Vientiane, Lao
| | - Sointu Mero
- Human Microbiome Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari H Pakkanen
- Human Microbiome Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andreas Neumayr
- Department of Medicine, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Hatz
- Department of Medicine, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Hygiene, Cantonal Hospital, St Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Hygiene, Cantonal Hospital, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Ann Snaith
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Teemu Kallonen
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jukka Corander
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Alan McNally
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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First Indian report on genome-wide comparison of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli from blood stream infections. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0220428. [PMID: 32101543 PMCID: PMC7043739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli with extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) is becoming endemic in health care settings around the world. Baseline data on virulence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of specific lineages of E. coli circulating in developing countries like India is currently lacking. Methods Whole-genome sequencing was performed for 60 MDR E. coli isolates. The analysis was performed at single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) level resolution to identify the presence of their virulence and AMR genes. Results Genome comparison revealed the presence of ST-131 global MDR and ST410 as emerging-MDR clades of E. coli in India. AMR gene profile for cephalosporin and carbapenem resistance differed between the clades. Genotypes blaCTX-M-15 and blaNDM-5 were common among cephalosporinases and carbapenemases, respectively. For aminoglycoside resistance, rmtB was positive for 31.7% of the isolates, of which 95% were co-harboring carbapenemases. In addition, the FimH types and virulence gene profile positively correlated with the SNP based phylogeny, and also revealed the evolution of MDR clones among the study population with temporal accumulation of SNPs. The predominant clone was ST167 (blaNDM lineage) followed by ST405 (global clone ST131 equivalent) and ST410 (fast spreading high risk clone). Conclusions This is the first report on the whole genome analysis of MDR E. coli lineages circulating in India. Data from this study will provide public health agencies with baseline information on AMR and virulent genes in pathogenic E. coli in the region.
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Sundaramoorthy NS, Suresh P, Selva Ganesan S, GaneshPrasad A, Nagarajan S. Restoring colistin sensitivity in colistin-resistant E. coli: Combinatorial use of MarR inhibitor with efflux pump inhibitor. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19845. [PMID: 31882661 PMCID: PMC6934491 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics like colistin are the last resort to deal with infections by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CREB). Resistance to colistin severely restricts therapeutic options. To tackle this dire situation, urgent measures to restore colistin sensitivity are needed. In this study, whole-genome sequencing of colistin-resistant E. coli strain was performed and the genome analysis revealed that the strain belonged to the sequence type ST405. Multiple mutations were observed in genes implicated in colistin resistance, especially those related to the L-Ara-4-N pathway but mgrB was unmutated and mcr1-9 genes were missing. MarR inhibitor salicylate was used to re-sensitize this strain to colistin, which increased the negative charge on the cell surface especially in colistin resistant E. coli (U3790 strain) and thereby facilitated a decrease in colistin MIC by 8 fold. It is indeed well known that MarR inhibition by salicylate triggers the expression of AcrAB efflux pumps through MarA. So, in order to fully restore colistin sensitivity, a potent efflux pump inhibitor (BC1), identified earlier by this group was employed. The combination of colistin with both salicylate and BC1 caused a remarkable 6 log reduction in cell counts of U3790 in time-kill assay. Infection of muscle tissue of zebrafish with U3790 followed by various treatments showed that the combination of colistin + salicylate + BC1 was highly effective in reducing bioburden in infected muscle tissue by 4 log fold. Thus, our study shows that a combination of MarR inhibitor to enhance colistin binding and efflux pump inhibitor to reduce colistin extrusion was highly effective in restoring colistin sensitivity in colistin-resistant clinical isolate of E. coli in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjana Sri Sundaramoorthy
- Center for Research on Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pavithira Suresh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subramaniapillai Selva Ganesan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - ArunKumar GaneshPrasad
- Center for Research on Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saisubramanian Nagarajan
- Center for Research on Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
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11
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Weber RE, Pietsch M, Frühauf A, Pfeifer Y, Martin M, Luft D, Gatermann S, Pfennigwerth N, Kaase M, Werner G, Fuchs S. IS 26-Mediated Transfer of bla NDM-1 as the Main Route of Resistance Transmission During a Polyclonal, Multispecies Outbreak in a German Hospital. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2817. [PMID: 31921015 PMCID: PMC6929489 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most demanding challenges in infection control is the worldwide dissemination of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in clinical settings. Especially the increasing prevalence of carbapenemase producing Gram-negative pathogens poses an urgent threat to public health, as these enzymes confer resistance to almost all β-lactam antibiotics including carbapenems. In this study, we report a prolonged nosocomial outbreak of various NDM-1-producing Enterobacterales species due to clonal spread and cross-species exchange of plasmids and possibly transposons. Between July 2015 and September 2017, a total of 51 carbapenemase-positive isolates were collected from 38 patients and three environmental sources in a single German hospital. Combining molecular typing methods and whole genome sequencing, the metallo-β-lactamase gene bla NDM-1 was found to be present in 35 isolates of which seven additionally carried the carbapenemase gene bla KPC-2. Core genome MLST (cgMLST) revealed different clusters of closely related isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii, Morganella morganii or Enterobacter cloacae indicating clonal spread. The detailed reconstruction of the plasmid sequences revealed that in all outbreak-associated isolates blaNDM-1 was located on similar composite transposons, which were also very similar to Tn125 previously described for Acinetobacter baumannii. In contrast to Tn125, these structures were flanked by IS26 elements, which could facilitate horizontal gene transfer. Moreover, the identical plasmid was found to be shared by E. coli and M. morganii isolates. Our results highlight the importance of detailed genome-based analyses for complex nosocomial outbreaks, allowing the identification of causal genetic determinants and providing insights into potential mechanisms involved in the dissemination of antibiotic resistances between different bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Weber
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Michael Pietsch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Andre Frühauf
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Yvonne Pfeifer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Maria Martin
- SLK-Kliniken Heilbronn, Institute for Infection Prevention and Clinical Hygiene, Heilbronn, Germany
| | - Dirk Luft
- SLK-Kliniken Heilbronn, Institute for Infection Prevention and Clinical Hygiene, Heilbronn, Germany
| | - Sören Gatermann
- German National Reference Centre for Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria, Department of Medical Microbiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Niels Pfennigwerth
- German National Reference Centre for Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria, Department of Medical Microbiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Martin Kaase
- German National Reference Centre for Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria, Department of Medical Microbiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Guido Werner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Stephan Fuchs
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
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12
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Gasparrini AJ, Wang B, Sun X, Kennedy EA, Hernandez-Leyva A, Ndao IM, Tarr PI, Warner BB, Dantas G. Persistent metagenomic signatures of early-life hospitalization and antibiotic treatment in the infant gut microbiota and resistome. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:2285-2297. [PMID: 31501537 PMCID: PMC6879825 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0550-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hospitalized preterm infants receive frequent and often prolonged exposures to antibiotics because they are vulnerable to infection. It is not known whether the short-term effects of antibiotics on the preterm infant gut microbiota and resistome persist after discharge from neonatal intensive care units. Here, we use complementary metagenomic, culture-based and machine learning techniques to study the gut microbiota and resistome of antibiotic-exposed preterm infants during and after hospitalization, and we compare these readouts to antibiotic-naive healthy infants sampled synchronously. We find a persistently enriched gastrointestinal antibiotic resistome, prolonged carriage of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and distinct antibiotic-driven patterns of microbiota and resistome assembly in extremely preterm infants that received early-life antibiotics. The collateral damage of early-life antibiotic treatment and hospitalization in preterm infants is long lasting. We urge the development of strategies to reduce these consequences in highly vulnerable neonatal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Gasparrini
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bin Wang
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Sun
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Kennedy
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ariel Hernandez-Leyva
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - I Malick Ndao
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Phillip I Tarr
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Barbara B Warner
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gautam Dantas
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
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13
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Chang J, Lee JY, Joo JY, Kim K, Park HY, Kim SH, Choi SH, Sung H, Kim MN. Emergence of NDM-4-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a Korean hospital due to a patient hospitalized in Vietnam and case review. J Infect Chemother 2019; 25:909-912. [PMID: 31239194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
NDM-4-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (NDM-4-KP) was detected from the patient who had previously been injured and hospitalized for 5 days in Vietnam in a neurosurgical intensive care unit (NSICU) of a Korean tertiary-care hospital in December 2016. He admitted with ventilator-associated pneumonia and NDM-4-KP was isolated, which was subsequently detected in two other NSICU patients. All NDM-4-KP isolates from patient and environmental surveillance cultures were sequence type 11. Colonization of three patients persisted for 5-12 months. Dedicated environmental cleaning was added to single room isolation of NDM-4-KP patients and universal chlorhexidine bathing, and no further transmission of NDM-4-KP occurred. This is the first report of NDM-4-KP in a Korean hospital where a patient with a history of hospitalization abroad was the index case initiating an outbreak involving three patients. The spread of newly introduced CPE was controlled using a bundle of infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghyun Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, South Korea; Office for Infection Control, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Young Lee
- Office for Infection Control, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Joo
- Office for Infection Control, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Kyuri Kim
- Office for Infection Control, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Hee-Youn Park
- Office for Infection Control, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Sung-Han Kim
- Office for Infection Control, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, South Korea; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Choi
- Office for Infection Control, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, South Korea; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Heungsup Sung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, South Korea; Office for Infection Control, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Mi-Na Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, South Korea; Office for Infection Control, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, South Korea.
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14
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Hao Y, Shao C, Geng X, Bai Y, Jin Y, Lu Z. Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of Clinical Escherichia coli Sequence Type 405 Carrying IncN2 Plasmid Harboring bla NDM-1. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:788. [PMID: 31105653 PMCID: PMC6499153 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a bla NDM-carrying ST405 Escherichia coli recovered from the abdominal fluid of a patient in Shandong, China. This strain belonged to the high-risk phylogenetic group D and carried the virulence genes, papG II, papG III, papC, and iroN. In addition to bla NDM-1, this isolate carried the quinolone resistance gene acc(6')-Ib and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes bla CTX-M-15 and bla CTX-M-14. bla NDM-1 was located on a 41 Kb IncN2 self-transmissible plasmid. The IncN2 plasmid named as pJN24NDM1 was fully sequenced and analyzed. Genome comparative analysis showed that IncN2 plasmids harboring carbapenem-resistance genes possessed conserved backbones and variable accessory regions. Phylogenetic analysis of 87 IncN plasmids based on orthologous genes indicated that 9 IncN2 plasmids fell into one phylogenetic clade, while 4 IncN3 plasmids were in two phylogenetic clades of the 74 IncN1 plasmids. The presence of IncN2 plasmids harboring bla NDM in the high-risk clone ST405 E. coli raises serious concerns for its potential of dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yan Jin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhiming Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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15
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Dynamics of Resistance Plasmids in Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae during Postinfection Colonization. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.02201-18. [PMID: 30745391 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02201-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (EPE) are a major cause of bloodstream infections, and the colonization rate of EPE in the gut microbiota of individuals lacking prior hospitalization or comorbidities is increasing. In this study, we performed an in-depth investigation of the temporal dynamics of EPE and their plasmids during one year by collecting fecal samples from three patients initially seeking medical care for urinary tract infections. In two of the patients, the same strain that caused the urinary tract infection (UTI) was found at all consecutive samplings from the gut microbiota, and no other EPEs were detected, while in the third patient the UTI strain was only found in the initial UTI sample. Instead, this patient presented a complex situation where a mixed microbiota of different EPE strain types, including three different E. coli ST131 variants, as well as different bacterial species, was identified over the course of the study. Different plasmid dynamics were displayed in each of the patients, including the spread of plasmids between different strain types over time and the transposition of bla CTX-M-15 from the chromosome to a plasmid, followed by subsequent loss through homologous recombination. Small cryptic plasmids were found in all isolates from all patients, and they appear to move frequently between different strains in the microbiota. In conclusion, we could demonstrate an extensive variation of EPE strain types, plasmid composition, rearrangements, and horizontal gene transfer of genetic material illustrating the high dynamics nature and interactive environment of the gut microbiota during post-UTI carriage.
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16
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NDM Metallo-β-Lactamases and Their Bacterial Producers in Health Care Settings. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 32:32/2/e00115-18. [PMID: 30700432 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00115-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) is a metallo-β-lactamase able to hydrolyze almost all β-lactams. Twenty-four NDM variants have been identified in >60 species of 11 bacterial families, and several variants have enhanced carbapenemase activity. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli are the predominant carriers of bla NDM, with certain sequence types (STs) (for K. pneumoniae, ST11, ST14, ST15, or ST147; for E. coli, ST167, ST410, or ST617) being the most prevalent. NDM-positive strains have been identified worldwide, with the highest prevalence in the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, and the Balkans. Most bla NDM-carrying plasmids belong to limited replicon types (IncX3, IncFII, or IncC). Commonly used phenotypic tests cannot specifically identify NDM. Lateral flow immunoassays specifically detect NDM, and molecular approaches remain the reference methods for detecting bla NDM Polymyxins combined with other agents remain the mainstream options of antimicrobial treatment. Compounds able to inhibit NDM have been found, but none have been approved for clinical use. Outbreaks caused by NDM-positive strains have been reported worldwide, attributable to sources such as contaminated devices. Evidence-based guidelines on prevention and control of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria are available, although none are specific for NDM-positive strains. NDM will remain a severe challenge in health care settings, and more studies on appropriate countermeasures are required.
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