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Makiuchi T, Saito-Nakano Y, Nozaki T. Evidence of γ-secretase complex involved in the regulation of intramembrane proteolysis in Entamoeba histolytica. Parasitol Int 2024; 103:102925. [PMID: 39048023 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2024.102925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Presenilins (PSNs) are multifunctional membrane proteins involved in signal transduction, lysosomal acidification, and certain physiological processes related to mitochondria. The aspartic protease activity of PSN and the formation of a γ-secretase complex with other subunits such as nicastrin (NCT) are required for the biological functions. Although PSN is widely conserved in eukaryotes, most studies on PSN were conducted in metazoans. Homologous genes for PSN and NCT (EhPSN and EhNCT, respectively) are encoded in the genome of Entamoeba histolytica, however, their functions remain unknown. In this study, we showed that EhPSN and EhNCT form a complex on the cell membrane, demonstrating that the parasite possesses γ-secretase. The predicted structure of EhPSN was similar to the human homolog, demonstrated by the crystal structure, and phylogenetic analysis indicated good conservation between EhPSN and human PSN, supporting the premise that EhPSN functions as a subunit of γ-secretase. By contrast, EhNCT appears to have undergone remarkable structural changes during its evolution. Blue native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis combined with western blotting indicated that a 150-kDa single band contains both EhPSN (estimated molecular size: 47-kDa) and EhNCT (64-kDa), suggesting that the complex also contains other unknown components or post-translational modifications. Coimmunoprecipitation from amebic lysates also confirmed that EhPSN and EhNCT formed a complex. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis revealed that the complex localized to the plasma membrane. Moreover, EhPSN exhibited protease activity, which was suppressed by a γ-secretase inhibitor. This is the first report of a γ-secretase complex in protozoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Makiuchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
| | - Yumiko Saito-Nakano
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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2
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Charou D, Rogdakis T, Latorrata A, Valcarcel M, Papadogiannis V, Athanasiou C, Tsengenes A, Papadopoulou MA, Lypitkas D, Lavigne MD, Katsila T, Wade RC, Cader MZ, Calogeropoulou T, Gravanis A, Charalampopoulos I. Comprehensive characterization of the neurogenic and neuroprotective action of a novel TrkB agonist using mouse and human stem cell models of Alzheimer's disease. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:200. [PMID: 38971770 PMCID: PMC11227723 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03818-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation and differentiation in the mammalian brain decreases to minimal levels postnatally. Nevertheless, neurogenic niches persist in the adult cortex and hippocampus in rodents, primates and humans, with adult NSC differentiation sharing key regulatory mechanisms with development. Adult neurogenesis impairments have been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Addressing these impairments by using neurotrophic factors is a promising new avenue for therapeutic intervention based on neurogenesis. However, this possibility has been hindered by technical difficulties of using in-vivo models to conduct screens, including working with scarce NSCs in the adult brain and differences between human and mouse models or ethical limitations. METHODS Here, we use a combination of mouse and human stem cell models for comprehensive in-vitro characterization of a novel neurogenic compound, focusing on the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) pathway. The ability of ENT-A011, a steroidal dehydroepiandrosterone derivative, to activate the tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) receptor was tested through western blotting in NIH-3T3 cells and its neurogenic and neuroprotective action were assessed through proliferation, cell death and Amyloid-β (Aβ) toxicity assays in mouse primary adult hippocampal NSCs, mouse embryonic cortical NSCs and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) differentiated from three human induced pluripotent stem cell lines from healthy and AD donors. RNA-seq profiling was used to assess if the compound acts through the same gene network as BDNF in human NPCs. RESULTS ENT-A011 was able to increase proliferation of mouse primary adult hippocampal NSCs and embryonic cortical NSCs, in the absence of EGF/FGF, while reducing Aβ-induced cell death, acting selectively through TrkB activation. The compound was able to increase astrocytic gene markers involved in NSC maintenance, protect hippocampal neurons from Αβ toxicity and prevent synapse loss after Aβ treatment. ENT-A011 successfully induces proliferation and prevents cell death after Aβ toxicity in human NPCs, acting through a core gene network shared with BDNF as shown through RNA-seq. CONCLUSIONS Our work characterizes a novel BDNF mimetic with preferable pharmacological properties and neurogenic and neuroprotective actions in Alzheimer's disease via stem cell-based screening, demonstrating the promise of stem cell systems for short-listing competitive candidates for further testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Charou
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Thanasis Rogdakis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Alessia Latorrata
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Valcarcel
- Innovative Technologies in Biological Systems SL (INNOPROT), 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Vasileios Papadogiannis
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine Biology Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Christina Athanasiou
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Biosciences International Graduate School, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandros Tsengenes
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Biosciences International Graduate School, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Anna Papadopoulou
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Lypitkas
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Matthieu D Lavigne
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Theodora Katsila
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Rebecca C Wade
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Zameel Cader
- Translational Molecular Neuroscience Group, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Kavli Institute for Nanoscience, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Achille Gravanis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ioannis Charalampopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece.
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 70013, Heraklion, Greece.
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Aßfalg M, Güner G, Müller SA, Breimann S, Langosch D, Muhle-Goll C, Frishman D, Steiner H, Lichtenthaler SF. Cleavage efficiency of the intramembrane protease γ-secretase is reduced by the palmitoylation of a substrate's transmembrane domain. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23442. [PMID: 38275103 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302152r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The intramembrane protease γ-secretase has broad physiological functions, but also contributes to Notch-dependent tumors and Alzheimer's disease. While γ-secretase cleaves numerous membrane proteins, only few nonsubstrates are known. Thus, a fundamental open question is how γ-secretase distinguishes substrates from nonsubstrates and whether sequence-based features or post-translational modifications of membrane proteins contribute to substrate recognition. Using mass spectrometry-based proteomics, we identified several type I membrane proteins with short ectodomains that were inefficiently or not cleaved by γ-secretase, including 'pituitary tumor-transforming gene 1-interacting protein' (PTTG1IP). To analyze the mechanism preventing cleavage of these putative nonsubstrates, we used the validated substrate FN14 as a backbone and replaced its transmembrane domain (TMD), where γ-cleavage occurs, with the one of nonsubstrates. Surprisingly, some nonsubstrate TMDs were efficiently cleaved in the FN14 backbone, demonstrating that a cleavable TMD is necessary, but not sufficient for cleavage by γ-secretase. Cleavage efficiencies varied by up to 200-fold. Other TMDs, including that of PTTG1IP, were still barely cleaved within the FN14 backbone. Pharmacological and mutational experiments revealed that the PTTG1IP TMD is palmitoylated, which prevented cleavage by γ-secretase. We conclude that the TMD sequence of a membrane protein and its palmitoylation can be key factors determining substrate recognition and cleavage efficiency by γ-secretase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Aßfalg
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gökhan Güner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan A Müller
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Breimann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Metabolic Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Muhle-Goll
- Institute for Biological Interfaces 4, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dmitrij Frishman
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Harald Steiner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Metabolic Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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4
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Jayne T, Newman M, Baer L, Lardelli M. The evolved divergence of γ-secretase-susceptibility of homologous proteins Ngfrb and Nradd in zebrafish. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:460. [PMID: 34930423 PMCID: PMC8686249 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05876-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective NGFR/p75NTR and NRADD/NRH proteins are closely related structurally and are encoded by genes that arose from a duplication event early in vertebrate evolution. The transmembrane domain (TMD) of NGFR is cleaved by γ-secretase but there is conflicting data around the susceptibility to γ-secretase cleavage of NRADD proteins. If NGFR and NRADD show differential susceptibility to γ-secretase, then they can be used to dissect the structural constraints determining substrate susceptibility. We sought to test this differential susceptibility. Results We developed labelled, lumenally-truncated forms of zebrafish Ngfrb and Nradd and a chimeric protein in which the TMD of Nradd was replaced with the TMD of Ngfrb. We expressed these in zebrafish embryos to test their susceptibility to γ-secretase cleavage by monitoring their stability using western immunoblotting. Inhibition of γ-secretase activity using DAPT increased the stability of only the Ngfrb construct. Our results support that only NGFR is cleaved by γ-secretase. Either NGFR evolved γ-secretase-susceptibility since its creation by gene duplication, or NRADD evolved to be refractory to γ-secretase. Protein structure outside of the TMD of NGFR is likely required for susceptibility to γ-secretase. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-021-05876-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Jayne
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Lachlan Baer
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
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5
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Kim HD, Park EJ, Choi EK, Song SY, Hoe KL, Kim DU. G-749 Promotes Receptor Tyrosine Kinase TYRO3 Degradation and Induces Apoptosis in Both Colon Cancer Cell Lines and Xenograft Mouse Models. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:730241. [PMID: 34721022 PMCID: PMC8551583 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.730241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
G-749 is an FLT3 kinase inhibitor that was originally developed as a treatment for acute myeloid leukemia. Some FLT3 kinase inhibitors are dual kinase inhibitors that inhibit the TAM (Tyro3, Axl, Mer) receptor tyrosine kinase family and are used to treat solid cancers such as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). AXL promotes metastasis, suppression of immune response, and drug resistance in NSCLC and TNBC. G-749, a potential TAM receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and its derivative SKI-G-801, effectively inhibits the phosphorylation of AXL at nanomolar concentration (IC50 = 20 nM). This study aimed to investigate the anticancer effects of G-749 targeting the TAM receptor tyrosine kinase in colon cancer. Here, we demonstrate the potential of G-749 to effectively inhibit tumorigenesis by degrading TYRO3 via regulated intramembrane proteolysis both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we demonstrated that G-749 inhibits the signaling pathway associated with cell proliferation in colon cancer cell lines HCT15 and SW620, as well as tumor xenograft mouse models. We propose G-749 as a new therapeutic agent for the treatment of colon cancer caused by abnormal TYRO3 expression or activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Dong Kim
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of New Drug Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun Jung Park
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
- Application Strategy and Development Division, GeneChem Inc., Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun Kyoung Choi
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seuk Young Song
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Lae Hoe
- Department of New Drug Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dong-Uk Kim
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
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6
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Onodera W, Asahi T, Sawamura N. Rapid evolution of mammalian APLP1 as a synaptic adhesion molecule. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11305. [PMID: 34050225 PMCID: PMC8163877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90737-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) family members are involved in essential neuronal development including neurite outgrowth, neuronal migration and maturation of synapse and neuromuscular junction. Among the APP gene family members, amyloid precursor-like protein 1 (APLP1) is selectively expressed in neurons and has specialized functions during synaptogenesis. Although a potential role for APLP1 in neuronal evolution has been indicated, its precise evolutionary and functional contributions are unknown. This study shows the molecular evolution of the vertebrate APP family based on phylogenetic analysis, while contrasting the evolutionary differences within the APP family. Phylogenetic analysis showed 15 times higher substitution rate that is driven by positive selection at the stem branch of the mammalian APLP1, resulting in dissimilar protein sequences compared to APP/APLP2. Docking simulation identified one positively selected site in APLP1 that alters the heparin-binding site, which could affect its function, and dimerization rate. Furthermore, the evolutionary rate covariation between the mammalian APP family and synaptic adhesion molecules (SAMs) was confirmed, indicating that only APLP1 has evolved to gain synaptic adhesion property. Overall, our results suggest that the enhanced synaptogenesis property of APLP1 as one of the SAMs may have played a role in mammalian brain evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Onodera
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, 2-2 Wakamatsu, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Toru Asahi
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, 2-2 Wakamatsu, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.,Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, #03C309, TWIns, 2-2 Wakamatsu, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Naoya Sawamura
- Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, #03C309, TWIns, 2-2 Wakamatsu, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan. .,Green Computing Systems Research Organization, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Japan.
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7
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Savage AK, Gutschow MV, Chiang T, Henderson K, Green R, Chaudhari M, Swanson E, Heubeck AT, Kondza N, Burley KC, Genge PC, Lord C, Smith T, Thomson Z, Beaubien A, Johnson E, Goldy J, Bolouri H, Buckner JH, Meijer P, Coffey EM, Skene PJ, Torgerson TR, Li XJ, Bumol TF. Multimodal analysis for human ex vivo studies shows extensive molecular changes from delays in blood processing. iScience 2021; 24:102404. [PMID: 34113805 PMCID: PMC8169801 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-omic profiling of human peripheral blood is increasingly utilized to identify biomarkers and pathophysiologic mechanisms of disease. The importance of these platforms in clinical and translational studies led us to investigate the impact of delayed blood processing on the numbers and state of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and on the plasma proteome. Similar to previous studies, we show minimal effects of delayed processing on the numbers and general phenotype of PBMC up to 18 hours. In contrast, profound changes in the single-cell transcriptome and composition of the plasma proteome become evident as early as 6 hours after blood draw. These reflect patterns of cellular activation across diverse cell types that lead to progressive distancing of the gene expression state and plasma proteome from native in vivo biology. Differences accumulating during an overnight rest (18 hours) could confound relevant biologic variance related to many underlying disease states. Studies of human blood cells and plasma are highly sensitive to process variability Time variability distorts biology in cutting-edge single-cell and multiplex assays Longitudinal, multi-modal, and aligned data enable data qualification and exploration Dataset holds potential novel, multi-modal biological correlations and hypotheses
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam K Savage
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Tony Chiang
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Richard Green
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nina Kondza
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Palak C Genge
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Cara Lord
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tanja Smith
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Ed Johnson
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jeff Goldy
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hamid Bolouri
- Center for Systems Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Center for Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Paul Meijer
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Peter J Skene
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Xiao-Jun Li
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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8
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Spatiotemporal processing of neural cell adhesion molecules 1 and 2 by BACE1 in vivo. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100372. [PMID: 33548223 PMCID: PMC7949136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural cell adhesion molecules 1 (NCAM1) and 2 (NCAM2) belong to the cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily and have been shown to regulate formation, maturation, and maintenance of synapses. NCAM1 and NCAM2 undergo proteolysis, but the identity of all the proteases involved and how proteolysis is used to regulate their functions are not known. We report here that NCAM1 and NCAM2 are BACE1 substrates in vivo. NCAM1 and NCAM2 overexpressed in HEK cells were both cleaved by metalloproteinases or BACE1, and NCAM2 was also processed by γ-secretase. We identified the BACE1 cleavage site of NCAM1 (at Glu 671) and NCAM2 (at Glu 663) using mass spectrometry and site-directed mutagenesis. Next, we assessed BACE1-mediated processing of NCAM1 and NCAM2 in the mouse brain during aging. NCAM1 and NCAM2 were cleaved in the olfactory bulb of BACE1+/+ but not BACE1−/− mice at postnatal day 10 (P10), 4 and 12 months of age. In the hippocampus, a BACE1-specific soluble fragment of NCAM1 (sNCAM1β) was only detected at P10. However, we observed an accumulation of full-length NCAM1 in hippocampal synaptosomes in 4-month-old BACE1−/− mice. We also found that polysialylated NCAM1 (PSA-NCAM1) levels were increased in BACE1−/− mice at P10 and demonstrated that BACE1 cleaves both NCAM1 and PSA-NCAM1 in vitro. In contrast, we did not find evidence for BACE1-dependent NCAM2 processing in the hippocampus at any age analyzed. In summary, our data demonstrate that BACE1 differentially processes NCAM1 and NCAM2 depending on the region of brain, subcellular localization, and age in vivo.
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9
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Spitz C, Schlosser C, Guschtschin-Schmidt N, Stelzer W, Menig S, Götz A, Haug-Kröper M, Scharnagl C, Langosch D, Muhle-Goll C, Fluhrer R. Non-canonical Shedding of TNFα by SPPL2a Is Determined by the Conformational Flexibility of Its Transmembrane Helix. iScience 2020; 23:101775. [PMID: 33294784 PMCID: PMC7689174 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectodomain (EC) shedding defines the proteolytic removal of a membrane protein EC and acts as an important molecular switch in signaling and other cellular processes. Using tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α as a model substrate, we identify a non-canonical shedding activity of SPPL2a, an intramembrane cleaving aspartyl protease of the GxGD type. Proline insertions in the TNFα transmembrane (TM) helix strongly increased SPPL2a non-canonical shedding, while leucine mutations decreased this cleavage. Using biophysical and structural analysis, as well as molecular dynamic simulations, we identified a flexible region in the center of the TNFα wildtype TM domain, which plays an important role in the processing of TNFα by SPPL2a. This study combines molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics to provide insights into the dynamic architecture of a substrate's TM helix and its impact on non-canonical shedding. Thus, these data will provide the basis to identify further physiological substrates of non-canonical shedding in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Spitz
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstrasse 2, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Christine Schlosser
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstrasse 2, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Nadja Guschtschin-Schmidt
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Biological Interfaces 4, 76344 Eggenstein- Leopoldshafen, Germany and Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Walter Stelzer
- Lehrstuhl für Chemie der Biopolymere, Technische Universität München, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Simon Menig
- Physics of Synthetic Biological Systems, Technische Universität München, Maximus-von-Imhof Forum 4, 85340 Freising, Germany
| | - Alexander Götz
- Present Address: Leibniz Supercomputing Centre, Boltzmannstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martina Haug-Kröper
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstrasse 2, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Christina Scharnagl
- Physics of Synthetic Biological Systems, Technische Universität München, Maximus-von-Imhof Forum 4, 85340 Freising, Germany
| | - Dieter Langosch
- Lehrstuhl für Chemie der Biopolymere, Technische Universität München, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Claudia Muhle-Goll
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Biological Interfaces 4, 76344 Eggenstein- Leopoldshafen, Germany and Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Regina Fluhrer
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstrasse 2, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
- DZNE – German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Feodor-Lynen-Str 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
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10
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Lim B, Tsolaki M, Soosaipillai A, Brown M, Zilakaki M, Tagaraki F, Fotiou D, Koutsouraki E, Grosi E, Prassas I, Diamandis EP. Liquid biopsy of cerebrospinal fluid identifies neuronal pentraxin receptor (NPTXR) as a biomarker of progression of Alzheimer's disease. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020; 57:1875-1881. [PMID: 31415236 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2019-0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia. Currently, the most studied biomarkers of AD are cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid β 1-42, total tau and phosphorylated tau. However, misdiagnosis can exceed 20%. Recently, we found that CSF amyloid β precursor-like protein-1 (APLP1) and neuronal pentraxin receptor (NPTXR) are promising biomarkers of AD. The aim of the present study is to validate CSF APLP1 and NPTXR as biomarkers of AD severity. Methods APLP1 and NPTXR concentrations were measured in the CSF of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (n = 14), mild AD (n = 21), moderate AD (n = 43) and severe AD (n = 30) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Results CSF APLP1 and NPTXR were not associated with age or sex. CSF APLP1 was not different between any of the AD severity groups (p = 0.31). CSF NPTXR was significantly different between MCI and mild AD (p = 0.006), mild and moderate AD (p = 0.016), but not between moderate and severe AD (p = 0.36). NPTXR concentration progressively declined from MCI to mild, to moderate and to severe AD patients (p < 0.0001, Kruskal-Wallis test). CSF NPTXR positively correlated with the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) score (p < 0.001). Conclusions NPTXR concentration in CSF is a promising biomarker of AD severity and could inform treatment success and disease progression in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryant Lim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- 1st Department of Neurology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antoninus Soosaipillai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 3L9, Canada
| | - Marshall Brown
- Department of Biostatistics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maria Zilakaki
- 1st Department of Neurology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Fani Tagaraki
- 1st Department of Neurology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Fotiou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Effrosyni Koutsouraki
- 1st Department of Neurology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Effrosyni Grosi
- 1st Department of Neurology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Prassas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 3L9, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 3L9, Canada.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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11
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Substrate recruitment by γ-secretase. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 105:54-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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12
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Güner G, Lichtenthaler SF. The substrate repertoire of γ-secretase/presenilin. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 105:27-42. [PMID: 32616437 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The intramembrane protease γ-secretase is a hetero-tetrameric protein complex with presenilin as the catalytic subunit and cleaves its membrane protein substrates within their single transmembrane domains. γ-Secretase is well known for its role in Notch signalling and in Alzheimer's disease, where it catalyzes the formation of the pathogenic amyloid β (Aβ) peptide. However, in the 21 years since its discovery many more substrates and substrate candidates of γ-secretase were identified. Although the physiological relevance of the cleavage of many substrates remains to be studied in more detail, the substrates demonstrate a broad role for γ-secretase in embryonic development, adult tissue homeostasis, signal transduction and protein degradation. Consequently, chronic γ-secretase inhibition may cause significant side effects due to inhibition of cleavage of multiple substrates. This review provides a list of 149 γ-secretase substrates identified to date and highlights by which expeirmental approach substrate cleavage was validated. Additionally, the review lists the cleavage sites where they are known and discusses the functional implications of γ-secretase cleavage with a focus on substrates identified in the recent past, such as CHL1, TREM2 and TNFR1. A comparative analysis demonstrates that γ-secretase substrates mostly have a long extracellular domain and require ectodomain shedding before γ-secretase cleavage, but that γ-secretase is also able to cleave naturally short substrates, such as the B cell maturation antigen. Taken together, the list of substrates provides a resource that may help in the future development of drugs inhibiting or modulating γ-secretase activity in a substrate-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Güner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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13
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Lanchec E, Désilets A, Béliveau F, Fontaine-Carbonneau C, Laniel A, Leduc R, Lavoie C. Matriptase processing of APLP1 ectodomain alters its homodimerization. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10091. [PMID: 32572095 PMCID: PMC7308337 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) is derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by secretase processing. APP is also cleaved by numerous other proteases, such as the type II transmembrane serine protease matriptase, with consequences on the production of Aβ. Because the APP homolog protein amyloid-like protein 1 (APLP1) shares similarities with APP, we sought to determine if matriptase also plays a role in its processing. Here, we demonstrate that matriptase directly interacts with APLP1 and that APLP1 is cleaved in cellulo by matriptase in its E1 ectodomains at arginine 124. Replacing Arg124 with Ala abolished APLP1 processing by matriptase. Using a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assay we found that matriptase reduces APLP1 homodimeric interactions. This study identifies matriptase as the first protease cleaving APLP1 in its dimerization domain, potentially altering the multiple functions associated with dimer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Lanchec
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Antoine Désilets
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H5N4, Canada
| | - François Béliveau
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Cloé Fontaine-Carbonneau
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Andréanne Laniel
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Richard Leduc
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H5N4, Canada.
| | - Christine Lavoie
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H5N4, Canada.
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14
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Pedrero-Prieto CM, García-Carpintero S, Frontiñán-Rubio J, Llanos-González E, Aguilera García C, Alcaín FJ, Lindberg I, Durán-Prado M, Peinado JR, Rabanal-Ruiz Y. A comprehensive systematic review of CSF proteins and peptides that define Alzheimer's disease. Clin Proteomics 2020; 17:21. [PMID: 32518535 PMCID: PMC7273668 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-020-09276-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the last two decades, over 100 proteomics studies have identified a variety of potential biomarkers in CSF of Alzheimer's (AD) patients. Although several reviews have proposed specific biomarkers, to date, the statistical relevance of these proteins has not been investigated and no peptidomic analyses have been generated on the basis of specific up- or down- regulation. Herein, we perform an analysis of all unbiased explorative proteomics studies of CSF biomarkers in AD to critically evaluate whether proteins and peptides identified in each study are consistent in distribution; direction change; and significance, which would strengthen their potential use in studies of AD pathology and progression. METHODS We generated a database containing all CSF proteins whose levels are known to be significantly altered in human AD from 47 independent, validated, proteomics studies. Using this database, which contains 2022 AD and 2562 control human samples, we examined whether each protein is consistently present on the basis of reliable statistical studies; and if so, whether it is over- or under-represented in AD. Additionally, we performed a direct analysis of available mass spectrometric data of these proteins to generate an AD CSF peptide database with 3221 peptides for further analysis. RESULTS Of the 162 proteins that were identified in 2 or more studies, we investigated their enrichment or depletion in AD CSF. This allowed us to identify 23 proteins which were increased and 50 proteins which were decreased in AD, some of which have never been revealed as consistent AD biomarkers (i.e. SPRC or MUC18). Regarding the analysis of the tryptic peptide database, we identified 87 peptides corresponding to 13 proteins as the most highly consistently altered peptides in AD. Analysis of tryptic peptide fingerprinting revealed specific peptides encoded by CH3L1, VGF, SCG2, PCSK1N, FBLN3 and APOC2 with the highest probability of detection in AD. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals a panel of 27 proteins and 21 peptides highly altered in AD with consistent statistical significance; this panel constitutes a potent tool for the classification and diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M. Pedrero-Prieto
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Sonia García-Carpintero
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Javier Frontiñán-Rubio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Emilio Llanos-González
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Cristina Aguilera García
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Alcaín
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Iris Lindberg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Mario Durán-Prado
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Juan R. Peinado
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Yoana Rabanal-Ruiz
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
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15
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The Interaction Between Contactin and Amyloid Precursor Protein and Its Role in Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuroscience 2020; 424:184-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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16
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Oikawa N, Walter J. Presenilins and γ-Secretase in Membrane Proteostasis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030209. [PMID: 30823664 PMCID: PMC6468700 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presenilin (PS) proteins exert a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD) by mediating the intramembranous cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the generation of amyloid β-protein (Aβ). The two homologous proteins PS1 and PS2 represent the catalytic subunits of distinct γ-secretase complexes that mediate a variety of cellular processes, including membrane protein metabolism, signal transduction, and cell differentiation. While the intramembrane cleavage of select proteins by γ-secretase is critical in the regulation of intracellular signaling pathways, the plethora of identified protein substrates could also indicate an important role of these enzyme complexes in membrane protein homeostasis. In line with this notion, PS proteins and/or γ-secretase has also been implicated in autophagy, a fundamental process for the maintenance of cellular functions and homeostasis. Dysfunction in the clearance of proteins in the lysosome and during autophagy has been shown to contribute to neurodegeneration. This review summarizes the recent knowledge about the role of PS proteins and γ-secretase in membrane protein metabolism and trafficking, and the functional relation to lysosomal activity and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Oikawa
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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17
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Merilahti JAM, Elenius K. Gamma-secretase-dependent signaling of receptor tyrosine kinases. Oncogene 2018; 38:151-163. [PMID: 30166589 PMCID: PMC6756091 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0465-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human genome harbors 55 receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK). At least half of the RTKs have been reported to be cleaved by gamma-secretase-mediated regulated intramembrane proteolysis. The two-step process involves releasing the RTK ectodomain to the extracellular space by proteolytic cleavage called shedding, followed by cleavage in the RTK transmembrane domain by the gamma-secretase complex resulting in release of a soluble RTK intracellular domain. This intracellular domain, including the tyrosine kinase domain, can in turn translocate to various cellular compartments, such as the nucleus or proteasome. The soluble intracellular domain may interact with transcriptional regulators and other proteins to induce specific effects on cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation, establishing an additional signaling mode for the cleavable RTKs. On the other hand, the same process can facilitate RTK turnover and proteasomal degradation. In this review we focus on the regulation of RTK shedding and gamma-secretase cleavage, as well as signaling promoted by the soluble RTK ICDs. In addition, therapeutic implications of increased knowledge on RTK cleavage on cancer drug development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes A M Merilahti
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland.,Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland.,Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Klaus Elenius
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland. .,Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland. .,Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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18
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Lumsden AL, Rogers JT, Majd S, Newman M, Sutherland GT, Verdile G, Lardelli M. Dysregulation of Neuronal Iron Homeostasis as an Alternative Unifying Effect of Mutations Causing Familial Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:533. [PMID: 30150923 PMCID: PMC6099262 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The overwhelming majority of dominant mutations causing early onset familial Alzheimer’s disease (EOfAD) occur in only three genes, PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP. An effect-in-common of these mutations is alteration of production of the APP-derived peptide, amyloid β (Aβ). It is this key fact that underlies the authority of the Amyloid Hypothesis that has informed Alzheimer’s disease research for over two decades. Any challenge to this authority must offer an alternative explanation for the relationship between the PSEN genes and APP. In this paper, we explore one possible alternative relationship – the dysregulation of cellular iron homeostasis as a common effect of EOfAD mutations in these genes. This idea is attractive since it provides clear connections between EOfAD mutations and major characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease such as dysfunctional mitochondria, vascular risk factors/hypoxia, energy metabolism, and inflammation. We combine our ideas with observations by others to describe a “Stress Threshold Change of State” model of Alzheimer’s disease that may begin to explain the existence of both EOfAD and late onset sporadic (LOsAD) forms of the disease. Directing research to investigate the role of dysregulation of iron homeostasis in EOfAD may be a profitable way forward in our struggle to understand this form of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Lumsden
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jack T Rogers
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry-Neuroscience, Massachusetts General Hospital (East), Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Shohreh Majd
- Neuronal Injury and Repair Laboratory, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Greg T Sutherland
- Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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19
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Lichtenthaler SF, Lemberg MK, Fluhrer R. Proteolytic ectodomain shedding of membrane proteins in mammals-hardware, concepts, and recent developments. EMBO J 2018; 37:e99456. [PMID: 29976761 PMCID: PMC6068445 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic removal of membrane protein ectodomains (ectodomain shedding) is a post-translational modification that controls levels and function of hundreds of membrane proteins. The contributing proteases, referred to as sheddases, act as important molecular switches in processes ranging from signaling to cell adhesion. When deregulated, ectodomain shedding is linked to pathologies such as inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. While proteases of the "a disintegrin and metalloprotease" (ADAM) and "beta-site APP cleaving enzyme" (BACE) families are widely considered as sheddases, in recent years a much broader range of proteases, including intramembrane and soluble proteases, were shown to catalyze similar cleavage reactions. This review demonstrates that shedding is a fundamental process in cell biology and discusses the current understanding of sheddases and their substrates, molecular mechanisms and cellular localizations, as well as physiological functions of protein ectodomain shedding. Moreover, we provide an operational definition of shedding and highlight recent conceptual advances in the field. While new developments in proteomics facilitate substrate discovery, we expect that shedding is not a rare exception, but rather the rule for many membrane proteins, and that many more interesting shedding functions await discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, and Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Center for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Marius K Lemberg
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Regina Fluhrer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Biomedizinisches Centrum (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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