1
|
Troisi R, Balasco N, Autiero I, Vitagliano L, Sica F. Structural Insights into Protein-Aptamer Recognitions Emerged from Experimental and Computational Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16318. [PMID: 38003510 PMCID: PMC10671752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are synthetic nucleic acids that are developed to target with high affinity and specificity chemical entities ranging from single ions to macromolecules and present a wide range of chemical and physical properties. Their ability to selectively bind proteins has made these compounds very attractive and versatile tools, in both basic and applied sciences, to such an extent that they are considered an appealing alternative to antibodies. Here, by exhaustively surveying the content of the Protein Data Bank (PDB), we review the structural aspects of the protein-aptamer recognition process. As a result of three decades of structural studies, we identified 144 PDB entries containing atomic-level information on protein-aptamer complexes. Interestingly, we found a remarkable increase in the number of determined structures in the last two years as a consequence of the effective application of the cryo-electron microscopy technique to these systems. In the present paper, particular attention is devoted to the articulated architectures that protein-aptamer complexes may exhibit. Moreover, the molecular mechanism of the binding process was analyzed by collecting all available information on the structural transitions that aptamers undergo, from their protein-unbound to the protein-bound state. The contribution of computational approaches in this area is also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romualdo Troisi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy;
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Nicole Balasco
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Ida Autiero
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Luigi Vitagliano
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Filomena Sica
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Manna S, Das K, Santra S, Nosova EV, Zyryanov GV, Halder S. Structural and Synthetic Aspects of Small Ring Oxa- and Aza-Heterocyclic Ring Systems as Antiviral Activities. Viruses 2023; 15:1826. [PMID: 37766233 PMCID: PMC10536032 DOI: 10.3390/v15091826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiviral properties of different oxa- and aza-heterocycles are identified and properly correlated with their structural features and discussed in this review article. The primary objective is to explore the activity of such ring systems as antiviral agents, as well as their synthetic routes and biological significance. Eventually, the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the heterocyclic compounds, along with their salient characteristics are exhibited to build a suitable platform for medicinal chemists and biotechnologists. The synergistic conclusions are extremely important for the introduction of a newer tool for the future drug discovery program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sibasish Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440010, India
| | - Koushik Das
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440010, India
| | - Sougata Santra
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.S.); (E.V.N.); (G.V.Z.)
| | - Emily V. Nosova
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.S.); (E.V.N.); (G.V.Z.)
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskoy Street, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Grigory V. Zyryanov
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.S.); (E.V.N.); (G.V.Z.)
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskoy Street, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Sandipan Halder
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440010, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qin B, Shen S, Lai J, Yang W, Feng L, Ding J. Inhibition of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) replication and antigen expression by Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. oil emulsion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1193775. [PMID: 37560319 PMCID: PMC10408445 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1193775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The seeds of Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. (BJ) have been traditionally used to treat various types of cancers for many years in China. In this study, we systematically investigated a BJ oil emulsion (BJOE) produced from BJ seeds with the purpose of evaluating its antiviral effect against hepatitis B virus (HBV). Methods HepG2.215 (a wild-type HBV cell line), HepG2, and Huh7, transfected with wildtype (WT) or lamivudine-resistance mutant (LMV-MT) HBV replicon plasmids, were treated with different doses of BJOE and then used for pharmacodynamic evaluation. Cell viability was determined using CCK8 assay. The levels of HBsAg/HBeAg in cell cultured supernatant, HBcAg in cell lysis solution, and HBV DNA in both were evaluated. Results BJOE at ≤5 mg/ml was nontoxic to carcinoma cell lines, but could significantly inhibit WT/LMV-MT HBV replication and HBs/e/c antigen expression in a dose-dependent manner by upregulating interleukin-6 (IL-6), demonstrating that it possesses moderate anti-HBV activity. As one of the major components of BJOE, bruceine B was found to play a dominant role in IL-6 induction and HBV inhibition. Discussion Our results demonstrated that BJOE suppressed HBV replication by stimulating IL-6, indicating that it has promising clinical therapeutic potential for both WT and LMV-MT HBV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qin
- Clinical Laboratory, Shaoxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Shaoxing, China
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Shu Shen
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
- Department of Gynecology, Shaoxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Juan Lai
- GeneMind Biosciences Company Limited, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Yang
- GeneMind Biosciences Company Limited, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lili Feng
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shaoxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Jiefeng Ding
- Clinical Laboratory, Shaoxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Shaoxing, China
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Goto A, Rodriguez-Esteban R, Scharf SH, Morris GM. Understanding the genetics of viral drug resistance by integrating clinical data and mining of the scientific literature. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14476. [PMID: 36008431 PMCID: PMC9403226 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17746-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance caused by mutations is a public health threat for existing and emerging viral diseases. A wealth of evidence about these mutations and their clinically associated phenotypes is scattered across the literature, but a comprehensive perspective is usually lacking. This work aimed to produce a clinically relevant view for the case of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutations by combining a chronic HBV clinical study with a compendium of genetic mutations systematically gathered from the scientific literature. We enriched clinical mutation data by systematically mining 2,472,725 scientific articles from PubMed Central in order to gather information about the HBV mutational landscape. By performing this analysis, we were able to identify mutational hotspots for each HBV genotype (A-E) and gene (C, X, P, S), as well as the location of disulfide bonds associated with these mutations. Through a modelling study, we also identified a mutation position common in both the clinical data and the literature that is located at the binding pocket for a known anti-HBV drug, namely entecavir. The results of this novel approach show the potential of integrated analyses to assist in the development of new drugs for viral diseases that are more robust to resistance. Such analyses should be of particular interest due to the increasing importance of viral resistance in established and emerging viruses, such as for newly developed drugs against SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An Goto
- Oxford Protein Informatics Group, Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, 24-29 St Giles', Oxford, OX1 3LB, UK
| | | | | | - Garrett M Morris
- Oxford Protein Informatics Group, Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, 24-29 St Giles', Oxford, OX1 3LB, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ruiz FX, Hoang A, Dilmore CR, DeStefano JJ, Arnold E. Structural basis of HIV inhibition by L-nucleosides: opportunities for drug development and repurposing. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1832-1846. [PMID: 35218925 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infection with HIV can cripple the immune system and lead to AIDS. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a hepadnavirus that causes human liver diseases. Both pathogens are major public health problems affecting millions of people worldwide. The polymerases from both viruses are the most common drug target for viral inhibition, sharing common architecture at their active sites. The L-nucleoside drugs emtricitabine and lamivudine are widely used HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) and HBV polymerase (Pol) inhibitors. Nevertheless, structural details of their binding to RT(Pol)/nucleic acid remained unknown until recently. Here, we discuss the implications of these structures, alongside related complexes with L-dNTPs, for the development of novel L-nucleos(t)ide drugs, and prospects for repurposing them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesc X Ruiz
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Anthony Hoang
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christopher R Dilmore
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jeffrey J DeStefano
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Eddy Arnold
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Selection of Primer–Template Sequences That Bind with Enhanced Affinity to Vaccinia Virus E9 DNA Polymerase. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020369. [PMID: 35215961 PMCID: PMC8880465 DOI: 10.3390/v14020369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A modified SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment) pr,otocol (referred to as PT SELEX) was used to select primer–template (P/T) sequences that bound to the vaccinia virus polymerase catalytic subunit (E9) with enhanced affinity. A single selected P/T sequence (referred to as E9-R5-12) bound in physiological salt conditions with an apparent equilibrium dissociation constant (KD,app) of 93 ± 7 nM. The dissociation rate constant (koff) and binding half-life (t1/2) for E9-R5-12 were 0.083 ± 0.019 min−1 and 8.6 ± 2.0 min, respectively. The values indicated a several-fold greater binding ability compared to controls, which bound too weakly to be accurately measured under the conditions employed. Loop-back DNA constructs with 3′-recessed termini derived from E9-R5-12 also showed enhanced binding when the hybrid region was 21 nucleotides or more. Although the sequence of E9-R5-12 matched perfectly over a 12-base-pair segment in the coding region of the virus B20 protein, there was no clear indication that this sequence plays any role in vaccinia virus biology, or a clear reason why it promotes stronger binding to E9. In addition to E9, five other polymerases (HIV-1, Moloney murine leukemia virus, and avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptases (RTs), and Taq and Klenow DNA polymerases) have demonstrated strong sequence binding preferences for P/Ts and, in those cases, there was biological or potential evolutionary relevance. For the HIV-1 RT, sequence preferences were used to aid crystallization and study viral inhibitors. The results suggest that several other DNA polymerases may have P/T sequence preferences that could potentially be exploited in various protocols.
Collapse
|
7
|
Matsuda K, Islam S, Takada T, Tsuchiya K, Yang Tan BJ, Hattori SI, Katsuya H, Kitagawa K, Kim KS, Matsuo M, Sugata K, Delino NS, Gatanaga H, Yoshimura K, Matsushita S, Mitsuya H, Iwami S, Satou Y, Maeda K. A widely distributed HIV-1 provirus elimination assay to evaluate latency-reversing agents in vitro. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2021; 1:100122. [PMID: 35475215 PMCID: PMC9017183 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2021.100122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Persistence of HIV-1 latent reservoir cells during antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a major obstacle for curing HIV-1. Even though latency-reversing agents (LRAs) are under development to reactivate and eradicate latently infected cells, there are few useful models for evaluating LRA activity in vitro. Here, we establish a long-term cell culture system called the "widely distributed intact provirus elimination" (WIPE) assay. It harbors thousands of different HIV-1-infected cell clones with a wide distribution of HIV-1 provirus similar to that observed in vivo. Mathematical modeling and experimental results from this in vitro infection model demonstrates that the addition of an LRA to ART shows a latency-reversing effect and contributes to the eradication of replication-competent HIV-1. The WIPE assay can be used to optimize therapeutics against HIV-1 latency and investigate mechanistic insights into the clonal selection of heterogeneous HIV-1-infected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Matsuda
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saiful Islam
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toru Takada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Tsuchiya
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Benjy Jek Yang Tan
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Hattori
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroo Katsuya
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kosaku Kitagawa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kwang Su Kim
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Misaki Matsuo
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugata
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Nicole S. Delino
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Gatanaga
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yoshimura
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuzo Matsushita
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shingo Iwami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Institute of Mathematics for Industry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- NEXT-Ganken Program, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR), Tokyo, Japan
- Science Groove Inc., Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yorifumi Satou
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Maeda
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nakajima S, Watashi K, Kato T, Muramatsu M, Wakita T, Tamura N, Hattori SI, Maeda K, Mitsuya H, Yasutake Y, Toyoda T. Biochemical and Structural Properties of Entecavir-Resistant Hepatitis B Virus Polymerase with L180M/M204V Mutations. J Virol 2021; 95:e0240120. [PMID: 34076480 PMCID: PMC8312879 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02401-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Entecavir (ETV) is a widely used anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) drug. However, the emergence of resistant mutations in HBV reverse transcriptase (RT) results in treatment failure. To understand the mechanism underlying the development of ETV resistance by HBV RT, we analyzed the L180M, M204V, and L180M/M204V mutants using a combination of biochemical and structural techniques. ETV-triphosphate (ETV-TP) exhibited competitive inhibition with dGTP in both wild-type (wt) RT and M204V RT, as observed using Lineweaver-Burk plots. In contrast, RT L180M or L180M/M204V did not fit either competitive, uncompetitive, noncompetitive, or typical mixed inhibition, although ETV-TP was a competitive inhibitor of dGTP. Crystallography of HIV RTY115F/F116Y/Q151M/F160M/M184V, mimicking HBV RT L180M/M204V, showed that the F115 bulge (F88 in HBV RT) caused by the F160M mutation induced deviated binding of dCTP from its normal tight binding position. Modeling of ETV-TP on the deviated dCTP indicated that a steric clash could occur between ETV-TP methylene and the 3'-end nucleoside ribose. ETV-TP is likely to interact primarily with HBV RT M171 prior to final accommodation at the deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) binding site (Y. Yasutake, S. Hattori, H. Hayashi, K. Matsuda, et al., Sci Rep 8:1624, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-19602-9). Therefore, in HBV RT L180M/M204V, ETV-TP may be stuck at M171, a residue that is conserved in almost all HBV isolates, leading to the strange inhibition pattern observed in the kinetic analysis. Collectively, our results provide novel insights into the mechanism of ETV resistance of HBV RT caused by L180M and M204V mutations. IMPORTANCE HBV infects 257 million people in the world, who suffer from elevated risks of liver cirrhosis and cancer. ETV is one of the most potent anti-HBV drugs, and ETV resistance mutations in HBV RT have been extensively studied. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying ETV resistance have remained elusive. We propose an attractive hypothesis to explain ETV resistance and effectiveness using a combination of kinetic and structural analyses. ETV is likely to have an additional interaction site, M171, beside the dNTP pocket of HBV RT; this finding indicates that nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) recognizing multiple interaction sites within RT may effectively inhibit the enzyme. Modification of ETV may render it more effective and enable the rational design of efficient NA inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Nakajima
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
- Choju Medical Institute, Toyohashi, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- MIRAI, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takanobu Kato
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Tamura
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Hattori
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Maeda
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Yasutake
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Sapporo, Japan
- Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Structural features in common of HBV and HIV-1 resistance against chirally-distinct nucleoside analogues entecavir and lamivudine. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3021. [PMID: 32080249 PMCID: PMC7033138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59775-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health problem that affects millions of people worldwide. Nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors, such as entecavir (ETV) and lamivudine (3TC), serve as crucial anti-HBV drugs. However, structural studies of HBV RT have been hampered due to its unexpectedly poor solubility. Here, we show that human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) with HBV-associated amino acid substitutions Y115F/F116Y/Q151M in its RT (HIVY115F/F116Y/Q151M) is highly susceptible to ETV and 3TC. Additionally, we experimentally simulated previously reported ETV/3TC resistance for HBV using HIVY115F/F116Y/Q151M with F160M/M184V (L180M/M204V in HBV RT) substituted. We determined crystal structures for HIV-1 RTY115F/F116Y/Q151M:DNA complexed with 3TC-triphosphate (3TC-TP)/ETV-triphosphate (ETV-TP)/dCTP/dGTP. These structures revealed an atypically tight binding conformation of 3TC-TP, where the Met184 side-chain is pushed away by the oxathiolane of 3TC-TP and exocyclic methylene of ETV-TP. Structural analysis of RTY115F/F116Y/Q151M/F160M/M184V:DNA:3TC-TP also demonstrated that the loosely bound 3TC-TP is misaligned at the active site to prevent a steric clash with the side chain γ-methyl of Val184. These findings shed light on the common structural mechanism of HBV and HIV-1 resistance to 3TC and ETV and should aid in the design of new agents to overcome drug resistance to 3TC and ETV.
Collapse
|
10
|
Xavier Ruiz F, Arnold E. Evolving understanding of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase structure, function, inhibition, and resistance. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 61:113-123. [PMID: 31935541 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The essential role of reverse transcription in the HIV life cycle is illustrated by the fact that half of the ∼30 FDA-approved drugs for HIV treatment target HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Even though more than 160 structures of RT deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) have revealed the molecular architecture of RT in great detail, some key states of RT function and inhibition remain still unknown. Recent structures of RT initiation complexes, RT poised for RNA hydrolysis, and RT with approved drugs and investigational compounds have provided a deeper understanding of RT function and inhibition, suggesting novel avenues for targeting this central enzyme of HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Xavier Ruiz
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, 08854, NJ, USA
| | - Eddy Arnold
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, 08854, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
CMCdG, a Novel Nucleoside Analog with Favorable Safety Features, Exerts Potent Activity against Wild-Type and Entecavir-Resistant Hepatitis B Virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.02143-18. [PMID: 30670420 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02143-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We designed, synthesized, and characterized a novel nucleoside analog, (1S,3S,5S)-3-(2-amino-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylene-cyclopentanecarbonitrile, or 4'-cyano-methylenecarbocyclic-2'-deoxyguanosine (CMCdG), and evaluated its anti-hepatitis B virus (anti-HBV) activity, safety, and related features. CMCdG's in vitro activity was determined using quantitative PCR and Southern blotting assays, and its cytotoxicity was determined with a 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay, while its in vivo activity and safety were determined in human liver-chimeric mice infected with wild-type HBV genotype Ce (HBVWT Ce) and an entecavir (ETV)-resistant HBV variant containing the amino acid substitutions L180M, S202G, and M204V (HBVETV-R L180M/S202G/M204V). CMCdG potently inhibited HBV production in HepG2.2.15 cells (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50], ∼30 nM) and HBVWT Ce plasmid-transfected Huh7 cells (IC50, 206 nM) and efficiently suppressed ETV-resistant HBVETV-R L180M/S202G/M204V (IC50, 2,657 nM), while it showed no or little cytotoxicity (50% cytotoxic concentration, >500 μM in most hepatocytic cells examined). Two-week peroral administration of CMCdG (1 mg/kg of body weight/day once a day [q.d.]) to HBVWT Ce-infected human liver-chimeric mice reduced the level of viremia by ∼2 logs. CMCdG also reduced the level of HBVETV-R L180M/S202G/M204V viremia by ∼1 log in HBVETV-R L180M/S202G/M204V-infected human liver-chimeric mice, while ETV (1 mg/kg/day q.d.) completely failed to reduce the viremia. None of the CMCdG-treated mice had significant drug-related changes in body weights or serum human albumin levels. Structural analyses using homology modeling, semiempirical quantum methods, and molecular dynamics revealed that although ETV triphosphate (TP) forms good van der Waals contacts with L180 and M204 of HBVWT Ce reverse transcriptase (RT), its contacts with the M180 substitution are totally lost in the HBVETV-R L180M/S202G/M204V RT complex. However, CMCdG-TP retains good contacts with both the HBVWT Ce RT and HBVETV-R L180M/S202G/M204V RT complexes. The present data warrant further studies toward the development of CMCdG as a potential therapeutic for patients infected with drug-resistant HBV and shed light on the further development of more potent and safer anti-HBV agents.
Collapse
|
12
|
Yasutake Y, Hattori SI, Tamura N, Matsuda K, Kohgo S, Maeda K, Mitsuya H. Active-site deformation in the structure of HIV-1 RT with HBV-associated septuple amino acid substitutions rationalizes the differential susceptibility of HIV-1 and HBV against 4'-modified nucleoside RT inhibitors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 509:943-948. [PMID: 30648556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (NRTIs) are major antiviral agents against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1). However, the notorious insoluble property of HBV RT has prevented atomic-resolution structural studies and rational anti-HBV drug design. Here, we created HIV-1 RT mutants containing HBV-mimicking sextuple or septuple amino acid substitutions at the nucleoside-binding site (N-site) and verified that these mutants retained the RT activity. The most active RT mutant, HIV-1 RT7MC, carrying Q151M/G112S/D113A/Y115F/F116Y/F160L/I159L was successfully crystallized, and its three-dimensional structure was determined in complex with DNA:dGTP/entecavir-triphosphate (ETV-TP), a potent anti-HBV guanosine analogue RT inhibitor, at a resolution of 2.43 Å and 2.60 Å, respectively. The structures reveal significant positional rearrangements of the amino acid side-chains at the N-site, elucidating the mechanism underlying the differential susceptibility of HIV-1 and HBV against recently reported 4'-modified NRTIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Yasutake
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo, 062-8517, Japan; Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), AIST, Sapporo, 062-8517, Japan.
| | - Shin-Ichiro Hattori
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute (NCGM), Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Noriko Tamura
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo, 062-8517, Japan
| | - Kouki Matsuda
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute (NCGM), Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Satoru Kohgo
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute (NCGM), Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan
| | - Kenji Maeda
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute (NCGM), Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute (NCGM), Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan; Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kumamoto H, Imoto S, Amano M, Kuwata-Higashi N, Baba M, Mitsuya H, Odanaka Y, Shimbara Matsubayashi S, Tanaka H, Haraguchi K. Synthesis, Anti-HBV, and Anti-HIV Activities of 3'-Halogenated Bis(hydroxymethyl)-cyclopentenyladenines. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:1211-1216. [PMID: 30613328 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of 3'-halogeno analogues (5a-d) of 9-[c-4,t-5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-cyclopent-2-en-r-1-yl]-9H-adenine (BCA, 3) was accomplished by means of dual utilization of the vinyl sulfone functional moieties in both 10 and 16 utilizing a SN2' conjugate-addition reaction and a sulfur-extrusive stannylation, respectively. Evaluation of the antiviral activities of 5a-d revealed that introduction of a halogeno-substituent into the 3'-position of (-)-BCA diminished its anti-HIV-1 activity but increased the inhibitory activity for the reverse transcriptase of HBV in that the 3'-fluorinated BCA 5d exhibited the highest activity without significant cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kumamoto
- Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 10281 Komuro, Inamachi, Kita-adachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| | - Shuhei Imoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Masayuki Amano
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Nobuyo Kuwata-Higashi
- Clinical Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Masanori Baba
- Division of Antiviral Chemotherapy, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
- Clinical Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Yuki Odanaka
- School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | | | - Hiromichi Tanaka
- School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Haraguchi
- Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 10281 Komuro, Inamachi, Kita-adachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The High Genetic Barrier of EFdA/MK-8591 Stems from Strong Interactions with the Active Site of Drug-Resistant HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:1268-1278.e3. [PMID: 30174310 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
4'-Ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine (EFdA/MK-8591), a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) under clinical trials, is a potent and promising long-acting anti-HIV type 1 (HIV-1) agent. EFdA and its derivatives possess a modified 4'-moiety and potently inhibit the replication of a wide spectrum of HIV-1 strains resistant to existing NRTIs. Here, we report that EFdA and NRTIs with a 4'-ethynyl- or 4'-cyano-moiety exerted activity against HIV-1 with an M184V mutation and multiple NRTI-resistant HIV-1s, whereas NRTIs with other moieties (e.g., 4'-methyl) did not show this activity. Structural analysis indicated that EFdA and 4'-ethynyl-NRTIs (but not other 4'-modified NRTIs), formed strong van der Waals interactions with critical amino acid residues of reverse transcriptase. Such interactions were maintained even in the presence of a broad resistance-endowing M184V substitution, thus potently inhibiting drug-resistant HIV-1 strains. These findings also explain the mechanism for the potency of EFdA and provide insights for further design of anti-HIV-1 therapeutics.
Collapse
|