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Candry P, De Visschere P, Neyts K. Riemannian color difference metric for spatial sinusoidal color variations. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:16945-16969. [PMID: 38858890 DOI: 10.1364/oe.520947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Several studies report on the sensitivity of human vision to static spatial sinusoidal achromatic and chromatic contrast variations. However, a Riemannian color difference metric, which includes the spatial and colorimetric properties of sinusoidal gratings, is lacking. Such a metric is important for various applications. Here we report on the development of a new Riemannian metric, for the prediction of detection ellipsoids in color space, for spatial sinusoidal gratings as a function of the grating's size, spatial frequency, luminance and chromaticity. The metric is based on measurements and models of achromatic and isoluminous chromatic contrast sensitivity functions available in literature, and the Riemannian metric for split fields which we reported earlier. We find adequate agreement with various data sets of experimental achromatic and isoluminous chromatic contrast sensitivity functions and with experimentally determined threshold ellipses of isoluminous chromatic Gabor gratings.
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Sánchez RF, Puertas FJ, Issolio LA. Modulation transfer function formula for different age ranges. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2023; 40:1979-1985. [PMID: 37855554 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.494721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The modulation transfer function (MTF) is one of the most complete tools to study the optical performance of the eye. We present the average radial MTF profiles measured in 68 subjects grouped in six age ranges (from 20 to 80 years) and a general formula to estimate the radial profile of human MTF as a function of pupil size and age. The mean MTF for each age group was fitted to an analytical expression to compute two parameters related to aging. The proposed formula fitted reasonably well to experimental data available in previous works and predicted the average changes with aging of different optical quality parameters obtained from MTF.
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Braham Chaouche A, Rezaei M, Silvestre D, Arleo A, Allard R. Functionally Assessing the Age-Related Decline in the Detection Rate of Photons by Cone Photoreceptors. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:744444. [PMID: 34955808 PMCID: PMC8693170 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.744444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related decline in visual perception is usually attributed to optical factors of the eye and neural factors. However, the detection of light by cones converting light into neural signals is a crucial intermediate processing step of vision. Interestingly, a novel functional approach can evaluate many aspects of the visual system including the detection of photons by cones. This approach was used to investigate the underlying cause of age-related visual decline and found that the detection rate of cones was considerably affected with healthy aging. This functional test enabling to evaluate the detection of photons by cones could be particularly useful to screen for retinal pathologies affecting cones such as age-related macular degeneration. However, the paradigm used to functionally measure the detection of photons was complex as it was evaluating many other properties of the visual system. The aim of the current mini review is to clarify the underlying rationale of functionally evaluating the detection of photons by cones, describe a simpler approach to evaluate it, and review the impact of aging on the detection rate of cones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Rezaei
- School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Daphné Silvestre
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Angelo Arleo
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Rémy Allard
- School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Braham Chaouche A, Silvestre D, Trognon A, Arleo A, Allard R. Age-related decline in motion contrast sensitivity due to lower absorption rate of cones and calculation efficiency. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16521. [PMID: 33020552 PMCID: PMC7536415 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73322-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Motion perception is affected by healthy aging, which impairs the ability of older adults to perform some daily activities such as driving. The current study investigated the underlying causes of age-related motion contrast sensitivity losses by using an equivalent noise paradigm to decompose motion contrast sensitivity into calculation efficiency, the temporal modulation transfer function (i.e., temporal blur) and 3 sources of internal noise: stochastic absorption of photons by photoreceptors (i.e., photon noise), neural noise occurring at the retinal level (i.e., early noise) and at the cortical level (i.e., late noise). These sources of internal noise can be disentangled because there impacts on motion contrast sensitivity vary differently as a function of luminance intensity. The impact of healthy aging on these factors was evaluated by measuring motion contrast sensitivity of young and older healthy adults at different luminance intensities, temporal frequencies and with/without external noise. The older adults were found to have higher photon noise, which suggests a lower photon absorption rate of cones. When roughly equating the amount of photons being absorbed by the photoreceptors, older adults had lower calculation efficiencies, but no significant aging effect was found on temporal modulation transfer function, early noise and late noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Braham Chaouche
- INSERM, CNRS, Insititut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Daphné Silvestre
- INSERM, CNRS, Insititut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Arthur Trognon
- INSERM, CNRS, Insititut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Angelo Arleo
- INSERM, CNRS, Insititut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Rémy Allard
- INSERM, CNRS, Insititut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France. .,Laboratoire Psychophysique de la Vision, École d'optométrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Liu R, Kwon M. Increased Equivalent Input Noise in Glaucomatous Central Vision: Is it Due to Undersampling of Retinal Ganglion Cells? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:10. [PMID: 32645132 PMCID: PMC7425734 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.8.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Recent evidence shows that macular damage is common even in early stages of glaucoma. Here we investigated whether contrast sensitivity loss in the central vision of glaucoma patients is due to an increase in equivalent input noise (Neq), a decrease in calculation efficiency, or both. We also examined how retinal undersampling resulting from loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) may affect Neq and calculation efficiency. Methods This study included 21 glaucoma patients and 23 age-matched normally sighted individuals. Threshold contrast for orientation discrimination was measured with a sinewave grating embedded in varying levels of external noise. Data were fitted to the linear amplifier model (LAM) to factor contrast sensitivity into Neq and calculation efficiency. We also correlated macular RGC counts estimated from structural (spectral-domain optical coherence tomography) and functional (standard automated perimetry Swedish interactive thresholding algorithm 10-2) data with either Neq or efficiency. Furthermore, using analytical and computer simulation approach, the relative effect of retinal undersampling on Neq and efficiency was evaluated by adding the RGC sampling module into the LAM. Results Compared with normal controls, glaucoma patients exhibited a significantly larger Neq without significant difference in efficiency. Neq was significantly correlated with Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity and macular RGC counts. The results from analytical derivation and model simulation further demonstrated that Neq can be expressed as a function of internal noise and retinal sampling. Conclusions Our results showed that equivalent input noise is significantly elevated in glaucomatous vision, thereby impairing foveal contrast sensitivity. Our findings further elucidated how undersampling at the retinal level may increase equivalent input noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - MiYoung Kwon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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Yan FF, Hou F, Lu H, Yang J, Chen L, Wu Y, Chen G, Huang CB. Aging affects gain and internal noise in the visual system. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6768. [PMID: 32317655 PMCID: PMC7174411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual functions decline with age, but how aging degrades visual functions remains controversial. In the current study, the mechanisms underlying age-related visual declines were examined psychophysically. We developed an efficient method to quickly explore contrast sensitivity as a function of nine spatial frequencies at three levels of external noise in both young and old subjects. Fifty-two young and twenty-six old subjects have been screened for ophthalmological and mental diseases and participated in the experiment. Contrast sensitivity varied significantly with spatial frequency, age, and level of external noise. By adopting a nonlinear observer model, we decomposed contrast sensitivity into inefficiencies in internal additive noise, internal multiplicative noise, perceptual template gain, and/or system non-linearity. Model analysis revealed that aging impacts both internal additive noise and perceptual template gain, and such age-related degradation is tuned to spatial frequency, which is also a good predictor to discriminate old from young. The quick characterization of contrast sensitivity functions at different noise levels and the accompanying analysis developed in the current study may have profound application in other clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fang Hou
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Hongyu Lu
- Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Jia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ge Chen
- School of Art and Design, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Chang-Bing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Silvestre D, Arleo A, Allard R. Healthy Aging Impairs Photon Absorption Efficiency of Cones. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:544-551. [PMID: 30716150 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Vision decline with healthy aging is a major public health concern with the unceasing growth of the aged population. In order to prevent or remedy the age-related visual loss, a better understanding of the underlying causes is needed. The current psychophysical study used a novel noise paradigm to investigate the causes of age-related contrast sensitivity loss by estimating the impact of optical factors, absorption rate of photon by photoreceptors, neural noise, and calculation efficiency on contrast sensitivity. Methods The impact of these factors on contrast sensitivity was assessed by measuring contrast thresholds with and without external noise over a wide range of spatial frequencies (0.5-16 cycles per degree [cyc/deg]) and different luminance intensities for 20 young (mean = 26.5 years, SD = 3.79) and 20 older (mean = 75.9 years, SD = 4.30) adults, all having a good visual acuity (≥6/7.5). Results The age-related contrast sensitivity losses were explained by older observers absorbing considerably fewer photons (4×), having more neural noise (1.9×), and a lower processing efficiency (1.4×). The aging effect on optical factors was not significant. Conclusions The age-related contrast sensitivity loss was mostly due to less efficient cones absorbing four times fewer photons than young adults. Thus, besides the ocular factors known to be considerably affected with aging, the decline of absorption efficiency of cones is also responsible for a considerable age-related visual decline, especially under dim light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphné Silvestre
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Angelo Arleo
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Rémy Allard
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
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Cartier C, Warembourg C, Monfort C, Rouget F, Limon G, Durand G, Cordier S, Saint-Amour D, Chevrier C. Children’s contrast sensitivity function in relation to organophosphate insecticide prenatal exposure in the mother-child PELAGIE cohort. Neurotoxicology 2018; 67:161-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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