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Csabai L, Bohár B, Türei D, Prabhu S, Földvári-Nagy L, Madgwick M, Fazekas D, Módos D, Ölbei M, Halka T, Poletti M, Kornilova P, Kadlecsik T, Demeter A, Szalay-Bekő M, Kapuy O, Lenti K, Vellai T, Gul L, Korcsmáros T. AutophagyNet: high-resolution data source for the analysis of autophagy and its regulation. Autophagy 2024; 20:188-201. [PMID: 37589496 PMCID: PMC10761021 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2247737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a highly-conserved catabolic procss eliminating dysfunctional cellular components and invading pathogens. Autophagy malfunction contributes to disorders such as cancer, neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases. Understanding autophagy regulation in health and disease has been the focus of the last decades. We previously provided an integrated database for autophagy research, the Autophagy Regulatory Network (ARN). For the last eight years, this resource has been used by thousands of users. Here, we present a new and upgraded resource, AutophagyNet. It builds on the previous database but contains major improvements to address user feedback and novel needs due to the advancement in omics data availability. AutophagyNet contains updated interaction curation and integration of over 280,000 experimentally verified interactions between core autophagy proteins and their protein, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators as well as their potential upstream pathway connections. AutophagyNet provides annotations for each core protein about their role: 1) in different types of autophagy (mitophagy, xenophagy, etc.); 2) in distinct stages of autophagy (initiation, expansion, termination, etc.); 3) with subcellular and tissue-specific localization. These annotations can be used to filter the dataset, providing customizable download options tailored to the user's needs. The resource is available in various file formats (e.g. CSV, BioPAX and PSI-MI), and data can be analyzed and visualized directly in Cytoscape. The multi-layered regulation of autophagy can be analyzed by combining AutophagyNet with tissue- or cell type-specific (multi-)omics datasets (e.g. transcriptomic or proteomic data). The resource is publicly accessible at http://autophagynet.org.Abbreviations: ARN: Autophagy Regulatory Network; ATG: autophagy related; BCR: B cell receptor pathway; BECN1: beclin 1; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; IIP: innate immune pathway; LIR: LC3-interacting region; lncRNA: long non-coding RNA; MAP1LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; miRNA: microRNA; NHR: nuclear hormone receptor; PTM: post-translational modification; RTK: receptor tyrosine kinase; TCR: T cell receptor; TLR: toll like receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Csabai
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Bohár
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dénes Türei
- Heidelberg University, Faculty of Medicine, and Heidelberg University Hospital, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - László Földvári-Nagy
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Matthew Madgwick
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK
- Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Dávid Fazekas
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dezső Módos
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK
- Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Márton Ölbei
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Themis Halka
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Martina Poletti
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK
- Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Tamás Kadlecsik
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Orsolya Kapuy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Lenti
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Vellai
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH/MTA-ELTE Genetics Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lejla Gul
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tamás Korcsmáros
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Wang JF, Wen DT, Wang SJ, Gao YH, Yin XY. Muscle-specific overexpression of Atg2 gene and endurance exercise delay age-related deteriorations of skeletal muscle and heart function via activating the AMPK/Sirt1/PGC-1α pathway in male Drosophila. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23214. [PMID: 37773768 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301312r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Atg2 is a key gene in autophagy formation and plays an important role in regulating aging progress. Exercise is an important tool to resist oxidative stress in cells and delay muscle aging. However, the relationship between exercise and the muscle Atg2 gene in regulating skeletal muscle aging remains unclear. Here, overexpression or knockdown of muscle Atg2 gene was achieved by constructing the AtgUAS/MhcGal4 system in Drosophila, and these flies were also subjected to an exercise intervention for 2 weeks. The results showed that both overexpression of Atg2 and exercise significantly increased the climbing speed, climbing endurance, cardiac function, and lifespan of aging flies. They also significantly up-regulated the expression of muscle Atg2, AMPK, Sirt1, and PGC-1α genes, and they significantly reduced muscle malondialdehyde and triglyceride. These positive benefits were even more pronounced when the two were combined. However, the effects of Atg2 knockdown on skeletal muscle, heart, and lifespan were reversed compared to its overexpression. Importantly, exercise ameliorated age-related changes induced by Atg2 knockdown. Therefore, current results confirmed that both overexpression of muscle Atg2 and exercise delayed age-related deteriorations of skeletal muscle, the heart function, and lifespan, and exercise could also reverse age-related changes induced by Atg2 knockdown. The molecular mechanism is related to the overexpression of the Atg2 gene and exercise, which increase the activity of the AMPK/Sirt1/PGC-1α pathway, oxidation and antioxidant balance, and lipid metabolism in aging muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Feng Wang
- School of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, P.R. China
| | - Deng-Tai Wen
- School of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Jie Wang
- School of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Hui Gao
- School of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Yuan Yin
- School of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, P.R. China
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3
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Connexin 43 confers chemoresistance through activating PI3K. Oncogenesis 2022; 11:2. [PMID: 35022385 PMCID: PMC8755794 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-022-00378-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circumventing chemoresistance is crucial for effectively treating cancer including glioblastoma, a lethal brain cancer. The gap junction protein connexin 43 (Cx43) renders glioblastoma resistant to chemotherapy; however, targeting Cx43 is difficult because mechanisms underlying Cx43-mediated chemoresistance remain elusive. Here we report that Cx43, but not other connexins, is highly expressed in a subpopulation of glioblastoma and Cx43 mRNA levels strongly correlate with poor prognosis and chemoresistance in this population, making Cx43 the prime therapeutic target among all connexins. Depleting Cx43 or treating cells with αCT1–a Cx43 peptide inhibitor that sensitizes glioblastoma to the chemotherapy temozolomide–inactivates phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), whereas overexpression of Cx43 activates this signaling. Moreover, αCT1-induced chemo-sensitization is counteracted by a PI3K active mutant. Further research reveals that αCT1 inactivates PI3K without blocking the release of PI3K-activating molecules from membrane channels and that Cx43 selectively binds to the PI3K catalytic subunit β (PIK3CB, also called PI3Kβ or p110β), suggesting that Cx43 activates PIK3CB/p110β independent of its channel functions. To explore the therapeutic potential of simultaneously targeting Cx43 and PIK3CB/p110β, αCT1 is combined with TGX-221 or GSK2636771, two PIK3CB/p110β-selective inhibitors. These two different treatments synergistically inactivate PI3K and sensitize glioblastoma cells to temozolomide in vitro and in vivo. Our study has revealed novel mechanistic insights into Cx43/PI3K-mediated temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma and demonstrated that targeting Cx43 and PIK3CB/p110β together is an effective therapeutic approach for overcoming chemoresistance.
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Lee CW, Huang CCY, Chi MC, Lee KH, Peng KT, Fang ML, Chiang YC, Liu JF. Naringenin Induces ROS-Mediated ER Stress, Autophagy, and Apoptosis in Human Osteosarcoma Cell Lines. Molecules 2022; 27:373. [PMID: 35056691 PMCID: PMC8781290 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma, a primary bone tumor, responds poorly to chemotherapy and radiation therapy in children and young adults; hence, as the basis for an alternative treatment, this study investigated the cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects of naringenin on osteosarcoma cell lines, HOS and U2OS, by using cell counting kit-8 and colony formation assays. DNA fragmentation and the increase in the G2/M phase in HOS and U2OS cells upon treatment with various naringenin concentrations were determined by using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay and Annexin V/propidium iodide double staining, respectively. Flow cytometry was performed, and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, JC-1, and Fluo-4 AM ester probes were examined for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial membrane potential, and intracellular calcium levels, respectively. Caspase activation, cell cycle, cytosolic and mitochondrial, and autophagy-related proteins were determined using western blotting. The results indicated that naringenin significantly inhibited viability and proliferation of osteosarcoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, naringenin induced cell cycle arrest in osteosarcoma cells by inhibiting cyclin B1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 expression and upregulating p21 expression. Furthermore, naringenin significantly inhibited the growth of osteosarcoma cells by increasing the intracellular ROS level. Naringenin induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis through the upregulation of ER stress markers, GRP78 and GRP94. Naringenin caused acidic vesicular organelle formation and increased autophagolysosomes, microtubule-associated protein-light chain 3-II protein levels, and autophagy. The findings suggest that the induction of cell apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and autophagy by naringenin through mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS production, and ER stress signaling pathways contribute to the antiproliferative effect of naringenin on osteosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiang-Wen Lee
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City 61363, Taiwan;
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City 61363, Taiwan;
- Department of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243303, Taiwan
| | - Cathy Chia-Yu Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan;
| | - Miao-Ching Chi
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City 613, Taiwan;
| | - Kuan-Han Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ti Peng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City 61363, Taiwan;
| | - Mei-Ling Fang
- Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
- Super Micro Research and Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chang Chiang
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City 61363, Taiwan;
| | - Ju-Fang Liu
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- School of Oral Hygiene, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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Abstract
Autophagy is an important intracellular lysosomal degradation process in cells, which is highly conserved from yeast to mammals. The process of autophagy is roughly divided into the following key steps: the formation of a membrane structure called ISM (isolated membrane) after stimulation, the biogenesis and maturation of autophagosomes, and finally the degradation of autophagosomes. A number of proteins are required to function in the whole process of autophagy. Since the initial genetic screening in yeast cells, multiple genes that play pivotal roles in autophagy have been discovered. These molecules have been named ATG genes (AuTophaGy related genes). The screening for new key molecules involved in autophagy has greatly promoted the characterization of the mechanism of the autophagy machinery and provides multiple targets for the development of autophagy-based regulatory drugs.
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Luo J, He Y, Meng F, Yan N, Zhang Y, Song W. The Role of Autophagy in M2 Polarization of Macrophages Induced by Micro/Nano Topography. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:7763-7774. [PMID: 33116499 PMCID: PMC7553265 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s270100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The proper topography of implant surface can induce macrophages polarization, whereas the regulation mechanism has not been fully deciphered. The study aimed to examine the regulation mechanism of macrophages M2 polarization by titanium (Ti) implant surface micro/nano topography. Results Firstly, the titanium implant micropits-nanotubular surface with ~30 nm diameters (MNT) can induce the M2 polarization of RAW264.7 spontaneously, as indicated by the spindle-like cell morphological alteration and specific molecular marker arginase-1 (Arg1) expression. Next, the autophagic vacuoles (AVs) number is significantly increased on MNT surface, as confirmed by the monodansylcadaverine (MDC) and CYTO-ID staining as well as the transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation. In addition, increasing or decreasing the autophagosomes number by rapamycin or 3-methyladenine (3-MA) will result in augmentation or attenuation of Arg1. Furthermore, blocking the fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes by bafilomycin also significantly reduces Arg1, even in the presence of rapamycin. Finally, the ERK phosphorylation is selectively upregulated on MNT surface and the AVs number and Arg1 expression are significantly suppressed by U0126 treatment. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the ERK-Beclin-1-autophagy axis may play a pivotal role in the regulation of M2 polarization induced by nanotopography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA, Guangzhou 510010, People's Republic of China
| | - Yide He
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanhui Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Materials, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
The metastasis-promoting S100A4 protein, a member of the S100 family, has recently been discovered as a potent factor implicated in various inflammation-associated diseases. S100A4 is involved in a range of biological functions such as angiogenesis, cell differentiation, apoptosis, motility, and invasion. Moreover, S100A4 is also a potent trigger of inflammatory processes and induces the release of cytokines and growth factors under different pathological conditions.Indeed, the release of S100A4 upon stress and mainly its pro-inflammatory role emerges as the most decisive activity in disease development, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic sclerosis (SSc) allergy, psoriasis, and cancer. In the scope of this review, we will focus on the role of S100A4 as a mediator of pro-inflammatory pathways and its associated biological processes involved in the pathogenesis of various human noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) including cancer.
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Tiessen I, Abildgaard MH, Lubas M, Gylling HM, Steinhauer C, Pietras EJ, Diederichs S, Frankel LB, Lund AH. A high-throughput screen identifies the long non-coding RNA DRAIC as a regulator of autophagy. Oncogene 2019; 38:5127-5141. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0783-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Sheng KL, Pridham KJ, Sheng Z, Lamouille S, Varghese RT. Functional Blockade of Small GTPase RAN Inhibits Glioblastoma Cell Viability. Front Oncol 2019; 8:662. [PMID: 30671385 PMCID: PMC6331428 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, the most common malignant tumor in the brain, lacks effective treatments and is currently incurable. To identify novel drug targets for this deadly cancer, the publicly available results of RNA interference screens from the Project Achilles database were analyzed. Ten candidate genes were identified as survival genes in 15 glioblastoma cell lines. RAN, member RAS oncogene family (RAN) was expressed in glioblastoma at the highest level among all candidates based upon cDNA microarray data. However, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis did not show any correlation between RAN mRNA levels and patient survival. Because RAN is a small GTPase that regulates nuclear transport controlled by karyopherin subunit beta 1 (KPNB1), RAN was further analyzed together with KPNB1. Indeed, GBM patients with high levels of RAN also had more KPNB1 and levels of KPNB1 alone did not relate to patient prognosis. Through a Cox multivariate analysis, GBM patients with high levels of RAN and KPNB1 showed significantly shorter life expectancy when temozolomide and promoter methylation of O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase were used as covariates. These results indicate that RAN and KPNB1 together are associated with drug resistance and GBM poor prognosis. Furthermore, the functional blockade of RAN and KPNB1 by importazole remarkably suppressed cell viability and activated apoptosis in GBM cells expressing high levels of RAN, while having a limited effect on astrocytes and GBM cells with undetectable RAN. Together, our results demonstrate that RAN activity is important for GBM survival and the functional blockade of RAN/KPNB1 is an appealing therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Sheng
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Kevin J Pridham
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Zhi Sheng
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, United States.,Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.,Faculty of Health Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Samy Lamouille
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, United States.,Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Robin T Varghese
- Department of Biological Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Casein Kinase 1 Epsilon Regulates Glioblastoma Cell Survival. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13621. [PMID: 30206363 PMCID: PMC6134061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant brain cancer with a dismal prognosis. The difficulty in treating glioblastoma is largely attributed to the lack of effective therapeutic targets. In our previous work, we identified casein kinase 1 ε (CK1ε, also known as CSNK1E) as a potential survival factor in glioblastoma. However, how CK1ε controls cell survival remains elusive and whether targeting CK1ε is a possible treatment for glioblastoma requires further investigation. Here we report that CK1ε was expressed at the highest level among six CK1 isoforms in glioblastoma and enriched in high-grade glioma, but not glia cells. Depletion of CK1ε remarkably inhibited the growth of glioblastoma cells and suppressed self-renewal of glioblastoma stem cells, while having limited effect on astrocytes. CK1ε deprivation activated β-catenin and induced apoptosis, which was further counteracted by knockdown of β-catenin. The CK1ε inhibitor IC261, but not PF-4800567, activated β-catenin and blocked the growth of glioblastoma cells and glioblastoma stem cells. Congruently, IC261 elicited a robust growth inhibition of human glioblastoma xenografts in mice. Together, our results demonstrate that CK1ε regulates the survival of glioblastoma cells and glioblastoma stem cells through β-catenin signaling, underscoring the importance of targeting CK1ε as an effective treatment for glioblastoma.
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