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Zhu Z, Chen T, Huang F, Wang S, Zhu P, Xu RX, Si T. Free-Boundary Microfluidic Platform for Advanced Materials Manufacturing and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2304840. [PMID: 37722080 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics, with its remarkable capacity to manipulate fluids and droplets at the microscale, has emerged as a powerful platform in numerous fields. In contrast to conventional closed microchannel microfluidic systems, free-boundary microfluidic manufacturing (FBMM) processes continuous precursor fluids into jets or droplets in a relatively spacious environment. FBMM is highly regarded for its superior flexibility, stability, economy, usability, and versatility in the manufacturing of advanced materials and architectures. In this review, a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in FBMM is provided, encompassing technical principles, advanced material manufacturing, and their applications. FBMM is categorized based on the foundational mechanisms, primarily comprising hydrodynamics, interface effects, acoustics, and electrohydrodynamic. The processes and mechanisms of fluid manipulation are thoroughly discussed. Additionally, the manufacturing of advanced materials in various dimensions ranging from zero-dimensional to three-dimensional, as well as their diverse applications in material science, biomedical engineering, and engineering are presented. Finally, current progress is summarized and future challenges are prospected. Overall, this review highlights the significant potential of FBMM as a powerful tool for advanced materials manufacturing and its wide-ranging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhu
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Tianao Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Fangsheng Huang
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Pingan Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Ronald X Xu
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Ting Si
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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Singh NK, Ramamourthy B, Hage N, Kappagantu KM. Optogenetics: Illuminating the Future of Hearing Restoration and Understanding Auditory Perception. Curr Gene Ther 2024; 24:208-216. [PMID: 38676313 DOI: 10.2174/0115665232269742231213110937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Hearing loss is a prevalent sensory impairment significantly affecting communication and quality of life. Traditional approaches for hearing restoration, such as cochlear implants, have limitations in frequency resolution and spatial selectivity. Optogenetics, an emerging field utilizing light-sensitive proteins, offers a promising avenue for addressing these limitations and revolutionizing hearing rehabilitation. This review explores the methods of introducing Channelrhodopsin- 2 (ChR2), a key light-sensitive protein, into cochlear cells to enable optogenetic stimulation. Viral- mediated gene delivery is a widely employed technique in optogenetics. Selecting a suitable viral vector, such as adeno-associated viruses (AAV), is crucial in efficient gene delivery to cochlear cells. The ChR2 gene is inserted into the viral vector through molecular cloning techniques, and the resulting viral vector is introduced into cochlear cells via direct injection or round window membrane delivery. This allows for the expression of ChR2 and subsequent light sensitivity in targeted cells. Alternatively, direct cell transfection offers a non-viral approach for ChR2 delivery. The ChR2 gene is cloned into a plasmid vector, which is then combined with transfection agents like liposomes or nanoparticles. This mixture is applied to cochlear cells, facilitating the entry of the plasmid DNA into the target cells and enabling ChR2 expression. Optogenetic stimulation using ChR2 allows for precise and selective activation of specific neurons in response to light, potentially overcoming the limitations of current auditory prostheses. Moreover, optogenetics has broader implications in understanding the neural circuits involved in auditory processing and behavior. The combination of optogenetics and gene delivery techniques provides a promising avenue for improving hearing restoration strategies, offering the potential for enhanced frequency resolution, spatial selectivity, and improved auditory perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namit Kant Singh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Balaji Ramamourthy
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Neemu Hage
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Krishna Medha Kappagantu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, India
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Kehl F, Drevinskas T, Creamer JS, DeMartino AJ, Willis PA. Providing Enhanced Migration Time Reproducibility with a High-Voltage-Compatible Flow Sensor for Capillary Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:5734-5740. [PMID: 35380429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In capillary electrophoresis (CE), analyte identification is primarily based on migration time, which is a function of the analyte's electrophoretic mobility and the electro-osmotic flow (EOF). The migration time can be impacted by the presence of parasitic flow from changes in temperature or pressure during the run. Presented here is a high-voltage-compatible flow sensor capable of monitoring the volumetric flow inside the capillary during a separation with nL/min resolution. The direct measurement of both flow and time allows for compensation of flow instabilities. By expressing the electropherogram in terms of signal versus electromigration velocity instead of time, it is possible to improve the run-to-run reproducibility up to 25×.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kehl
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, United States
| | - Tomas Drevinskas
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, United States
| | - Jessica S Creamer
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, United States
| | - Andrew J DeMartino
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, United States
| | - Peter A Willis
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, United States
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Ruzgys P, Böhringer S, Dokumaci AS, Hari Y, Schürch CM, Brühl F, Schürch S, Szidat S, Riether C, Šatkauskas S, Geiser T, Hradetzky D, Gazdhar A. Electrospray Mediated Localized and Targeted Chemotherapy in a Mouse Model of Lung Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:643492. [PMID: 33959011 PMCID: PMC8093875 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.643492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: An advanced stage, centrally localized invasive tumor is a major cause of sudden death in lung cancer patients. Currently, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, laser ablation, or surgical resection if possible are the available state-of-the-art treatments but none of these guarantee remedy or long-term relief and are often associated with fatal complications. Allowing localized chemotherapy, by direct and confined drug delivery only at the tumor site, could be a promising option for preoperative down staging or palliative therapy. Here we report the localized and targeted application of intra tumor delivery of chemotherapeutics using a novel device based on the principle of electrospray. Methods: C57BL/6J mice were injected with Lewis lung carcinoma cells subcutaneously. After 15 days, the animals were anesthetized and the tumors were exposed by skin incision. Tumors were electrosprayed with 100 µg cisplatin on days 0 and 2, and tumor volumes were measured daily. Animals were sacrificed on day 7 after the first electrospray and tumors were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Results: In this proof-of-concept study, we report that the tumor volume was reduced by 81.2% (22.46 ± 12.14 mm3) after two electrospray mediated Cisplatin deliveries, while the control tumor growth, at the same time point, increased by 200% (514.30 ± 104.50 mm3). Moreover, tunnel and Caspase-3 positive cells were increased after Cisplatin electrospray compared to other experimental groups of animals. Conclusion: Targeted drug delivery by electrospray is efficient in the subcutaneous mouse model of lung cancer and offers a promising opportunity for further development toward its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulius Ruzgys
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Biophysical Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Stephan Böhringer
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Medical Informatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Ayse Sila Dokumaci
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Methodology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yvonne Hari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Frido Brühl
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Schürch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sönke Szidat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Riether
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Saulius Šatkauskas
- Biophysical Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Thomas Geiser
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Hradetzky
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Medical Informatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Amiq Gazdhar
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Lei L, Gamboa AR, Kuznetsova C, Littlecreek S, Wang J, Zou Q, Zahn JD, Singer JP. Self-limiting electrospray deposition on polymer templates. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17290. [PMID: 33057077 PMCID: PMC7560848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrospray deposition (ESD) applies a high voltage to liquids flowing through narrow capillaries to produce monodisperse generations of droplets down to hundreds of nanometers in diameter, each carrying a small amount of the delivered solute. This deposition method has been combined with insulated stencil masks for fabricating micropatterns by spraying solutions containing nanoparticles, polymers, or biomaterials. To optimize the fabrication process for micro-coatings, a self-limiting electrospray deposition (SLED) method has recently been developed. Here, we combine SLED with a pre-existing patterned polymer film to study SLED’s fundamental behavior in a bilayer geometry. SLED has been observed when glassy insulating materials are sprayed onto conductive substrates, where a thickness-limited film forms as charge accumulates and repels the arrival of additional charged droplets. In this study, polystyrene (PS), Parylene C, and SU-8 thin films of varying thickness on silicon are utilized as insulated spraying substrates. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), a thermoplastic polymer is sprayed below its glass transition temperature (Tg) to investigate the SLED behavior on the pre-deposited insulating films. Furthermore, to examine the effects of in-plane confinement on the spray, a microhole array patterned onto the PS thin film by laser dewetting was sprayed with dyed PVP in the SLED mode. This was then extended to an unmasked electrode array showing that masked SLED and laser dewetting could be used to target microscale regions of conventionally-patterned electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lei
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Arielle R Gamboa
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Christianna Kuznetsova
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Sunshine Littlecreek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Jingren Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Qingze Zou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Zahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Jonathan P Singer
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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Sutter MA, Cremona TP, Nita I, Cavarra E, Lungarella G, Lewis EC, Schittny JC, Geiser T, Gazdhar A. In Vivo Electroporation-Mediated, Intrahepatic Alpha1 Antitrypsin Gene Transfer Reduces Pulmonary Emphysema in Pallid Mice. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12090793. [PMID: 32825773 PMCID: PMC7559762 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Mutation in the alpha1 antitrypsin (AAT) gene leads to low circulating levels of AAT, which is associated with several disease processes including pulmonary emphysema. The standard of care relies on substitution with plasma-purified AAT. We studied a novel approach to obtain sustained therapeutic levels of circulating AAT using nonviral in vivo electroporation-mediated gene transfer to the liver. Methods: In vivo intrahepatic electroporation-mediated human AAT gene transfer was performed in C57 Bl/6J mice carrying a genetic deficiency of murine AAT (pallid mice) and suffering from pulmonary emphysema. The animals were evaluated for lung function using flexiVent and detailed stereological assessments. Lung neutrophilic burden was assessed. Results: Pallid mice showed morphologically detectable pulmonary emphysema. Thirty days after in vivo electroporation-mediated gene transfer directly aimed at the liver, circulating human AAT was elevated and lung function was significantly improved compared to non-treated pallid mice. Stereological analysis revealed a reduction in pulmonary emphysema. Conclusion: Our data indicate that in vivo intrahepatic electroporation-mediated gene transfer of AAT is a safe and efficient procedure resulting in reduction of pulmonary emphysema in pallid mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Sutter
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.A.S.); (I.N.)
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tiziana P. Cremona
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (T.P.C.)
| | - Izabela Nita
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.A.S.); (I.N.)
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eleonora Cavarra
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.C.); (G.L.)
| | - Giuseppe Lungarella
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.C.); (G.L.)
| | - Eli C. Lewis
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel;
| | | | - Thomas Geiser
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.A.S.); (I.N.)
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (T.G.); (A.G.); Tel.: +41-31-63211111 (T.G.); +41-31-6327634 (A.G.)
| | - Amiq Gazdhar
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.A.S.); (I.N.)
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (T.G.); (A.G.); Tel.: +41-31-63211111 (T.G.); +41-31-6327634 (A.G.)
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Kovacevich DA, Lei L, Han D, Kuznetsova C, Kooi SE, Lee H, Singer JP. Self-Limiting Electrospray Deposition for the Surface Modification of Additively Manufactured Parts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:20901-20911. [PMID: 32293169 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b23544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray deposition (ESD) is a spray coating process that utilizes a high voltage to atomize a flowing solution into charged microdroplets. These self-repulsive droplets evaporate as they travel to a target substrate, depositing the solution solids. Our previous research investigated the conditions necessary to minimize charge dissipation and deposit a thickness-limited film that grows in area over time through self-limiting electrospray deposition. Such sprays possess the ability to conformally coat complex three-dimensional (3D) objects without changing the location of the spray needle or orientation of the object. This makes them ideally suited for the postprocessing of materials fabricated through additive manufacturing (AM), opening a paradigm of independent bulk and surface functionality. Having demonstrated 3D coating with film thickness in the range of 1-50 μm on a variety of conductive objects, in this study, we employed model substrates to quantitatively study the technique's limits with regard to geometry and scale. Specifically, we examined the effectiveness of thickness-limited ESD for coating recessed features with gaps ranging from 50 μm to 1 cm, as well as the ability to coat surfaces hidden from the line-of-sight of the spray needle. This was then extended to the coating of hydrogel structures printed by AM, demonstrating that coating could be conducted even into the body of the structures as a means to create hydrophobic surfaces without affecting the absorption-driven humidity response. Further, these coatings were robust enough to create superhydrophobicity in the entire structure, causing it to resist immersion in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan A Kovacevich
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Lin Lei
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Daehoon Han
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Christianna Kuznetsova
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Steven E Kooi
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Howon Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Jonathan P Singer
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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Riddell P, Gilbert JL, Molloy EL, Finnegan S, Egan JJ, O'Dea S. Delivery of nucleic acids to ex vivo porcine airways using electrospray. Exp Lung Res 2019; 44:405-416. [PMID: 30675820 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2018.1563924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Nucleic acid-based therapies have the potential to provide clinically meaningful benefit across a wide spectrum of lung disease. However, in vivo delivery remains a challenge. Here we examined the feasibility of using electrospray to deliver nucleic acids to both porcine tracheal tissue sections and whole lung ex vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of electrospray solution, emitter gauge, flow rate and voltage on plasmid DNA integrity was examined by analyzing supercoiled:open circle structure ratio by gel electrophoresis. Optimal parameters were used to deliver luciferase DNA and mRNA and siRNA-FITC to tracheal tissue sections. Luciferase mRNA was delivered to whole porcine lungs ex vivo using a catheter and bronchoscope system. Luciferase activity and fluorescence were analyzed by luminometry and microscopy respectively. RESULTS The incidence of DNA plasmid nicking was greatest in a low salt solution without ethanol compared with 1% and 20% ethanol with salt. From a range of emitters tested, a 32 gauge emitter produced the best supercoiled:open circle structure ratio, likely because less voltage was required to produce a stable electrospray with this emitter. Lower flow rates also showed a trend towards reduced DNA nicking. GFP DNA electrosprayed at 5 kV and 6 kV resulted in lower levels of GFP expression in A549 lung cells following lipofection compared with 3 kV and 4 kV. Optimised parameters of 20% ethanol solution, 32 gauge emitter, low flow rates and voltages of 3-5 kV, nucleic acid molecules were successful for delivery of luciferase DNA and mRNA as well as siRNA-FITC to porcine tracheal tissue sections and for delivery of luciferase mRNA to whole porcine lungs via bronchoscope. CONCLUSIONS We report ex vivo delivery of nucleic acids to porcine lung tissue via electrospray and bronchoscopic electrospray delivery of nucleic acid to an ex vivo porcine lung model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Riddell
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , Mater Misericordiae University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Jim J Egan
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , Mater Misericordiae University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
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Hradetzky D, Boehringer S, Ruzgys P, Satkauskas S, Geiser T, Gazdhar A. Method for analysis of electrospray for gene transfer and the impact on cell viability of A549 alveolar epithelial like cells. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2018; 2018:5725-5728. [PMID: 30441636 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8513643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Electrospray is a process based on creation and acceleration of small sized droplets based on electrostatic repulsion. Spraying plasmid containing liquids this process may be used to transfer genes into cells. Within this paper we report on a method for accessing and evaluating the spray modalities using high speed imaging system with a post processing of image data to obtain estimated volume and velocity of emerging droplets first. Second we investigate on the impact of different media on the spray modalities. Third we evaluate the impact of the spray on cell viability and on transfection efficiency of an eGFP plasmid as reporter gene obtained in an in vitro setup on alveolar epithelial like cells (A549).
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