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Hu Y, Xiong Y, Tao R, Xue H, Chen L, Lin Z, Panayi AC, Mi B, Liu G. Advances and perspective on animal models and hydrogel biomaterials for diabetic wound healing. BIOMATERIALS TRANSLATIONAL 2022; 3:188-200. [PMID: 36654776 PMCID: PMC9840091 DOI: 10.12336/biomatertransl.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic wounds are a common complication in diabetes patients. Due to peripheral nerve damage and vascular dysfunction, diabetic wounds are prone to progress to local ulcers, wound gangrene and even to require amputation, bringing huge psychological and economic burdens to patients. However, the current treatment methods for diabetic wounds mainly include wound accessories, negative pressure drainage, skin grafting and surgery; there is still no ideal treatment to promote diabetic wound healing at present. Appropriate animal models can simulate the physiological mechanism of diabetic wounds, providing a basis for translational research in treating diabetic wound healing. Although there are no animal models that can fully mimic the pathophysiological mechanisms of diabetic wounds in humans, it is vital to explore animal simulation models used in basic research and preclinical studies of diabetic wounds. In addition, hydrogel materials are regarded as a promising treatment for diabetic wounds because of their good antimicrobial activity, biocompatibility, biodegradation and appropriate mechanical properties. Herein, we review and discuss the different animal models used to investigate the pathological mechanisms of diabetic wounds. We further discuss the promising future application of hydrogel biomaterials in diabetic wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiang Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yuan Xiong
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ranyang Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hang Xue
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ze Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Adriana C. Panayi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bobin Mi
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China,Corresponding authors: Bobin Mi, ; Guohui Liu,
| | - Guohui Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China,Corresponding authors: Bobin Mi, ; Guohui Liu,
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Nelson AS, Akgul A, Maddaloni M, Bhagyaraj E, Hoffman C, Pascual DW. Oral probiotic promotes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase- and TGF-β-Producing plasmacytoid dendritic cells to initiate protection against type 1 diabetes. Immunol Lett 2021; 239:12-19. [PMID: 34333043 PMCID: PMC9808532 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) fimbria, an adhesin from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, confers protection in murine autoimmune models for type 1 diabetes (T1D), multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Although CFA/I fimbriae's initial mode of action is in a bystander or in an antigen (Ag)-independent fashion, protection is ultimately dependent upon the induction and/or activation of auto-Ag-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs). However, little is known about how protection transitions from bystander suppression to Ag-specific Tregs. Since dendritic cells (DCs) play an integral role in fate decisions for T cells becoming inflammatory or tolerogenic, the described study tests the hypothesis that Lactococcus lactis expressing CFA/I (LL-CFA/I) stimulates DCs to establish a regulatory microenvironment. To this end, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were infected in vitro with LL-CFA/I. Results revealed increased production of IL-10, TGF-β, and indoleamine 2,3-deoxygenase (IDO). Although co-culture of LL-CFA/I infected BMDCs with naïve T cells did not promote Foxp3 expression, TNF-α and IFN-γ production was suppressed. NOD mice orally dosed with LL-CFA/I showed an increase in regulatory plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) expressing IDO and TGF-β in pancreatic lymph nodes (PaLNs) and spleen three days post-treatment. However, Tregs did not appear in the mucosal inductive sites until much later. These findings show that LL-CFA/I influences specific DC populations to establish tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Nelson
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, United States,Quansys Biosciences, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Ali Akgul
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Massimo Maddaloni
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ella Bhagyaraj
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Carol Hoffman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - David W. Pascual
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, United States,Corresponding author. (D.W. Pascual)
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Sever D, Hershko-Moshe A, Srivastava R, Eldor R, Hibsher D, Keren-Shaul H, Amit I, Bertuzzi F, Krogvold L, Dahl-Jørgensen K, Ben-Dov IZ, Landsman L, Melloul D. NF-κB activity during pancreas development regulates adult β-cell mass by modulating neonatal β-cell proliferation and apoptosis. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:2. [PMID: 33414444 PMCID: PMC7790827 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB is a well-characterized transcription factor, widely known for its roles in inflammation and immune responses, as well as in control of cell division and apoptosis. However, its function in β-cells is still being debated, as it appears to depend on the timing and kinetics of its activation. To elucidate the temporal role of NF-κB in vivo, we have generated two transgenic mouse models, the ToIβ and NOD/ToIβ mice, in which NF-κB activation is specifically and conditionally inhibited in β-cells. In this study, we present a novel function of the canonical NF-κB pathway during murine islet β-cell development. Interestingly, inhibiting the NF-κB pathway in β-cells during embryogenesis, but not after birth, in both ToIβ and NOD/ToIβ mice, increased β-cell turnover, ultimately resulting in a reduced β-cell mass. On the NOD background, this was associated with a marked increase in insulitis and diabetes incidence. While a robust nuclear immunoreactivity of the NF-κB p65-subunit was found in neonatal β-cells, significant activation was not detected in β-cells of either adult NOD/ToIβ mice or in the pancreata of recently diagnosed adult T1D patients. Moreover, in NOD/ToIβ mice, inhibiting NF-κB post-weaning had no effect on the development of diabetes or β-cell dysfunction. In conclusion, our data point to NF-κB as an important component of the physiological regulatory circuit that controls the balance of β-cell proliferation and apoptosis in the early developmental stages of insulin-producing cells, thus modulating β-cell mass and the development of diabetes in the mouse model of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dror Sever
- Department of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Medical Transcriptomics, Nephrology Services, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,University of Copenhagen, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, DanStem. Faculty for Health and Medical Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3B. DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anat Hershko-Moshe
- Department of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Medical Transcriptomics, Nephrology Services, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Medical Transcriptomics, Nephrology Services, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Roy Eldor
- Diabetes Unit, Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel Hibsher
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hadas Keren-Shaul
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Ido Amit
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Federico Bertuzzi
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Lars Krogvold
- Paediatric Department, Oslo University Hospital HF, P. O. Box, 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Dahl-Jørgensen
- Paediatric Department, Oslo University Hospital HF, P. O. Box, 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Iddo Z Ben-Dov
- Laboratory of Medical Transcriptomics, Nephrology Services, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Limor Landsman
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Danielle Melloul
- Department of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Medical Transcriptomics, Nephrology Services, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Functional variations of NFKB1 and NFKB1A in inflammatory disorders and their implication for therapeutic approaches. ASIAN BIOMED 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/abm-2020-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) is a sophisticated transcription factor that is particularly important in the inflammatory response, but it regulates more than 400 individual and dependent genes for parts of the apoptotic, angiogenic, and proliferative, differentiative, and cell adhesion pathways. NF-κB function is directly inhibited by the binding of inhibitor of κB (IκB), and the imbalance between NF-κB and IκB has been linked to the development and progression of cancer and a variety of inflammatory disorders. These observations might broaden the horizon of current knowledge, particularly on the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases considering the roles of NF-κB and IκB. In this context, we focus this narrative review on a comparative discussion of our findings with other literature regarding variations of NFKB1 and NFKB1A and their association with susceptibility to widespread inflammatory disorders (such as atherosclerosis, morbid obesity, Behçet syndrome, Graves disease, Hashimoto disease) and common cancers (such as gliomas).
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Lv W, Graves DT, He L, Shi Y, Deng X, Zhao Y, Dong X, Ren Y, Liu X, Xiao E, Zhang Y. Depletion of the diabetic gut microbiota resistance enhances stem cells therapy in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Theranostics 2020; 10:6500-6516. [PMID: 32483466 PMCID: PMC7255019 DOI: 10.7150/thno.44113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiome, considered as the "second genome" of the host, is altered in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients to a state of dysbiosis. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation is a promising treatment for T1DM but is limited by several factors in the diabetic host. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that dysbiotic gut microbiota may limit MSC therapy, and modulating gut microbiota may help to improve the effects of MSC transplantation. Methods: NOD/Ltj mice, treated with adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), were fed with an antibiotics cocktails (Abx) for 1 week. The blood glucose levels, insulitis, intestinal permeability and gut bacteria translocation to the pancreas were evaluated. 16s rRNA and colon tissue transcription sequencing were performed to analyze beneficial bacteria and reactive host biomolecules in the ADSCs+Abx group. Based on the sequencing results, specific bacteria were gavaged orally to diabetic mice to confirm their effect on ADSCs transplantation in T1DM was determined. Results: We found that the recolonized the diabetic gut microbiota abolished the therapeutic effect of ADSCs. On the contrary, depletion of the diabetic gut microbiota by antibiotics treatment in diabetic mice significantly enhanced the therapeutic effects of ADSCs as measured by reversal of hyperglycemia, insulitis, and increased insulin output. Mechanistically, treatment with antibiotics increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium in the gut and reduced bacterial translocation to the pancreas by promoting Mucin2 expression and thickening the mucus layer through TRPM7. The mechanism was confirmed the re-colonization of the gut by B.breve through oral gavage that produced similar results. Conclusions: These results provide the rationale for a new approach to improve MSC therapy for T1DM by altering the gut microbiota.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Bifidobacterium/growth & development
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/microbiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/microbiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics
- Humans
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqi Lv
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Dana T. Graves
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Linhai He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Peking University Hospital of Stomatology First Clinical Division, 37 Xishikudajie, Xicheng District, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Shi
- Institute for Immunology and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Medicine; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuliang Deng
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Zhao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Dong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- The First People's Hospital of Jinzhong, ShanXi Province 030600, People's Republic of China
| | - E Xiao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
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Qiu H, Liu X, Yao S, Zhou J, Zhang X, Du J. Regulation and Mechanism of miR-518d through the PPAR α-Mediated NF- κB Pathway in the Development of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:7019597. [PMID: 33123597 PMCID: PMC7586146 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7019597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To observe the role of miR-518d in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and its adjusting effects on PPARα and to explore the regulatory mechanisms of the NF-κB pathway in the development and progression of GDM. METHODS Placenta tissues and peripheral plasma were obtained from pregnant women with normal pregnancy and GDM, respectively, followed by the detections of miR-518d contents by RT-PCR and the expression levels of inflammatory factors using ELISA. Human placenta trophoblast cells (HTR8/SVneo) were cultured under the conditions of physiological glucose (PG group) and high glucose level (HG group). Cells in the HG group were transfected with miR-518d control, mimics, and inhibitors and were separately administered with a PPARα-specific antagonist (GW6471) and PPARα siRNA, and cells were divided into the following groups: HG+miR-518d control group (HGNC group), HG+miR-518d mimic group (HGM group), HG+miR-518d inhibitor group (HGI group), HGI+PPARα antagonist group, and HGI+PPARα siRNA group. The relative expression levels of miR-518d, PPARα, and its downstream genes and NF-κB signalling pathway-related genes were detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting. The contents of inflammatory factors were examined by Western blotting. A dual-luciferase report assay was performed to validate the correlations between miR-518d and PPARα. In this study, mouse GDM models were established to further prove the previous hypothesis with an in vivo experiment. A total of 40 C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into the following groups: normal diet group (ControlMs), GDM group (GDMMs group), GDM+miR-518d antagomir group, and GDM+miR-518d antagomir+PPARα antagonist group. The mouse model of GDM was established by feeding with combined high-sugar and high-saturated fat diet and injecting streptozotocin (STZ) after 15-day feeding. Female and male mice were cocaged in the number ratio of 2 : 1, and the evidence of vaginal suppository detected in female mice was marked as D0 of pregnancy. The contents of total cholesterol (CH), triglyceride (TG), fast glucose, and insulin (INS) were examined using ELISA, followed by the evaluation of insulin resistance (IR). The related expression levels were also detected with the above methods shown in the previous cell culture. RESULTS miR-518d has a high expression level in placentas with GDM. As the target gene of miR-518d, PPARα was downregulated with the increased levels of miR-518d. When GDM occurs, inflammatory responses were elevated, stimulating the nuclear transport process of NF-κB. Activated NF-κB triggered the phosphorylation of IKKβ and IκBα. CONCLUSIONS High expression of miR-518d was observed in the development of GDM. In this study, we validated that miR-518d negatively regulates the expression of PPARα and triggers the nuclear transport process of NF-κB and phosphorylation of pathway-associated proteins leading to an inflammatory response and the development of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qiu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Xuemin Liu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Shenshen Yao
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Jiaren Zhou
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
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Trivedi PM, Fynch S, Kennedy LM, Chee J, Krishnamurthy B, O'Reilly LA, Strasser A, Kay TWH, Thomas HE. Soluble FAS ligand is not required for pancreatic islet inflammation or beta-cell destruction in non-obese diabetic mice. Cell Death Discov 2019; 5:136. [PMID: 31552143 PMCID: PMC6755132 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-019-0217-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells play a central role in beta-cell destruction in type 1 diabetes. CD8+ T cells use two main effector pathways to kill target cells, perforin plus granzymes and FAS ligand (FASL). We and others have established that in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, perforin is the dominant effector molecule by which autoreactive CD8+ T cells kill beta cells. However, blocking FASL pharmacologically was shown to protect NOD mice from diabetes, indicating that FASL may have some role. FASL can engage with its receptor FAS on target cells either as membrane bound or soluble FASL. It has been shown that membrane-bound FASL is required to stimulate FAS-induced apoptosis in target cells, whereas excessive soluble FASL can induce NF-κB-dependent gene expression and inflammation. Because islet inflammation is a feature of autoimmune diabetes, we tested whether soluble FASL could be important in disease pathogenesis independent of its cell death function. We generated NOD mice deficient in soluble FASL, while maintaining expression of membrane-bound FASL due to a mutation in the FASL sequence required for cleavage by metalloproteinase. NOD mice lacking soluble FASL had normal numbers of lymphocytes in their spleen and thymus. Soluble FASL deficient NOD mice had similar islet inflammation as wild-type NOD mice and were not protected from diabetes. Our data indicate that soluble FASL is not required in development of autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerak M Trivedi
- 1St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065 Australia.,2Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065 Australia.,5Present Address: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Stacey Fynch
- 1St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065 Australia
| | - Lucy M Kennedy
- 1St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065 Australia
| | - Jonathan Chee
- 1St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065 Australia.,2Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065 Australia.,6Present Address: University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | | | - Lorraine A O'Reilly
- 3The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050 Australia.,4Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- 3The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050 Australia.,4Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thomas W H Kay
- 1St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065 Australia.,2Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065 Australia
| | - Helen E Thomas
- 1St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065 Australia.,2Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065 Australia
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