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Zhu X, Huang Y, Liu W, Yu Z, Duan Y, He X, Zhang W. Keeping Morality "on the Straight" and Never "on the Bend": Metaphorical Representations of Moral Concepts in Straightness and Curvature. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13040295. [PMID: 37102809 PMCID: PMC10136358 DOI: 10.3390/bs13040295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of moral conceptual metaphors has been an important topic in recent years. In Chinese culture, the concepts of curvature and straightness are given certain semantic contents, in which curvature refers to being sly while straightness refers to having integrity. In the present study, we used the Implicit Association Test (IAT) paradigm (Experiment 1) and the Stroop paradigm (Experiment 2) to investigate whether there are metaphorical representations of curvature and straightness in moral concepts. The results revealed that the mean reaction time in compatible trials (i.e., moral words accompanied by a straight pattern and immoral words accompanied by a curved pattern) was significantly shorter than that in incompatible trials (i.e., moral words accompanied by a curved pattern and immoral words accompanied by a straight pattern). The Stroop paradigm showed that reaction times were significantly reduced when moral words were presented in a straight font, but there was no significant difference between the presentation of immoral words in a straight font and that in a curved font. The results suggest that mental representations of moral concepts are associated with straightness and curvature in Chinese culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhu
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Ministry of Education, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yanbing Huang
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Ministry of Education, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Wenxuan Liu
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Ministry of Education, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Zhao Yu
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Ministry of Education, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yan Duan
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Ministry of Education, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xianyou He
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Ministry of Education, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Learning and International Promotion, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Ministry of Education, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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Zhou Z, Chen X, Li Y, Chen S, Zhang S, Wu Y, Shi X, Ren M, Shan C. Effects of integrated action and sensory observation therapy based on mirror neuron and embodied cognition theory on upper limb sensorimotor function in chronic stroke: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e069126. [PMID: 36882253 PMCID: PMC10008471 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study protocol aims to explore the effectiveness and neural mechanism of the integration of action observation therapy (AOT) and sensory observation therapy (SOT) for post-stroke patients on upper limb sensorimotor function. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a single-centre, single-blind, randomised controlled trial. A total of 69 patients with upper extremity hemiparesis after stroke will be recruited and randomly divided into an AOT group, a combined action observation and somatosensory stimulation therapy (AOT+SST) group, and a combined AOT and SOT (AOT+SOT) group in a 1:1:1 ratio. Each group will receive 30 min of daily treatment, five times weekly for 4 weeks. The primary clinical outcome will be the Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity. Secondary clinical outcomes will include the Box and Blocks Test, modified Barthel Index and sensory assessment. All clinical assessments and resting-state functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging data will be obtained at pre-intervention (T1), post-intervention (T2) and 8 weeks of follow-up (T3). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The trial was approved by the Ethics Committee of Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Chinese Traditional Medicine (Grant No. 2020-178). The results will be submitted to a peer-review journal or at a conference. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ChiCTR2000040568.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xixi Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanli Li
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intelligent Rehabilitation, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Songmei Chen
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai No. 3 Rehabilitation Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Sicong Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwei Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolong Shi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Ren
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlei Shan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intelligent Rehabilitation, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Schaefer M, Kühnel A, Rumpel F, Gärtner M. Altruistic acting caused by a touching hand: neural underpinnings of the Midas touch effect. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2022; 17:437-446. [PMID: 34746947 PMCID: PMC9071415 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsab119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Giving and receiving touch are some of the most important social stimuli we exchange in daily life. By touching someone, we can communicate various types of information. Previous studies have also demonstrated that interpersonal touch may affect our altruistic behavior. A classic study showed that customers give bigger tips when they are lightly touched by a waitress, which has been called the Midas touch effect. Numerous studies reported similar effects of touch on different kinds of helping or prosocial behaviors. Here, we aim to examine the neural underpinnings of this effect by employing a functional magnetic resonance imaging approach. While lying in the scanner, participants played different rounds of the dictator game, a measure of prosocial behavior. Before each round, participants were touched (or not touched in the control condition) by an experimenter. We found that touching the hand increased the likeliness to behave prosocial (but not the general liking of control stimuli), thereby confirming the Midas touch effect. The effect was predicted by activity in the primary somatosensory cortex, indicating that the somatosensory cortex here plays a causal role in prosocial behavior. We conclude that the tactile modality in social life may be much more important than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anja Kühnel
- Medical School Berlin, Berlin 14197, Germany
| | - Franziska Rumpel
- Otto-von-Guericke Business School Magdeburg, Magdeburg 39106, Germany
| | - Matti Gärtner
- Medical School Berlin, Berlin 14197, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 12200, Germany
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Abstract
Abstract
The study explores the humor-body association from the perspective of embodied cognition. According to the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, abstract concepts tend to be understood with concrete experiences through embodied mappings. Therefore, the current study attempts to investigate how humor, an understudied abstract concept, is perceived in the Chinese context by means of textual analysis and a behavioral experiment. Firstly, 6,500 entries of the corpus data related to laughter and humor in Chinese were used for the textual analysis. Extensive uses of embodied humor metaphors were found, which provided important linguistic evidence for the interaction between laughter, humor, and body. Secondly, a behavioral study was conducted based on some frequently-used embodied metaphorical expressions of humor (e.g., pěngfù dàxiào 捧腹大笑, meaning ‘to hold one’s sides laughing’) identified in the corpus. Specifically, the participants were instructed to either do embodied metaphor or non-metaphor actions as bodily primes (i.e., ‘holding one’s belly while bending forward and backward repeatedly’ vs. ‘turning one’s upper body from side to side with both hands on the back’) or perform no actions before completing the subsequent joke rating task and the mood rating task. Results showed that the participants who were primed with the embodied metaphor actions rated the jokes higher than those in the control groups who were primed with non-metaphor actions or had no primes. Also, there was no significant difference in the mood ratings across the groups. These findings suggest that embodied humor metaphors indeed affect humor experience and shape how humor is conceptualized. The current study supports not only the embodied view of humor understanding but also the conceptual metaphor account of abstract reasoning, which sheds new light on the theoretical development of the embodiment of abstract concepts.
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Schaefer M, Cherkasskiy L, Denke C, Spies C, Song H, Malahy S, Heinz A, Ströhle A, Schäfer M, Mianroudi N, Bargh JA. Empathy-Related Brain Activity in Somatosensory Cortex Protects From Tactile Priming Effects: A Pilot Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:142. [PMID: 32528260 PMCID: PMC7253710 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Empathy influences how we perceive, understand, and interact with our social environment. Previous studies suggested a network of different brain regions as a neural substrate for empathy, including, in particular, insula and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). In addition, a contribution of the somatosensory cortices for this empathy related network has been suggested. This is remarkable, given that other recent studies have revealed a role for the somatosensory cortex in various social tasks. For example, in experiments using tactile priming, incidental haptic sensations are found to influence judgment recommendations. Here, we aimed to test if this engagement of the somatosensory cortices during tactile priming can be predicted by the participant’s empathy personality traits. We assessed participant’s empathy and personality traits by means of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) and NEO-FFI and tested whether trait empathy is associated with the tactile priming effect in social judgments. Results revealed that empathy predicted the tactile priming effect negatively. This was accompanied by a reduced engagement of the somatosensory cortex, which has been shown to be associated with the priming effect. We conclude that empathy seems to protect people from tactile priming effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia Denke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Spies
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hyunjin Song
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Sean Malahy
- School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Ströhle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - John A Bargh
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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Speed LJ, Majid A. Grounding language in the neglected senses of touch, taste, and smell. Cogn Neuropsychol 2019; 37:363-392. [DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2019.1623188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Speed
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, England
| | - Asifa Majid
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, England
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