1
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Inoue I, Yamada J, Kapcia KJ, Stransky M, Tkachenko V, Jurek Z, Inoue T, Osaka T, Inubushi Y, Ito A, Tanaka Y, Matsuyama S, Yamauchi K, Yabashi M, Ziaja B. Femtosecond Reduction of Atomic Scattering Factors Triggered by Intense X-Ray Pulse. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:163201. [PMID: 37925726 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.163201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
X-ray diffraction of silicon irradiated with tightly focused femtosecond x-ray pulses (photon energy, 11.5 keV; pulse duration, 6 fs) was measured at various x-ray intensities up to 4.6×10^{19} W/cm^{2}. The measurement reveals that the diffraction intensity is highly suppressed when the x-ray intensity reaches of the order of 10^{19} W/cm^{2}. With a dedicated simulation, we confirm that the observed reduction of the diffraction intensity can be attributed to the femtosecond change in individual atomic scattering factors due to the ultrafast creation of highly ionized atoms through photoionization, Auger decay, and subsequent collisional ionization. We anticipate that this ultrafast reduction of atomic scattering factor will be a basis for new x-ray nonlinear techniques, such as pulse shortening and contrast variation x-ray scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Inoue
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Jumpei Yamada
- Department of Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Konrad J Kapcia
- Institute of Spintronics and Quantum Information, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, PL-61614 Poznań, Poland
- Center of Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michal Stransky
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Victor Tkachenko
- Center of Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Zoltan Jurek
- Center of Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Takato Inoue
- Department of Materials Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Taito Osaka
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Yuichi Inubushi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Atsuki Ito
- Department of Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuto Tanaka
- Department of Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsuyama
- Department of Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Materials Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kazuto Yamauchi
- Department of Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Ultra-Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makina Yabashi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Beata Ziaja
- Center of Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Krakow, Poland
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2
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Khomich AA, Kononenko V, Kudryavtsev O, Zavedeev E, Khomich AV. Raman Study of the Diamond to Graphite Transition Induced by the Single Femtosecond Laser Pulse on the (111) Face. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:162. [PMID: 36616073 PMCID: PMC9824279 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of the ultrafast pulse is the current trend in laser processing many materials, including diamonds. Recently, the orientation of the irradiated crystal face was shown to play a crucial role in the diamond to graphite transition process. Here, we develop this approach and explore the nanostructure of the sp2 phase, and the structural perfection of the graphite produced. The single pulse of the third harmonic of a Ti:sapphire laser (100 fs, 266 nm) was used to study the process of producing highly oriented graphite (HOG) layers on the (111) surface of a diamond monocrystal. The laser fluence dependence on ablated crater depth was analyzed, and three different regimes of laser-induced diamond graphitization are discussed, namely: nonablative graphitization, customary ablative graphitization, and bulk graphitization. The structure of the graphitized material was investigated by confocal Raman spectroscopy. A clear correlation was found between laser ablation regimes and sp2 phase structure. The main types of structural defects that disrupt the HOG formation both at low and high laser fluencies were determined by Raman spectroscopy. The patterns revealed give optimal laser fluence for the production of perfect graphite spots on the diamond surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A. Khomich
- Kotelnikov Radio-Engineering and Electronics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vvedensky Sq. 1, 141190 Fryazino, Russia
| | - Vitali Kononenko
- Kotelnikov Radio-Engineering and Electronics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vvedensky Sq. 1, 141190 Fryazino, Russia
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 38, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Kudryavtsev
- Kotelnikov Radio-Engineering and Electronics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vvedensky Sq. 1, 141190 Fryazino, Russia
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 38, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny Zavedeev
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 38, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Khomich
- Kotelnikov Radio-Engineering and Electronics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vvedensky Sq. 1, 141190 Fryazino, Russia
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3
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Inoue I, Tkachenko V, Kapcia KJ, Lipp V, Ziaja B, Inubushi Y, Hara T, Yabashi M, Nishibori E. Delayed Onset and Directionality of X-Ray-Induced Atomic Displacements Observed on Subatomic Length Scales. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:223203. [PMID: 35714226 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.223203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Transient structural changes of Al_{2}O_{3} on subatomic length scales following irradiation with an intense x-ray laser pulse (photon energy: 8.70 keV; pulse duration: 6 fs; fluence: 8×10^{2} J/cm^{2}) have been investigated by using an x-ray pump x-ray probe technique. The measurement reveals that aluminum and oxygen atoms remain in their original positions by ∼20 fs after the intensity maximum of the pump pulse, followed by directional atomic displacements at the fixed unit cell parameters. By comparing the experimental results and theoretical simulations, we interpret that electron excitation and relaxation triggered by the pump pulse modify the potential energy surface and drives the directional atomic displacements. Our results indicate that high-resolution x-ray structural analysis with the accuracy of 0.01 Å is feasible even with intense x-ray pulses by making the pulse duration shorter than the timescale needed to complete electron excitation and relaxation processes, which usually take up to a few tens of femtoseconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Inoue
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Victor Tkachenko
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Konrad J Kapcia
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Spintronics and Quantum Information, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, PL-61614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Vladimir Lipp
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Beata Ziaja
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yuichi Inubushi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Toru Hara
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Makina Yabashi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Eiji Nishibori
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
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4
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Density functional tight binding approach utilized to study X-ray-induced transitions in solid materials. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1551. [PMID: 35091574 PMCID: PMC8799736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04775-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Intense X-ray pulses from free-electron lasers can trigger ultrafast electronic, structural and magnetic transitions in solid materials, within a material volume which can be precisely shaped through adjustment of X-ray beam parameters. This opens unique prospects for material processing with X rays. However, any fundamental and applicational studies are in need of computational tools, able to predict material response to X-ray radiation. Here we present a dedicated computational approach developed to study X-ray induced transitions in a broad range of solid materials, including those of high chemical complexity. The latter becomes possible due to the implementation of the versatile density functional tight binding code DFTB+ to follow band structure evolution in irradiated materials. The outstanding performance of the implementation is demonstrated with a comparative study of XUV induced graphitization in diamond.
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5
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Limitations of Structural Insight into Ultrafast Melting of Solid Materials with X-ray Diffraction Imaging. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11115157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we analyze the application of X-ray diffraction imaging techniques to follow ultrafast structural transitions in solid materials using the example of an X-ray pump–X-ray probe experiment with a single-crystal silicon performed at a Linac Coherent Light Source. Due to the spatially non-uniform profile of the X-ray beam, the diffractive signal recorded in this experiment included contributions from crystal parts experiencing different fluences from the peak fluence down to zero. With our theoretical model, we could identify specific processes contributing to the silicon melting in those crystal regions, i.e., the non-thermal and thermal melting whose occurrences depended on the locally absorbed X-ray doses. We then constructed the total volume-integrated signal by summing up the coherent signal contributions (amplitudes) from the various crystal regions and found that this significantly differed from the signals obtained for a few selected uniform fluence values, including the peak fluence. This shows that the diffraction imaging signal obtained for a structurally damaged material after an impact of a non-uniform X-ray pump pulse cannot be always interpreted as the material’s response to a pulse of a specific (e.g., peak) fluence as it is sometimes believed. This observation has to be taken into account in planning and interpreting future experiments investigating structural changes in materials with X-ray diffraction imaging.
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6
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Medvedev N, Noei H, Toleikis S, Ziaja B. Response of free-standing graphene monolayer exposed to ultrashort intense XUV pulse from free-electron laser. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:204706. [PMID: 34241156 DOI: 10.1063/5.0041261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The response of a free-standing graphene monolayer exposed to a few tens of femtoseconds long extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulse was studied theoretically in order to analyze and compare contributions of various mechanisms to the graphene damage, understood here as a global atomic disintegration. Our simulation results indicate that nonthermal disintegration of the atomic structure is the predominant damage mechanism for a free-standing graphene layer. Only at high absorbed doses, charge-induced disintegration of the graphene structure prevails. We also demonstrate that the progressing damage can be probed by femtosecond optical pulses in the soft UV regime (4 eV photon energy). The achieved quantitative understanding of the damage mechanisms may enable a better control of graphene-based devices when they are exposed to x-ray radiation, as well as an efficient processing of graphene layers with ultrashort intense XUV pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Medvedev
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, Prague 8 18221, Czech Republic
| | - H Noei
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Toleikis
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - B Ziaja
- Center of Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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7
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Inoue I, Deguchi Y, Ziaja B, Osaka T, Abdullah MM, Jurek Z, Medvedev N, Tkachenko V, Inubushi Y, Kasai H, Tamasaku K, Hara T, Nishibori E, Yabashi M. Atomic-Scale Visualization of Ultrafast Bond Breaking in X-Ray-Excited Diamond. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:117403. [PMID: 33798368 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.117403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast changes of charge density distribution in diamond after irradiation with an intense x-ray pulse (photon energy, 7.8 keV; pulse duration, 6 fs; intensity, 3×10^{19} W/cm^{2}) have been visualized with the x-ray pump-x-ray probe technique. The measurement reveals that covalent bonds in diamond are broken and the electron distribution around each atom becomes almost isotropic within ∼5 fs after the intensity maximum of the x-ray pump pulse. The 15 fs time delay observed between the bond breaking and atomic disordering indicates nonisothermality of electron and lattice subsystems on this timescale. From these observations and simulation results, we interpret that the x-ray-induced change of the interatomic potential drives the ultrafast atomic disordering underway to the following nonthermal melting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Inoue
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Yuka Deguchi
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Beata Ziaja
- Center of Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Germany
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Taito Osaka
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Malik M Abdullah
- Center of Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Germany
| | - Zoltan Jurek
- Center of Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Germany
| | - Nikita Medvedev
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, Prague 8, 18221, Czech Republic
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Victor Tkachenko
- Center of Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Germany
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Krakow, Poland
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Yuichi Inubushi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kasai
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Kenji Tamasaku
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Toru Hara
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Eiji Nishibori
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Makina Yabashi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
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8
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Voronkov RA, Medvedev N, Volkov AE. Dependence of nonthermal metallization kinetics on bond ionicity of compounds. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13070. [PMID: 32753683 PMCID: PMC7403420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that covalently bonded materials undergo nonthermal structure transformations upon ultrafast excitation of an electronic system, whereas metals exhibit phonon hardening in the bulk. Here we study how ionic bonds react to electronic excitation. Density-functional molecular dynamics predicts that ionic crystals may melt nonthermally, however, into an electronically insulating state, in contrast to covalent materials. We demonstrate that the band gap behavior during nonthermal transitions depends on a bonding type: it is harder to collapse the band gap in more ionic compounds, which is illustrated by transformations in Y2O3 vs. NaCl, LiF and KBr.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Voronkov
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskij pr., 53, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - N Medvedev
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21, Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - A E Volkov
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskij pr., 53, 119991, Moscow, Russia
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, 141980, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
- National Research Centre 'Kurchatov Institute', Kurchatov Sq. 1, 123182, Moscow, Russia
- National University of Science and Technology MISiS, Leninskij pr., 4, 119049, Moscow, Russia
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9
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X-ray Spectroscopies of High Energy Density Matter Created with X-ray Free Electron Lasers. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9224812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The recent progress in the development of X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) allows for the delivery of over 1011 high-energy photons to solid-density samples in a femtosecond time scale. The corresponding peak brightness of XFEL induces a nonlinear response of matter in a short-wavelength regime. The absorption of an XFEL pulse in a solid also results in the creation of high energy density (HED) matter. The electronic structure and related fundamental properties of such HED matter can be investigated with the control of XFEL and various X-ray spectroscopic techniques. These experimental data provide unique opportunities to benchmark theories and models for extreme conditions and to guide further advances. In this article, the current progress in spectroscopic studies on intense XFEL–matter interactions and HED matter are reviewed, and future research opportunities are discussed.
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