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陈 冬, 林 焕. [Research Updates: Cariogenic Mechanism of Streptococcus mutans]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2022; 53:208-213. [PMID: 35332719 PMCID: PMC10409355 DOI: 10.12182/20220360508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of dental caries remains high, posing a major burden on the public health of the global society. Microorganisms are the main cause of dental caries, among which Streptococcus mutans ( S. mutans) is one of the most widely recognized cariogenic bacteria. In recent years, the progress in research technology enabled the academic circle to conduct more in-depth research into caries-inducing S. mutans at the DNA, RNA and protein levels, and to gain thereby a new understanding of the surface structure and extracellular matrix composition of S. mutans. In this paper, we summarized recent findings on the cariogenic mechanism of S. mutans in order to help reveal more targets and potential approaches for the future development of caries prevention agents that target S. mutans, and to promote the development of dental caries prevention campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- 冬茹 陈
- 中山大学光华口腔医学院·附属口腔医院 (广州 510055)Guanghua College of Stomatology and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
- 广东省口腔医学重点实验室 (广州 510055)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - 焕彩 林
- 中山大学光华口腔医学院·附属口腔医院 (广州 510055)Guanghua College of Stomatology and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
- 广东省口腔医学重点实验室 (广州 510055)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, China
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Lee D, Im J, Park DH, Jeong S, Park M, Yoon S, Park J, Han SH. Lactobacillus plantarum Lipoteichoic Acids Possess Strain-Specific Regulatory Effects on the Biofilm Formation of Dental Pathogenic Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:758161. [PMID: 34867884 PMCID: PMC8636137 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.758161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm residing in the oral cavity is closely related to the initiation and persistence of various dental diseases. Previously, we reported the anti-biofilm activity of Lactobacillus plantarum lipoteichoic acid (Lp.LTA) on a representative dental cariogenic pathogen, Streptococcus mutans. Since LTA structure varies in a bacterial strain-specific manner, LTAs from various L. plantarum strains may have differential anti-biofilm activity due to their distinct molecular structures. In the present study, we isolated Lp.LTAs from four different strains of L. plantarum (LRCC 5193, 5194, 5195, and 5310) and compared their anti-biofilm effects on the dental pathogens, including S. mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus gordonii. All Lp.LTAs similarly inhibited E. faecalis biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner. However, their effects on S. gordonii and S. mutans biofilm formation were different: LRCC 5310 Lp.LTA most effectively suppressed the biofilm formation of all strains of dental pathogens, while Lp.LTAs from LRCC 5193 and 5194 hardly inhibited or even enhanced the biofilm formation. Furthermore, LRCC 5310 Lp.LTA dramatically reduced the biofilm formation of the dental pathogens on the human dentin slice infection model. Collectively, these results suggest that Lp.LTAs have strain-specific regulatory effects on biofilm formation of dental pathogens and LRCC 5310 Lp.LTA can be used as an effective anti-biofilm agent for the prevention of dental infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwook Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jintaek Im
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sungho Jeong
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Miri Park
- Bio Research Team, Lotte R&D Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seokmin Yoon
- Bio Research Team, Lotte R&D Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaewoong Park
- Bio Research Team, Lotte R&D Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Pogorevc D, Müller R. Biotechnological production optimization of argyrins - a potent immunomodulatory natural product class. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 15:353-369. [PMID: 34724343 PMCID: PMC8719831 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Argyrins represent a family of cyclic octapeptides exhibiting promising immunomodulatory activity via inhibiting mitochondrial protein synthesis, which leads to reduced IL-17 production by the T-helper 17 cells. Argyrins are formed by a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), originating from the myxobacterial producer strains Archangium gephyra Ar8082 and Cystobacter sp. SBCb004. In this work, a previously established heterologous production platform was employed to provide evidence of direct D-configured amino acid incorporation by the argyrin assembly line. An adenylation domain of the argyrin NRPS was characterized and shown to have a high preference for D-configured amino acids. Eight novel argyrin derivatives were generated via biosynthetic engineering of the heterologous production system. The system was also optimized to enable formation of methylated argyrin C and D derivatives with improved immunosuppressive activity compared with their unmethylated counterparts. Furthermore, the optimization of cultivation conditions allowed exclusive production of one major derivative at a time, drastically improving the purification process. Importantly, engineering of transcription and translation initiation resulted in a substantially improved production titre reaching 350-400 mg l-1 . The optimized system presented herein thus provides a versatile platform for production of this promising class of immunosuppressants at a scale that should provide sufficient supply for upcoming pre-clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domen Pogorevc
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarland University Campus, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany.,DZIF - German Centre for Infection Research, Partnersite Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarland University Campus, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany.,DZIF - German Centre for Infection Research, Partnersite Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Jiang Q, He X, Shui Y, Lyu X, Wang L, Xu L, Chen Z, Zou L, Zhou X, Cheng L, Li M. d-Alanine metabolic pathway, a potential target for antibacterial drug designing in Enterococcus faecalis. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105078. [PMID: 34245823 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is associated with persistent root canal infection because of its biofilm and various virulence factors. However, E. faecalis exhibits extensive drug resistance. d-Alanine (D-Ala) metabolism is essential for bacterial peptidoglycan biosynthesis. d-cycloserine (DCS), a second line drug used in the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, can inhibit two key enzymes in D-Ala metabolism: alanine racemase and d-alanine-d-alanine ligase. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of D-Ala metabolism on E. faecalis growth, cell wall integrity, biofilm formation and virulence gene expression by additional DCS with or without D-Ala. The results showed that DCS inhibited the planktonic growth and biofilm formation of E. faecalis in a dose-dependent manner. Both the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC) of DCS against E. faecalis were 200 μg/ml, whereas 50 μg/ml of DCS could inhibit planktonic growth and biofilm formation effectively. The addition of DCS also resulted in bacterial cell wall damage, biofilm surface roughness increase and biofilm adhesion force reduction. Moreover, the treatment of DCS downregulated the expression of asa1, esp, efaA, gelE, sprE, fsrB and ace genes. However, all of these inhibitory effects of DCS could be rescued by the addition of exogenous D-Ala. Meanwhile, DCS exhibited no toxicity to HGEs and HOKs. Therefore, D-Ala metabolic pathway in E. faecalis is a potential target for drug designing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xiaoya He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yusen Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xiaoying Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Laijun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guiyang Hospital of Stomatology, Guiyang, China
| | - Ling Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Mingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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Wang Z, Zhou Y, Han Q, Ye X, Chen Y, Sun Y, Liu Y, Zou J, Qi G, Zhou X, Cheng L, Ren B. Synonymous point mutation of gtfB gene caused by therapeutic X-rays exposure reduced the biofilm formation and cariogenic abilities of Streptococcus mutans. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:91. [PMID: 34001238 PMCID: PMC8130306 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00608-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The shift of oral microbiota is a critical factor of radiation caries in head and neck cancer patients after the radiotherapy. However, the direct effects of irradiation on the genome and virulence of cariogenic bacteria are poorly described. Here we investigated the genomic mutations and virulence change of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), the major cariogenic bacteria, exposed to the therapeutic doses of X-rays. RESULTS X-ray reduced the survival fraction of S. mutans and impacted its biofilm formation. We isolated a biofilm formation-deficient mutant #858 whose genome only possessed three synonymous mutations (c.2043 T > C, c.2100C > T, c.2109A > G) in gtfB gene. The "silent mutation" of c.2043 T > C in gtfB gene can cause the down-regulation of all of the gtfs genes' expression and decrease the GtfB enzyme secretion without the effect on the growth due to the codon bias. #858 and synonymous point mutation strain gtfB 2043 T>C, similar to the gtfB gene null mutant Δ gtfB, can significantly decrease the extracellular polysaccharide production, biofilm formation and cariogenic capabilities both in vitro and in vivo compared with wild type. CONCLUSION The direct exposure of X-ray radiation can affect the genome and virulence of oral bacteria even at therapeutic doses. The synonymous mutations of genome are negligent factors for gene expression and related protein translation due to the codon usage frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yujie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xingchen Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yaqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guohai Qi
- Radiotherapy Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Liu S, Chen M, Wang Y, Zhou X, Peng X, Ren B, Li M, Cheng L. Effect of Veillonella parvula on the physiological activity of Streptococcus mutans. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 109:104578. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Muhammad M, Li Y, Gong S, Shi Y, Ju J, Zhao B, Liu D. Purification, Characterization and Inhibition of Alanine Racemase from a Pathogenic Strain of Streptococcus iniae. Pol J Microbiol 2019; 68:331-341. [PMID: 31880879 PMCID: PMC7256847 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2019-036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus iniae is a pathogenic and zoonotic bacteria that impacted high mortality to many fish species as well as capable of causing serious disease to humans. Alanine racemase (Alr, EC 5.1.1.1) is a pyridoxal-5’-phosphate (PLP)-containing homodimeric enzyme that catalyzes the racemization of L-alanine and D-alanine. In this study, we purified alanine racemase from S. iniae that was isolated from an infected Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis), as well as determined its biochemical characteristics and inhibitors. The alr gene has an open reading frame (ORF) of 1107 bp, encoding a protein of 369 amino acids, which has a molecular mass of 40 kDa. The enzyme has optimal activity at a temperature of 35°C and a pH of 9.5. It belongs to the PLP-dependent enzymes family and is highly specific to L-alanine. S. iniae Alr (SiAlr) could be inhibited by some metal ions, hydroxylamine and dithiothreitol (DTT). The kinetic parameters Km and Vmax of the enzyme were 33.11 mM, 2426 units/mg for L-alanine, and 14.36 mM, 963.6 units/mg for D-alanine. Finally, the 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) values and antibiotic activity of two alanine racemase inhibitors (homogentisic acid and hydroquinone), were determined and found to be effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria employed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murtala Muhammad
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University , Shijiazhuang , China
| | - Yangyang Li
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University , Shijiazhuang , China
| | - Siyu Gong
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University , Shijiazhuang , China
| | - Yanmin Shi
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University , Shijiazhuang , China
| | - Jiansong Ju
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University , Shijiazhuang , China
| | - Baohua Zhao
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University , Shijiazhuang , China
| | - Dong Liu
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University , Shijiazhuang , China
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Dong H, Han Q, Guo Y, Ju J, Wang S, Yuan C, Long W, He X, Xu S, Li S. Enzymatic characterization and crystal structure of biosynthetic alanine racemase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2319-2325. [PMID: 29964014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Alanine racemase is a pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme that reversibly catalyzes the conversion of l-alanine to d-alanine. d-alanine is an essential constituent in many prokaryotic cell structures. Inhibition of alanine racemase is lethal to prokaryotes, creating an attractive target for designing antibacterial drugs. Here we report the crystal structure of biosynthetic alanine racemase (Alr) from a pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Structural studies showed that P. aeruginosa Alr (PaAlr) adopts a conserved homodimer structure. A guest substrate d-lysine was observed in the active site and refined to dual-conformation. Two buffer ions, malonate and acetate, were bound in the proximity to d-lysine. Biochemical characterization revealed the optimal reaction conditions for PaAlr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Tianjin Radiation and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Qingqing Han
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jiansong Ju
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Wei Long
- Key Laboratory of Tianjin Radiation and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Xin He
- Key Laboratory of Tianjin Radiation and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Shujing Xu
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
| | - Sheng Li
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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