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Vaezi M, Nejat Pishkenari H. Toward steering the motion of surface rolling molecular machines by straining graphene substrate. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20816. [PMID: 38012233 PMCID: PMC10682032 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The surface rolling molecular machines are proposed to perform tasks and carrying molecular payloads on the substrates. As a result, controlling the surface motion of these molecular machines is of interest for the design of nano-transportation systems. In this study, we evaluate the motion of the nanocar on the graphene nanoribbons with strain gradient, through the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and theoretical relations. The nanocar indicates directed motion from the maximum strained part of the graphene to the unstrained end of the substrate. The strain gradient induced driving force and diffusion coefficients of nanocars are analyzed from the simulation and theoretical points of view. To obtain the optimum directed motion of nanocar, we consider the effects of temperature, strain average, and magnitude of strain gradient on the directionality of the motion. Moreover, the mechanism of the motion of nanocar is studied by evaluating the direction of the nanocar's chassis and the rotation of wheels around the axles. Ultimately, the programmable motion of nanocar is shown by adjusting the strain gradient of graphene substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Vaezi
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Institute for Convergence Science & Technology , Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Nejat Pishkenari
- Nano Robotics Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Anggara K, Ochner H, Szilagyi S, Malavolti L, Rauschenbach S, Kern K. Landing Proteins on Graphene Trampoline Preserves Their Gas-Phase Folding on the Surface. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:151-158. [PMID: 36844500 PMCID: PMC9951278 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecule-surface collisions are known to initiate dynamics that lead to products inaccessible by thermal chemistry. These collision dynamics, however, have mostly been examined on bulk surfaces, leaving vast opportunities unexplored for molecular collisions on nanostructures, especially on those that exhibit mechanical properties radically different from those of their bulk counterparts. Probing energy-dependent dynamics on nanostructures, particularly for large molecules, has been challenging due to their fast time scales and high structural complexity. Here, by examining the dynamics of a protein impinging on a freestanding, single-atom-thick membrane, we discover molecule-on-trampoline dynamics that disperse the collision impact away from the incident protein within a few picoseconds. As a result, our experiments and ab initio calculations show that cytochrome c retains its gas-phase folded structure when it collides onto freestanding single-layer graphene at low energies (∼20 meV/atom). The molecule-on-trampoline dynamics, expected to be operative on many freestanding atomic membranes, enable reliable means to transfer gas-phase macromolecular structures onto freestanding surfaces for their single-molecule imaging, complementing many bioanalytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Anggara
- Max-Planck
Institute for Solid-State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart DE-70569, Germany
| | - Hannah Ochner
- Max-Planck
Institute for Solid-State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart DE-70569, Germany
| | - Sven Szilagyi
- Max-Planck
Institute for Solid-State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart DE-70569, Germany
| | - Luigi Malavolti
- Max-Planck
Institute for Solid-State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart DE-70569, Germany
| | - Stephan Rauschenbach
- Max-Planck
Institute for Solid-State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart DE-70569, Germany
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Kern
- Max-Planck
Institute for Solid-State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart DE-70569, Germany
- Institut
de Physique, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
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3
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Felix LC, Galvao DS. Guided fractures in graphene mechanical diode-like structures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:13905-13910. [PMID: 35621060 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01207c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The concept of a diode is usually applied to electronic and thermal devices but very rarely for mechanical ones. A recently proposed fracture rectification effect in polymer-based structures with triangular void defects has motivated us to test these ideas at the nanoscale using graphene membranes. Using fully-atomistic reactive molecular dynamics simulations we showed that robust rectification-like effects exist. The fracture can be 'guided' to more easily propagate along one specific direction than its opposite. We also observed that there is an optimal value for the spacing between each void for the rectification effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi C Felix
- Applied Physics Department, 'Gleb Wataghin' Institute of Physics, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil. .,Center for Computing in Engineering & Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Douglas S Galvao
- Applied Physics Department, 'Gleb Wataghin' Institute of Physics, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil. .,Center for Computing in Engineering & Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
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4
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Sun W, Zhang T, Jiang J, Chen P. Dynamic penetration behaviors of single/multi-layer graphene using nanoprojectile under hypervelocity impact. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7440. [PMID: 35523993 PMCID: PMC9076916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11497-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Single/multilayer graphene holds great promise in withstanding impact/penetration as ideal protective material. In this work, dynamic penetration behaviors of graphene has been explored using molecular dynamics simulations. The crashworthiness performance of graphene is contingent upon the number of layers and impact velocity. The variables including residual velocity and kinetic energy loss under different layers or different impact velocities have been monitored during the hypervelocity impact. Results show that there exists deviation from the continuum Recht–Ipson and Rosenberg–Dekel models, but these models tend to hold to reasonably predict the ballistic limit velocity of graphene with increasing layers. Besides, fractal theory has been introduced here and proven valid to quantitatively describe the fracture morphology. Furthermore, Forrestal–Warren rigid body model II still can well estimate the depth of penetration of multilayer graphene under a certain range of velocity impact. Finally, one modified model has been proposed to correlate the specific penetration energy with the number of layer and impact velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China. .,Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing, 401120, China. .,Explosion Protection and Emergency Disposal Technology Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Beijing, 10081, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.,Explosion Protection and Emergency Disposal Technology Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Beijing, 10081, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.,Explosion Protection and Emergency Disposal Technology Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Beijing, 10081, China
| | - Pengwan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.,Explosion Protection and Emergency Disposal Technology Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Beijing, 10081, China
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5
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Molaei F, Eshkalak KE, Sadeghzadeh S, Siavoshi H. Hypersonic impact properties of pristine and hybrid single and multi-layer C 3N and BC 3 nanosheets. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7972. [PMID: 33846361 PMCID: PMC8041847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86537-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon, nitrogen, and boron nanostructures are promising ballistic protection materials due to their low density and excellent mechanical properties. In this study, the ballistic properties of C3N and BC3 nanosheets against hypersonic bullets with Mach numbers greater than 6 were studied. The critical perforation conditions, and thus, the intrinsic impact strength of these 2D materials were determined by simulating ballistic curves of C3N and BC3 monolayers. Furthermore, the energy absorption scaling law with different numbers of layers and interlayer spacing was investigated, for homogeneous or hybrid configurations (alternated stacking of C3N and the BC3). Besides, we created a hybrid sheet using van der Waals bonds between two adjacent sheets based on the hypervelocity impacts of fullerene (C60) molecules utilizing molecular dynamics simulation. As a result, since the higher bond energy between N-C compared to B-C, it was shown that C3N nanosheets have higher absorption energy than BC3. In contrast, in lower impact speeds and before penetration, single-layer sheets exhibited almost similar behavior. Our findings also reveal that in hybrid structures, the C3N layers will improve the ballistic properties of BC3. The energy absorption values with a variable number of layers and variable interlayer distance (X = 3.4 Å and 4X = 13.6 Å) are investigated, for homogeneous or hybrid configurations. These results provide a fundamental understanding of ultra-light multilayered armors' design using nanocomposites based on advanced 2D materials. The results can also be used to select and make 2D membranes and allotropes for DNA sequencing and filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Molaei
- Mining and Geological Engineering Department, The University of Arizona, Arizona, USA
| | - Kasra Einalipour Eshkalak
- Qazvin Tarom Copper Company Lab, MSc of Nanotechnology Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Sadeghzadeh
- Nanotechnology Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Siavoshi
- Mining and Geological Engineering Department, The University of Arizona, Arizona, USA
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Abstract
Graphene is a good candidate for protective material owing to its extremely high stiffness and high strength-to-weight ratio. However, the impact performance of twisted bilayer graphene is still obscure. Herein we have investigated the ballistic resistance capacity of twisted bilayer graphene compared to that of AA-stacked bilayer graphene using molecular dynamic simulations. The energy propagation processes are identical, while the ballistic resistance capacity of the twisted bilayer graphene is almost two times larger than the AA-bilayer graphene. The enhanced capacity of the twisted bilayer graphene is assumed to be caused by the mismatch between the two sheets of graphene, which results in earlier fracture of the first graphene layer and reduces the possibility of penetration.
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De Sousa J, Aguiar A, Girão E, Fonseca AF, Souza Filho A, Galvão D. Computational study of elastic, structural stability and dynamics properties of penta-graphene membrane. Chem Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2020.111052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Brandolt R, Paupitz R. Theoretical study of collision dynamics of fullerenes on graphenylene and porous graphene membranes. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 100:107664. [PMID: 32731182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A comparative study regarding the behavior of graphene, porous graphene and graphenylene monolayers under high energy impact is reported. Our results were obtained using a computational model constructed to perform investigations of the dynamics of high velocity fullerenes colliding with free standing sheets of those materials. We employed fully reactive molecular dynamics simulations in which the interatomic interactions were described using ReaxFF force field. During the simulations, free standing monolayers of the investigated materials were submitted to collision with a C60 fullerene molecule at impact angles within the range 0°≤θ≤75°. We considered kinetic energies in the range 0eV≤Ek≤1500eV, that corresponds to a projectile velocity v in the range 0Å/fs≤v≤0.2Å/fs. Also, the failure dynamics of each one of the 2-dimensional materials is described in a comparative analysis in which relevant differences and unique features observed in the mechanical stress dissipation processes are highlighted. Finally, performing hundreds of simulations we were able to map many possible scenarios for these collisions and to construct diagrams that elucidate, for each one of the materials, the possible behaviors under the action of a highly energetic C60 projectile as a function of energy and incident angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Brandolt
- Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Physics Department, CEP-13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Paupitz
- Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Physics Department, CEP-13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
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Chen SH, Souna AJ, Soles CL, Stranick SJ, Chan EP. Using microprojectiles to study the ballistic limit of polymer thin films. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:3886-3890. [PMID: 32285897 PMCID: PMC7453429 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00295j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic impact between a particle and a planar material is important in many high impact events, and there is a growing need to characterize the mechanical properties of light-weight polymeric materials at dynamic loading conditions. Here, a laser-induced projectile impact test (LIPIT) is employed to investigate the ballistic limit (V0) and materials properties at impact velocities ranging from 40 m s-1 to 70 m s-1. An analytical expression describing the various energy dissipation mechanisms is established to estimate the yield stress and elasticity for polycarbonate thin films. This measurement approach demonstrates the utility of using low sample mass for discovery of materials for impact mitigation, as well as high-throughput mechanical characterization at dynamic loading rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn H Chen
- Materials Measurement Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Amanda J Souna
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Christopher L Soles
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Stephan J Stranick
- Materials Measurement Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Edwin P Chan
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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10
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Yang Y, Cao Q, Gao Y, Lei S, Liu S, Peng Q. High impact resistance in graphyne. RSC Adv 2020; 10:1697-1703. [PMID: 35494707 PMCID: PMC9048187 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09685j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphyne was recently facilely synthesized with superior mechanical and electrical performance. We investigate the ballistic protection properties of α-, β-, δ-, and γ-graphyne sheets using molecular dynamics simulations in conjunction with elastic theory. The velocities of the in-plane elastic wave and out-of-plane cone wave are obtained by both membrane theory and molecular dynamics simulations. The specific penetration energies are approximately 83% that of graphene, indicating high impact resistance. γ-Graphyne has high sound wave speeds comparable to those of graphene, and its Young's modulus is approximately 60% that of graphene. δ-Graphyne has the highest cone wave speed among the four structures, while α-graphyne possesses the highest penetration energy and impact resistance at most tested projectile speeds. Our results indicate that graphyne is a good protective structural material. Graphyne was recently facilely synthesized with superior mechanical and electrical performance.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China .,Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Machinery Transient, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University China
| | - Qiang Cao
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China .,Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Machinery Transient, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University China
| | - Yang Gao
- Science and Technology on Special System Simulation Laboratory, Beijing Simulation Center Beijing 100854 PR China
| | - Shuting Lei
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China .,Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Machinery Transient, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University China
| | - Sheng Liu
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China .,Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Machinery Transient, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University China
| | - Qing Peng
- Physics Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia http://qpeng.org
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Romero FJ, Toral-Lopez A, Ohata A, Morales DP, Ruiz FG, Godoy A, Rodriguez N. Laser-Fabricated Reduced Graphene Oxide Memristors. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9060897. [PMID: 31248215 PMCID: PMC6630327 DOI: 10.3390/nano9060897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Finding an inexpensive and scalable method for the mass production of memristors will be one of the key aspects for their implementation in end-user computing applications. Herein, we report pioneering research on the fabrication of laser-lithographed graphene oxide memristors. The devices have been surface-fabricated through a graphene oxide coating on a polyethylene terephthalate substrate followed by a localized laser-assisted photo-thermal partial reduction. When the laser fluence is appropriately tuned during the fabrication process, the devices present a characteristic pinched closed-loop in the current-voltage relation revealing the unique fingerprint of the memristive hysteresis. Combined structural and electrical experiments have been conducted to characterize the raw material and the devices that aim to establish a path for optimization. Electrical measurements have demonstrated a clear distinction between the resistive states, as well as stable memory performance, indicating the potential of laser-fabricated graphene oxide memristors in resistive switching applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Romero
- Pervasive Electronics Advanced Research Laboratory, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology & Center of Research in Telecommunications and Information Technologies, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Toral-Lopez
- Pervasive Electronics Advanced Research Laboratory, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology & Center of Research in Telecommunications and Information Technologies, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Akiko Ohata
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan.
| | - Diego P Morales
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology & Center of Research in Telecommunications and Information Technologies, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Biochemistry and Electronics as Sensing Technologies Group, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Francisco G Ruiz
- Pervasive Electronics Advanced Research Laboratory, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology & Center of Research in Telecommunications and Information Technologies, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Andres Godoy
- Pervasive Electronics Advanced Research Laboratory, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology & Center of Research in Telecommunications and Information Technologies, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Noel Rodriguez
- Pervasive Electronics Advanced Research Laboratory, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology & Center of Research in Telecommunications and Information Technologies, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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