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Yildirim M, Ozgeris B, Gormez A. The effect of novel β-lactam derivatives synthesized from substituted phenethylamines on resistance genes of MRSA isolates. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2024:10.1038/s41429-024-00769-5. [PMID: 39210001 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-024-00769-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
This study focuses on the activity of previously reported imine and β-lactam derivatives against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates. The presence of mecA and blaZ genes in the isolates was determined, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined based on the antibacterial activity against these isolates. Active compounds were selected and their ability to act against resistant isolates in vitro was determined. Concurrently, biochemical (nitrocefin) and molecular (qRT-PCR) tests were used to investigate the ability of the compounds to induce resistance genes in MRSA isolates. The cytotoxicity of the compounds on human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) was investigated. The MIC values of compounds (10) and (12) against MSSA and MRSA isolates were 7.81 and 15.62 μg ml-1, respectively. The most active compounds were identified as (10) and (12), and it was observed that the isolates did not develop resistance to these compounds in vitro. These compounds were found to inhibit β-lactamase, reduce the expression of resistance genes, and exhibit reduced HDF cell toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. According to the findings of the study, it can be concluded that these compounds show promise as hits with an interesting mechanism of action for further chemical modifications to develop new MRSA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Yildirim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, 25050, Turkey
| | - Bunyamin Ozgeris
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, 25050, Turkey
| | - Arzu Gormez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, 35390, Turkey.
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2
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Li X, Li Y, Xiong B, Qiu S. Progress of Antimicrobial Mechanisms of Stilbenoids. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:663. [PMID: 38794325 PMCID: PMC11124934 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial drugs have made outstanding contributions to the treatment of pathogenic infections. However, the emergence of drug resistance continues to be a major threat to human health in recent years, and therefore, the search for novel antimicrobial drugs is particularly urgent. With a deeper understanding of microbial habits and drug resistance mechanisms, various creative strategies for the development of novel antibiotics have been proposed. Stilbenoids, characterized by a C6-C2-C6 carbon skeleton, have recently been widely recognized for their flexible antimicrobial roles. Here, we comprehensively summarize the mode of action of stilbenoids from the viewpoint of their direct antimicrobial properties, antibiofilm and antivirulence activities and their role in reversing drug resistance. This review will provide an important reference for the future development and research into the mechanisms of stilbenoids as antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiancai Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China;
| | - Yongqing Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China;
| | - Binghong Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China;
| | - Shengxiang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China;
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3
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Reed KB, Pruitt E, Hansa Raj KC, Sharma AR, Medina-Bolivar F, Shields RC. Effect of peanut stilbenoids, arachidin-1 and arachidin-3, on Streptococcus mutans growth and acid production. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38225899 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2302316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
In this study we evaluated the effect of prenylated peanut stilbenoids on the growth, biofilm accumulation and acid production of the dental caries pathogen Streptococcus mutans. Prior research with the non-prenylated stilbenes, resveratrol and piceatannol, has shown that these molecules are active against S. mutans. Here we sought to determine if the addition of a prenyl group to the stilbene backbone increased anti-S. mutans activities. Two prenylated stilbenes, arachidin-1 and arachidin-3, were produced using a peanut hairy root production system. Compared to resveratrol and piceatannol, both arachidin-1 and arachidin-3 led to greater inhibition of S. mutans planktonic growth. This effect also led to reduced biofilm formation, by inhibiting growth, instead of a specific action against biofilm cells. Lastly, sub-MIC concentrations of arachidin-3 reduced the acid production of S. mutans above the 'critical pH' that leads to tooth enamel erosion. In summary, stilbenoids have anti-S. mutans activity, and prenylation enhances this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Bryant Reed
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, USA
| | - Erin Pruitt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, USA
| | - K C Hansa Raj
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, USA
| | - Amit Raj Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, USA
| | - Fabricio Medina-Bolivar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, USA
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Kang JE, Yoo N, Jeon BJ, Kim BS, Chung EH. Resveratrol Oligomers, Plant-Produced Natural Products With Anti-virulence and Plant Immune-Priming Roles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:885625. [PMID: 35712595 PMCID: PMC9197177 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.885625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has become increasingly prevalent in the environment. Many alternative strategies have been proposed for the treatment and prevention of diverse diseases in agriculture. Among them, the modulation of bacterial virulence to bypass antibiotic resistance or boost plant innate immunity can be considered a promising drug target. Plant-produced natural products offer a broad spectrum of stereochemistry and a wide range of pharmacophores, providing a great diversity of biological activities. Here, we present a perspective on the putative role of plant-produced resveratrol oligomers as anti-virulence and plant-immune priming agents for efficient disease management. Resveratrol oligomers can decrease (1) bacterial motility directly and (2) indirectly by attenuating the bacterial type III secretion system (TT3S). They induce enhanced local immune responses mediated by two-layered plant innate immunity, demonstrating (3) a putative plant immune priming role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kang
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nayeon Yoo
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byeong Jun Jeon
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung Institute, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Beom Seok Kim
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eui-Hwan Chung
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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Suriyaprom S, Mosoni P, Leroy S, Kaewkod T, Desvaux M, Tragoolpua Y. Antioxidants of Fruit Extracts as Antimicrobial Agents against Pathogenic Bacteria. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:602. [PMID: 35326252 PMCID: PMC8945554 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruit is an essential part of the human diet and is of great interest because of its richness in phytochemicals. Various fruit extracts from citrus, berries and pomegranates have been shown to possess a broad spectrum of medicinal properties. Fruit phytochemicals are of considerable interest because of their antioxidant properties involving different mechanisms of action, which can act against different pathogenic bacteria. The antioxidant capacity of fruit phytochemicals involves different kinds of reactions, such as radical scavenging and chelation or complexation of metal ions. The interaction between fruit phytochemicals and bacteria has different repercussions: it disrupts the cell envelope, disturbs cell-cell communication and gene regulation, and suppresses metabolic and enzymatic activities. Consequently, fruit phytochemicals can directly inhibit bacterial growth or act indirectly by modulating the expression of virulence factors, both of which reduce microbial pathogenicity. The aim of this review was to report our current knowledge on various fruit extracts and their major bioactive compounds, and determine the effectiveness of organic acids, terpenes, polyphenols, and other types of phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties as a source of antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sureeporn Suriyaprom
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.S.); (T.K.)
- Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Microbiologie Environnement Digestif et Santé (MEDiS) UMR454, INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (P.M.); (S.L.)
| | - Pascale Mosoni
- Microbiologie Environnement Digestif et Santé (MEDiS) UMR454, INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (P.M.); (S.L.)
| | - Sabine Leroy
- Microbiologie Environnement Digestif et Santé (MEDiS) UMR454, INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (P.M.); (S.L.)
| | - Thida Kaewkod
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- Microbiologie Environnement Digestif et Santé (MEDiS) UMR454, INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (P.M.); (S.L.)
| | - Yingmanee Tragoolpua
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.S.); (T.K.)
- Research Center in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry, and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Namiecińska E, Grazul M, Sadowska B, Więckowska-Szakiel M, Hikisz P, Pasternak B, Budzisz E. Arene-Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Carbothiamidopyrazoles as a Potential Alternative for Antibiotic Resistance in Human. Molecules 2022; 27:468. [PMID: 35056783 PMCID: PMC8781304 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To meet the demand for alternatives to commonly used antibiotics, this paper evaluates the antimicrobial potential of arene-ruthenium(II) complexes and their salts, which may be of value in antibacterial treatment. Their antimicrobial activity (MIC, MBC/MFC) was examined in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris and Candida albicans and compared with classic antibiotics used as therapeutics. Selected arene-ruthenium(II) complexes were found to have synergistic effects with oxacillin and vancomycin against staphylococci. Their bactericidal effect was found to be associated with cell lysis and the ability to cut microbial DNA. To confirm the safety of the tested arene-ruthenium(II) complexes in vivo, their cytotoxicity was also investigated against normal human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF-1). In addition, the antioxidant and thus pro-health potential of the compounds, i.e., their nonenzymatic antioxidant capacity (NEAC), was determined by two different methods: ferric-TPTZ complex and DPPH assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Namiecińska
- Department of the Chemistry of Cosmetic Raw Materials, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Grazul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Beata Sadowska
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (B.S.); (M.W.-S.)
| | - Marzena Więckowska-Szakiel
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (B.S.); (M.W.-S.)
| | - Paweł Hikisz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Beata Pasternak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Elzbieta Budzisz
- Department of the Chemistry of Cosmetic Raw Materials, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
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Targeting Staphylococcus aureus and its biofilms with novel antibacterial compounds produced by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SJ33. Arch Microbiol 2021; 204:20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02630-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tao Y, Jiang M, Li C, Zhou P, Jiang Z. Low-threshold 1150 nm single-polarization single-frequency Yb-doped DFB fiber laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:3705-3708. [PMID: 34329261 DOI: 10.1364/ol.433082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a stable single-polarization single-frequency distributed feedback Bragg (DFB) fiber laser at 1150 nm based on a 5 cm long Yb-doped fiber which, to the best of our knowledge, is the first demonstration of a Yb-doped fiber-based single-frequency laser with a wavelength longer than 1120 nm. The threshold is as low as 10 mW. The measured maximum output power is 10.6 mW, and the spectrum at the highest power shows an excellent optical signal-to-noise ratio of about 70 dB, considering the amplified spontaneous emission in a short wavelength. The polarization extinction ratio is 25 dB, and the spectral linewidth is 20 kHz. This fiber laser is suitable for seeding high-power 1150 nm narrow-linewidth laser amplifiers, which can be used as high brightness pump sources for rare-earth-doped fiber lasers and Raman fiber lasers, or to generate visible radiation in the yellow spectral range, facilitating medical and astronomic applications.
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Alsaggaf MS, Diab AM, ElSaied BE, Tayel AA, Moussa SH. Application of ZnO Nanoparticles Phycosynthesized with Ulva fasciata Extract for Preserving Peeled Shrimp Quality. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:385. [PMID: 33546265 PMCID: PMC7913356 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were the targets of numerous biological syntheses to attain their precious values in various biomedical fields. The phycosynthesis of ZnONPs were innovatively investigated using cell-free extract of the macroalgae, Ulva fasciata Delile. The phycosynthesized U. fasciata-zinc oxide nanoparticles (UFD-ZnONPs) had 77.81 nm mean size, with flower and sphere shapes and positive zeta potential. The UFD-ZnONPs infra-red analysis indicated their basic components' cross-linkage. The antibacterial potentialities of UFD-ZnONPs were confirmed, qualitatively and quantitatively, against foodborne microorganisms (Escherichia coli plus Staphylococcus aureus); the bactericidal action was higher for UFD-ZnONPs than the annealed phycosynthesized ZnONPs. The scanning micrographs of S. aureus and E. coli cells treated with UFD-ZnONPs indicated the severe action of nanoparticles to destroy bacterial cells in time-dependent manners. Peeled shrimps (Fenneropenaeus indicus) were biopreservated through refrigerated storage (4 °C) with UFD-ZnONPs based solution for six days. The microbial examination of UFD-ZnONPs -treated shrimps displayed decrease in microbial loads throughout the storage days. Moreover, the UFD-ZnONPs-treated shrimps showed acceptable sensorial attributes (appearance, odor, color and texture) compared to untreated shrimps. UFD-ZnONPs nanocomposite concentration of 3% and 5% could be remarkably suggested as efficient procedure for shrimps' biopreservation during refrigerated storage regarding sensorial quality and microbial profile of product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S. Alsaggaf
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanitarian Studies, Shaqra University, Qwaieah 11971, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (S.H.M.)
| | - Amany M. Diab
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Basant E.F. ElSaied
- Department of Fish Processing and Biotechnology, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed A. Tayel
- Department of Fish Processing and Biotechnology, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Shaaban H. Moussa
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanitarian Studies, Shaqra University, Qwaieah 11971, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (S.H.M.)
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, El-Sadat City 22857, Egypt
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Chen L, Tan Y, Xu H, Wang K, Chen ZH, Zheng N, Li YQ, Lin LR. Enhanced E/ Z-photoisomerization and luminescence of stilbene derivative co-coordinated in di-β-diketonate lanthanide complexes. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:16745-16761. [PMID: 33146650 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03383a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A new tetradentate chelating ligand appending a stilbene derivative, E-N',N'-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-4-styrylbenzohydrazide (HL) was synthesized, together with two β-diketonates (4,4,4-trifluoro-1-phenylbutane-1,3-dionate, tfd), with or without the trifluoroacetate anion present as a ligand for coordination with lanthanide(iii) ions to form [Ln(tfd)2(HL)(CF3CO2)] (LnC49H36F9N4O7, Ln = La (1), Nd (2), Eu (3), Gd (4)) and [Yb(tfd)2(L)] (YbC47H35F6N4O5 (5), L = deprotonated HL). All five complexes were structurally characterized, and five crystals were obtained and analyzed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The quantum yield of trans-to-cis photoisomerization of the stilbene group in gadolinium complex 4 was enhanced about five-fold compared with that of HL itself. Other complexes showed slightly enhanced or depressed photoisomerization. The total luminescence quantum yield/sensitization efficiency of europium complex 3 in the solid state and acetonitrile solution were 22.1%/96.7% and 19.3%/97.9%, respectively. The transfer of ligand energy to the Eu3+ ion was highly efficient. This enhanced photoisomerization and luminescence of the stilbene group within complexes was found to be related to the energy level of lanthanide ions and whether a ligand-to-metal center or ligand-to-ligand charge transfer process was present. The interpretation of experimental results is rationally supported by time-dependent density-functional theory calculations. In complex 4, except for the intramolecular absorption transition of HL ligand itself (IL, πHL-π*HL), the presence of the ligand-to-ligand charge transfer transition from tfd to HL (LLCT, πtfd-π*HL) and the triplet state energy of HL being unable to transfer to the higher 6P7/2 excited energy level of the Gd3+ ion would facilitate HL photoisomerization. For complex 3, this was due to reversed ligand-to-ligand charge transfer transition from HL to tfd (LLCT, πHL-π*tfd) and its energy transfer to the metal center. Although the observed radiative lifetimes of NIR luminescent complexes 2 and 5 were around 10 μs, these systems contained only two diketone ligands, indicating that HL still had a certain promoting effect compared with tris(diketonate) lanthanide complexes. These results offer an important route for the design of new lanthanide-based molecular switching materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China.
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Tolosa J, Serrano de las Heras G, Carrión B, Segura T, Páez PL, de Lera-Garrido FJ, Rodríguez-López J, García-Martínez JC. Structure-Activity Relationships for Poly(phenylene)vinylene Derivatives as Antibacterial Agents. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tolosa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Inorgánica y Bioquímica; Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha; Avda. José María Sánchez Ibáñez s/n 02008 Albacete Spain
| | - Gemma Serrano de las Heras
- Unidad de Investigación y Servicio de Neurología del Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete; 02006 Albacete Spain
| | - Blanca Carrión
- Unidad de Investigación y Servicio de Neurología del Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete; 02006 Albacete Spain
| | - Tomás Segura
- Unidad de Investigación y Servicio de Neurología del Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete; 02006 Albacete Spain
| | - Paulina L. Páez
- Departamento de Farmacia; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Unidad de Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA) - CONICET; Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
| | - Fernando J. de Lera-Garrido
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Inorgánica y Bioquímica; Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha; Avda. José María Sánchez Ibáñez s/n 02008 Albacete Spain
| | - Julián Rodríguez-López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Inorgánica y Bioquímica; Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha; Avda. Camilo José Cela 10 1071 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Joaquín C. García-Martínez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Inorgánica y Bioquímica; Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha; Avda. José María Sánchez Ibáñez s/n 02008 Albacete Spain
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