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Banerjee R, Meyer TJ, Cam MC, Kaur S, Roberts DD. Differential regulation by CD47 and thrombospondin-1 of extramedullary erythropoiesis in mouse spleen. eLife 2024; 12:RP92679. [PMID: 38979889 PMCID: PMC11233134 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Extramedullary erythropoiesis is not expected in healthy adult mice, but erythropoietic gene expression was elevated in lineage-depleted spleen cells from Cd47-/- mice. Expression of several genes associated with early stages of erythropoiesis was elevated in mice lacking CD47 or its signaling ligand thrombospondin-1, consistent with previous evidence that this signaling pathway inhibits expression of multipotent stem cell transcription factors in spleen. In contrast, cells expressing markers of committed erythroid progenitors were more abundant in Cd47-/- spleens but significantly depleted in Thbs1-/- spleens. Single-cell transcriptome and flow cytometry analyses indicated that loss of CD47 is associated with accumulation and increased proliferation in spleen of Ter119-CD34+ progenitors and Ter119+CD34- committed erythroid progenitors with elevated mRNA expression of Kit, Ermap, and Tfrc. Induction of committed erythroid precursors is consistent with the known function of CD47 to limit the phagocytic removal of aged erythrocytes. Conversely, loss of thrombospondin-1 delays the turnover of aged red blood cells, which may account for the suppression of committed erythroid precursors in Thbs1-/- spleens relative to basal levels in wild-type mice. In addition to defining a role for CD47 to limit extramedullary erythropoiesis, these studies reveal a thrombospondin-1-dependent basal level of extramedullary erythropoiesis in adult mouse spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajdeep Banerjee
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Thomas J Meyer
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Office of Science and Technology Resources, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Margaret C Cam
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Office of Science and Technology Resources, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - David D Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
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Yamamoto T, Hirano M, Mitsunaga F, Wasaki K, Kotani A, Tajima K, Nakamura S. Molecular Events in Immune Responses to Sublingual Influenza Vaccine with Hemagglutinin Antigen and Poly(I:C) Adjuvant in Nonhuman Primates, Cynomolgus Macaques. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:643. [PMID: 38932372 PMCID: PMC11209156 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Sublingual vaccines offer the benefits of inducing mucosal immunity to protect against respiratory viruses, including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza, while also enabling needle-free self-administration. In a previous study, a sublingual SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was created by combining a recombinafigureCoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain antigen with a double strand RNA Poly(I:C) adjuvant. This vaccine was tested on nonhuman primates, Cynomolgus macaques. This study examined the immune and inflammatory responses elicited by the sublingual influenza vaccine containing hemagglutinin (HA) antigen and Poly(I:C) adjuvants, and assessed the safety of this vaccine in nonhuman primates. The Poly(I:C)-adjuvanted sublingual vaccine induced both mucosal and systemic immunities. Specifically, the sublingual vaccine produced HA-specific secretory IgA antibodies in saliva and nasal washings, and HA-specific IgA and IgG were detected in the blood. This vaccine appeared to be safe, as judged from the results of blood tests and plasma C-reactive protein levels. Notably, sublingual vaccination neither increased the production of inflammation-associated cytokines-IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-17-in the blood, nor upregulated the gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines-IL12A, IL12B, IFNA1, IFNB1, CD69, and granzyme B-in white blood cells. Moreover, DNA microarray analyses revealed that sublingual vaccination evoked both enhancing and suppressing expression changes in genes associated with immune-related responses in cynomolgus monkeys. Therefore, the sublingual vaccine with the Poly(I:C) adjuvant is safe, and creates a balanced state of enhancing and suppressing the immune-related response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Yamamoto
- Innovation Research Center, EPS Holdings, Inc., 2-1 Tsukudohachimancho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0815, Japan; (T.Y.); (K.W.); (A.K.); (K.T.)
- EP Mediate Co., Ltd., 1-8 Tsukudocho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0821, Japan
- Research Center, EPS Innovative Medicine Co., Ltd., 1-8 Tsukudocho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0821, Japan
| | - Makoto Hirano
- Intelligence & Technology Lab, Inc., 52-1 Fukue, Kaizu-cho, Kaizu 503-0628, Japan; (M.H.); (F.M.)
| | - Fusako Mitsunaga
- Intelligence & Technology Lab, Inc., 52-1 Fukue, Kaizu-cho, Kaizu 503-0628, Japan; (M.H.); (F.M.)
- Biomedical Institute, NPO Primate Agora, 52-2 Fukue, Kaizu-cho, Kaizu 503-0628, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Wasaki
- Innovation Research Center, EPS Holdings, Inc., 2-1 Tsukudohachimancho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0815, Japan; (T.Y.); (K.W.); (A.K.); (K.T.)
- EP Mediate Co., Ltd., 1-8 Tsukudocho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0821, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kotani
- Innovation Research Center, EPS Holdings, Inc., 2-1 Tsukudohachimancho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0815, Japan; (T.Y.); (K.W.); (A.K.); (K.T.)
- Research Center, EPS Innovative Medicine Co., Ltd., 1-8 Tsukudocho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0821, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tajima
- Innovation Research Center, EPS Holdings, Inc., 2-1 Tsukudohachimancho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0815, Japan; (T.Y.); (K.W.); (A.K.); (K.T.)
- Research Center, EPS Innovative Medicine Co., Ltd., 1-8 Tsukudocho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0821, Japan
| | - Shin Nakamura
- Intelligence & Technology Lab, Inc., 52-1 Fukue, Kaizu-cho, Kaizu 503-0628, Japan; (M.H.); (F.M.)
- Biomedical Institute, NPO Primate Agora, 52-2 Fukue, Kaizu-cho, Kaizu 503-0628, Japan
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Wang JP, Hung CH, Liou YH, Liu CC, Yeh KH, Wang KY, Lai ZS, Chatterjee B, Hsu TC, Lee TL, Shyu YC, Hsiao PW, Chen LY, Chuang TJ, Yu CHA, Liao NS, Shen CKJ. Long-term hematopoietic transfer of the anti-cancer and lifespan-extending capabilities of a genetically engineered blood system by transplantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells. eLife 2024; 12:RP88275. [PMID: 38752723 PMCID: PMC11098557 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
A causal relationship exists among the aging process, organ decay and disfunction, and the occurrence of various diseases including cancer. A genetically engineered mouse model, termed Klf1K74R/K74R or Klf1(K74R), carrying mutation on the well-conserved sumoylation site of the hematopoietic transcription factor KLF1/EKLF has been generated that possesses extended lifespan and healthy characteristics, including cancer resistance. We show that the healthy longevity characteristics of the Klf1(K74R) mice, as exemplified by their higher anti-cancer capability, are likely gender-, age-, and genetic background-independent. Significantly, the anti-cancer capability, in particular that against melanoma as well as hepatocellular carcinoma, and lifespan-extending property of Klf1(K74R) mice, could be transferred to wild-type mice via transplantation of their bone marrow mononuclear cells at a young age of the latter. Furthermore, NK(K74R) cells carry higher in vitro cancer cell-killing ability than wild-type NK cells. Targeted/global gene expression profiling analysis has identified changes in the expression of specific proteins, including the immune checkpoint factors PDCD and CD274, and cellular pathways in the leukocytes of the Klf1(K74R) that are in the directions of anti-cancer and/or anti-aging. This study demonstrates the feasibility of developing a transferable hematopoietic/blood system for long-term anti-cancer and, potentially, for anti-aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ping Wang
- The Ph.D. Program in Medicine Neuroscience, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Hung
- The Ph.D. Program in Medicine Neuroscience, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yae-Huei Liou
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Ching-Chen Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Kun-Hai Yeh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Keh-Yang Wang
- The Ph.D. Program in Medicine Neuroscience, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | | | - Biswanath Chatterjee
- The Ph.D. Program in Medicine Neuroscience, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Tzu-Chi Hsu
- The Ph.D. Program in Medicine Neuroscience, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Tung-Liang Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Chang Gung Memorial HospitalKeelungTaiwan
- Pro-Clintech Co. LtdKeelungTaiwan
| | - Yu-Chiau Shyu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and TechnologyTaoyuanTaiwan
- Community Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung BranchKeelungTaiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Hsiao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical CenterTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Liuh-Yow Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | | | | | - Nan-Shih Liao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - C-K James Shen
- The Ph.D. Program in Medicine Neuroscience, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
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4
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Banerjee R, Meyer TJ, Cam MC, Kaur S, Roberts DD. Differential regulation by CD47 and thrombospondin-1 of extramedullary erythropoiesis in mouse spleen. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.28.559992. [PMID: 37808833 PMCID: PMC10557659 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.28.559992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Extramedullary erythropoiesis is not expected in healthy adult mice, but erythropoietic gene expression was elevated in lineage-depleted spleen cells from cd47-/- mice. Expression of several genes associated with early stages of erythropoiesis was elevated in mice lacking CD47 or its signaling ligand thrombospondin-1, consistent with previous evidence that this signaling pathway inhibits expression of multipotent stem cell transcription factors in spleen. In contrast, cells expressing markers of committed erythroid progenitors were more abundant in cd47-/- spleens but significantly depleted in thbs1-/- spleens. Single cell transcriptome and flow cytometry analyses indicated that loss of CD47 is associated with accumulation and increased proliferation in spleen of Ter119-CD34+ progenitors and Ter119+CD34- committed erythroid progenitors with elevated mRNA expression of Kit, Ermap, and Tfrc. Induction of committed erythroid precursors is consistent with the known function of CD47 to limit the phagocytic removal of aged erythrocytes. Conversely, loss of thrombospondin-1 delays the turnover of aged red blood cells, which may account for the suppression of committed erythroid precursors in thbs1-/- spleens relative to basal levels in wild type mice. In addition to defining a role for CD47 to limit extramedullary erythropoiesis, these studies reveal a thrombospondin-1-dependent basal level of extramedullary erythropoiesis in adult mouse spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajdeep Banerjee
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas J. Meyer
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Office of Science and Technology Resources, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Margaret C. Cam
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Office of Science and Technology Resources, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David D. Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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5
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Yu X, Gao R, Li Y, Zeng C. Regulation of PD-1 in T cells for cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 881:173240. [PMID: 32497624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Study of the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer immune escape is one of the core issues in immuno-oncology research. Cancer cells can evade T cell cytotoxicity by exploiting the upregulation of T cell inhibitory receptors on T cells and their ligands on cancer cells. These upregulated proteins include the inhibitory receptor programmed cell-death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), which can induce T cell exhaustion and reduce T cell activation. Characterizing PD-1 regulation will help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying T cell exhaustion and improve cancer treatment. Recent studies have found that tumor cells regulate PD-1 during gene transcription, post-transcriptional regulation, and post-translational modification and influence the effects of the anticancer immune response by targeting PD-1. In this review,we summarize the mechanisms of PD-1 regulation in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xibao Yu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Rili Gao
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yangqiu Li
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Chengwu Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Suzuki K, Yanagihara T, Matsumoto K, Kusaba H, Yamauchi T, Ikematsu Y, Tanaka K, Otsubo K, Inoue H, Yoneshima Y, Iwama E, Arimura-Omori M, Harada E, Hamada N, Okamoto I, Nakanishi Y. Immune-checkpoint profiles for T cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with immune-checkpoint inhibitor-related interstitial lung disease. Int Immunol 2020; 32:547-557. [PMID: 32253426 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have improved clinical outcomes and are becoming a standard treatment for many cancer types. However, these drugs also induce immune-related adverse events, among which interstitial lung disease (ILD) is potentially fatal. The underlying mechanism of ILD induction by ICIs is largely unknown. With the use of flow cytometry, we determined the expression levels of the immune-checkpoint proteins PD-1, TIM-3, TIGIT, LAG-3 and PD-L1 in T cells of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from patients with ICI-related ILD and compared them with those for patients with sarcoidosis or with ILD related to connective tissue disease or cytotoxic drug use. The proportions of CD8+ T cells positive for both PD-1 and TIM-3 or for TIGIT in BALF were significantly higher for ICI-related ILD patients than for those with other types of ILD. A prominent increase in the proportion of PD-1+PD-L1+ cells among CD8+ T cells was also apparent in BALF of a patient with a fatal case of ICI-related ILD, and the proportion of such cells was positively correlated with the grade of ICI-related ILD. Our data reveal the immune-checkpoint profiles of T cells in ICI-related ILD and may provide mechanistic insight into the development of this adverse event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Suzuki
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toyoshi Yanagihara
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koichiro Matsumoto
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kusaba
- Department of Medicine and Comprehensive Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takuji Yamauchi
- Department of Medicine and Comprehensive Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Ikematsu
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tanaka
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kohei Otsubo
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuto Yoneshima
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eiji Iwama
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masako Arimura-Omori
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eiji Harada
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoki Hamada
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Isamu Okamoto
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoichi Nakanishi
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Byrum SD, Washam CL, Patterson JD, Vyas KK, Gilbert KM, Blossom SJ. Continuous Developmental and Early Life Trichloroethylene Exposure Promoted DNA Methylation Alterations in Polycomb Protein Binding Sites in Effector/Memory CD4 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2016. [PMID: 31555266 PMCID: PMC6724578 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is an industrial solvent and drinking water pollutant associated with CD4+ T cell-mediated autoimmunity. In our mouse model, discontinuation of TCE exposure during adulthood after developmental exposure did not prevent immunotoxicity. To determine whether persistent effects were linked to epigenetic changes we conducted whole genome reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) to evaluate methylation of CpG sites in autosomal chromosomes in activated effector/memory CD4+ T cells. Female MRL+/+ mice were exposed to vehicle control or TCE in the drinking water from gestation until ~37 weeks of age [postnatal day (PND) 259]. In a subset of mice, TCE exposure was discontinued at ~22 weeks of age (PND 154). At PND 259, RRBS assessment revealed more global methylation changes in the continuous exposure group vs. the discontinuous exposure group. A majority of the differentially methylated CpG regions (DMRs) across promoters, islands, and regulatory elements were hypermethylated (~90%). However, continuous developmental TCE exposure altered the methylation of 274 CpG sites in promoters and CpG islands. In contrast, only 4 CpG island regions were differentially methylated (hypermethylated) in the discontinuous group. Interestingly, 2 of these 4 sites were also hypermethylated in the continuous exposure group, and both of these island regions are associated with lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27) involved in polycomb complex-dependent transcriptional repression via H3K27 tri-methylation. CpG sites were overlapped with the Open Regulatory Annotation database. Unlike the discontinuous group, continuous TCE treatment resulted in 129 DMRs including 12 unique transcription factors and regulatory elements; 80% of which were enriched for one or more polycomb group (PcG) protein binding regions (i.e., SUZ12, EZH2, JARID2, and MTF2). Pathway analysis of the DMRs indicated that TCE primarily altered the methylation of genes associated with regulation of cellular metabolism and cell signaling. The results demonstrated that continuous developmental exposure to TCE differentially methylated binding sites of PcG proteins in effector/memory CD4+ cells. There were minimal yet potentially biologically significant effects that occurred when exposure was discontinued. These results point toward a novel mechanism by which chronic developmental TCE exposure may alter terminally differentiated CD4+ T cell function in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie D Byrum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Charity L Washam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - John D Patterson
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Kanan K Vyas
- Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Kathleen M Gilbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Sarah J Blossom
- Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
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