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Moteshareie H, Hassen WM, Vermette J, Dubowski JJ, Tayabali AF. Strategies for capturing Bacillus thuringiensis spores on surfaces of (001) GaAs-based biosensors. Talanta 2022; 236:122813. [PMID: 34635209 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is used as a bioinsecticide since it effectively kills insect larvae. Bt is also genetically similar to Bacillus cereus (Bc), a well recognized foodborne human pathogen; they are both members of the Bacillus cereus group (BC group). Although approved Bt bioinsecticide products have been confirmed to be non-pathogenic to humans, close monitoring of Bt during dissemination is important for cost considerations and to limit impact on biodiversity towards nontarget organisms. As such, developing rapid, sensitive, and specific tools for quantitative detection of Bt spores during and following spray operations is highly desirable. The goals of this study were to investigate commercially available detection reagents for sensitivity and selectivity in detecting Bt spores, and then functionalize a surface of (001) GaAs used in photonic biosensing. To achieve these goals, we (1) screened commercial antibodies for their capacity to bind recombinant proteins from Bt spores, (2) screened antibodies and aptamers for their sensitivity and selectivity against Bt spores, and (3) tested the efficiency of selected antibodies and aptamers in capturing Bt spores on the surface of functionalized GaAs biochips. Seven genes encoding Bt spore proteins were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The binding of each purified spore antigen was tested by commercially available polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies claimed to exclusively target spores. Of the seven targets, Bacillus collagen-like protein A, was the most abundant protein on Bt spores and demonstrated the strongest binding affinity to all test antibodies. The commercial antibodies (Abs) were also tested for specificity to BC Group versus non-BC Group spores. Three of six commercial antibodies showed selectivity to Bt spores, with recombinant Abs providing the most robust lower range of detection (102 to 6 × 103 spores/mL). The sensitivity and selectivity of three published DNA aptamer sequences demonstrated a wide range of detection sensitivity for Bt spores. Two of the three test aptamers also showed reasonable selectivity towards Bt spores while the third demonstrated reactivity to non-BC Group B. megaterium and B. subtilis. Of the reagents tested, a thiolated aptamer and llama recombinant Ab showed highest Bt spore capture efficiency as measured by spore coverage of the GaAs surface. These results confirm that the selected aptamer and llama rAb can be considered strong candidates for the development of GaAs-based biosensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houman Moteshareie
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Interdisciplinary Institute for Technological Innovation (3IT), CNRS UMI-3463, Laboratory for Quantum Semiconductors and Photon-based BioNanotechnology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
| | - Walid M Hassen
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Technological Innovation (3IT), CNRS UMI-3463, Laboratory for Quantum Semiconductors and Photon-based BioNanotechnology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jonathan Vermette
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Technological Innovation (3IT), CNRS UMI-3463, Laboratory for Quantum Semiconductors and Photon-based BioNanotechnology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jan J Dubowski
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Technological Innovation (3IT), CNRS UMI-3463, Laboratory for Quantum Semiconductors and Photon-based BioNanotechnology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
| | - Azam F Tayabali
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Interdisciplinary Institute for Technological Innovation (3IT), CNRS UMI-3463, Laboratory for Quantum Semiconductors and Photon-based BioNanotechnology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of a Non-Living Anthrax Vaccine versus a Live Spore Vaccine with Simultaneous Penicillin-G Treatment in Cattle. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040595. [PMID: 33050254 PMCID: PMC7711464 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterne live spore vaccine (SLSV) is the current veterinary anthrax vaccine of choice. Unlike the non-living anthrax vaccine (NLAV) prototype, SLSV is incompatible with concurrent antibiotics use in an anthrax outbreak scenario. The NLAV candidates used in this study include a crude recombinant protective antigen (CrPA) and a purified recombinant protective antigen (PrPA) complemented by formalin-inactivated spores and Emulsigen-D®/Alhydrogel® adjuvants. Cattle were vaccinated twice (week 0 and 3) with NLAVs plus penicillin-G (Pen-G) treatment and compared to cattle vaccinated twice with SLSV alone and with Pen-G treatment. The immunogenicity was assessed using ELISA against rPA and FIS, toxin neutralisation assay (TNA) and opsonophagocytic assay. The protection was evaluated using an in vivo passive immunisation mouse model. The anti-rPA IgG titres for NLAVs plus Pen-G and SLSV without Pen-G treatment showed a significant increase, whereas the titres for SLSV plus Pen-G were insignificant compared to pre-vaccination values. A similar trend was measured for IgM, IgG1, and IgG2 and TNA titres (NT50) showed similar trends to anti-rPA titres across all vaccine groups. The anti-FIS IgG and IgM titres increased significantly for all vaccination groups at week 3 and 5 when compared to week 0. The spore opsonising capacity increased significantly in the NLAV vaccinated groups including Pen-G treatment and the SLSV without Pen-G but much less in the SLSV group with Pen-G treatment. Passive immunization of A/J mice challenged with a lethal dose of 34F2 spores indicated significant protective capacity of antibodies raised in the SLSV and the PrPA + FIS + adjuvants vaccinated and Pen-G treated groups but not for the NLAV with the CrPA + FIS + adjuvants and the SLSV vaccinated and Pen-G treated group. Our findings indicate that the PrPA + FIS + Emulsigen-D®/Alhydrogel® vaccine candidate may provide the same level of antibody responses and protective capacity as the SLSV. Advantageously, it can be used concurrently with Penicillin-G in an outbreak situation and as prophylactic treatment in feedlots and valuable breeding stocks.
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Manish M, Verma S, Kandari D, Kulshreshtha P, Singh S, Bhatnagar R. Anthrax prevention through vaccine and post-exposure therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:1405-1425. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1801626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Manish
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Shashikala Verma
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Divya Kandari
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Parul Kulshreshtha
- Department of Zoology, Shivaji College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Samer Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Jauro S, C. Ndumnego O, Ellis C, Buys A, Beyer W, van Heerden H. Immunogenicity of Non-Living Anthrax Vaccine Candidates in Cattle and Protective Efficacy of Immune Sera in A/J Mouse Model Compared to the Sterne Live Spore Vaccine. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070557. [PMID: 32664259 PMCID: PMC7400155 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sterne live spore vaccine (SLSV, Bacillus anthracis strain 34F2) is the veterinary vaccine of choice against anthrax though contra-indicated for use with antimicrobials. However, the use of non-living anthrax vaccine (NLAV) candidates can overcome the SLSV limitation. In this study, cattle were vaccinated with either of the NLAV (purified recombinant PA (PrPA) or crude rPA (CrPA) and formaldehyde-inactivated spores (FIS of B. anthracis strain 34F2) and emulsigen-D®/alhydrogel® adjuvants) or SLSV. The immunogenicity of the NLAV and SLSV was assessed and the protective efficacies evaluated using a passive immunization mouse model. Polyclonal IgG (including the IgG1 subset) and IgM responses increased significantly across all vaccination groups after the first vaccination. Individual IgG subsets titres peaked significantly with all vaccines used after the second vaccination at week 5 and remained significant at week 12 when compared to week 0. The toxin neutralization (TNA) titres of the NLAV vaccinated cattle groups showed similar trends to those observed with the ELISA titres, except that the former were lower, but still significant, when compared to week 0. The opsonophagocytic assay indicated good antibody opsonizing responses with 75% (PrPA+FIS), 66% (CrPA+FIS) and 80% (SLSV) phagocytosis following spores opsonization. In the passive protection test, A/J mice transfused with purified IgG from cattle vaccinated with PrPA+FIS+Emulsigen-D®/Alhydrogel® and SLSV had 73% and 75% protection from challenge with B. anthracis strain 34F2 spores, respectively, whereas IgG from cattle vaccinated with CrPA+FIS+Emulsigen-D®/Alhydrogel® offered insignificant protection of 20%. There was no difference in protective immune response in cattle vaccinated twice with either the PrPA+FIS or SLSV. Moreover, PrPA+FIS did not show any residual side effects in vaccinated cattle. These results suggest that the immunogenicity and protective efficacy induced by the NLAV (PrPA+FIS) in the cattle and passive mouse protection test, respectively, are comparable to that induced by the standard SLSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Jauro
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa;
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri 600230, Nigeria
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Charlotte Ellis
- Design Biologix, Building 43b CSIR, Meiring Naude Road, Brummeria 0184, South Africa; (C.E.); (A.B.)
| | - Angela Buys
- Design Biologix, Building 43b CSIR, Meiring Naude Road, Brummeria 0184, South Africa; (C.E.); (A.B.)
| | - Wolfgang Beyer
- Department of Livestock Infectiology and Environmental Hygiene, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70599, Germany;
| | - Henriette van Heerden
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa;
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Kumar M, Puranik N, Varshney A, Tripathi N, Pal V, Goel AK. BA3338, a surface layer homology domain possessing protein augments immune response and protection efficacy of protective antigen against Bacillus anthracis in mouse model. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:443-452. [PMID: 32118336 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Category A classified Bacillus anthracis is highly fatal pathogen that causes anthrax and creates challenges for global security and public health. In this study, development of a safe and ideal next-generation subunit anthrax vaccine has been evaluated in mouse model. METHOD AND RESULTS Protective antigen (PA) and BA3338, a surface layer homology (SLH) domain possessing protein were cloned, expressed in heterologous system and purified by IMAC. Recombinant PA and BA3338 with alum were administered in mouse alone or in combination. The humoral and cell-mediated immune response was measured by ELISA and vaccinated animals were challenged with B. anthracis spores via intraperitoneal route. The circulating IgG antibody titre of anti-PA and anti-BA3338 was found significantly high in the first and second booster sera. A significant enhanced level of IL-4, IFN-γ and IL-12 was observed in antigens stimulated supernatant of splenocytes of PA + BA3338 vaccinated animals. A combination of PA and BA3338 provided 80% protection against 20 LD50 lethal dose of B. anthracis spores. CONCLUSION Both antigens induced admirable humoral and cellular immune response as well as protective efficacy against B. anthracis spores. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study has been evaluated for the first time using BA3338 as a vaccine candidate alone or in combination with well-known anthrax vaccine candidate PA. The findings of this study demonstrated that BA3338 could be a co-vaccine candidate for development of dual subunit vaccine against anthrax.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kumar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - N Puranik
- Bioprocess Technology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - A Varshney
- Bioprocess Technology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - N Tripathi
- Bioprocess Technology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - V Pal
- Bioprocess Technology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - A K Goel
- Bioprocess Technology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
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Majumder S, Das S, Kingston J, Shivakiran MS, Batra HV, Somani VK, Bhatnagar R. Functional characterization and evaluation of protective efficacy of EA752-862 monoclonal antibody against B. anthracis vegetative cell and spores. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 209:125-137. [PMID: 31811379 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00650-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
The most promising means of controlling anthrax, a lethal zoonotic disease during the early infection stages, entail restricting the resilient infectious form, i.e., the spores from proliferating to replicating bacilli in the host. The extractible antigen (EA1), a major S-layer protein present on the vegetative cells and spores of Bacillus anthracis, is highly immunogenic and protects mice against lethal challenge upon immunization. In the present study, mice were immunized with r-EA1C, the C terminal crystallization domain of EA1, to generate a neutralizing monoclonal antibody EA752-862, that was evaluated for its anti-spore and anti-bacterial properties. The monoclonal antibody EA752-862 had a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.08 mg/ml, was bactericidal at a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml and resulted in 100% survival of mice against challenge with B. anthracis vegetative cells. Bacterial cell lysis as observed by scanning electron microscopy and nucleic acid leakage assay could be attributed as a possible mechanism for the bactericidal property. The association of mAb EA752-862 with spores inhibits their subsequent germination to vegetative cells in vitro, enhances phagocytosis of the spores and killing of the vegetative cells within the macrophage, and subsequently resulted in 90% survival of mice upon B. anthracis Ames spore challenge. Therefore, owing to its anti-spore and bactericidal properties, the present study demonstrates mAb EA752-862 as an efficient neutralizing antibody that hinders the establishment of early infection before massive multiplication and toxin release takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saugata Majumder
- Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, 570011, India
| | - Shreya Das
- Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, 570011, India
| | - Joseph Kingston
- Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, 570011, India.
| | - M S Shivakiran
- Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, 570011, India
| | - H V Batra
- Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, 570011, India
| | - Vikas Kumar Somani
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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Kondakova OA, Nikitin NA, Evtushenko EA, Ryabchevskaya EM, Atabekov JG, Karpova OV. Vaccines against anthrax based on recombinant protective antigen: problems and solutions. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:813-828. [PMID: 31298973 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1643242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Anthrax is a dangerous bio-terror agent because Bacillus anthracis spores are highly resilient and can be easily aerosolized and disseminated. There is a threat of deliberate use of anthrax spores aerosol that could lead to serious fatal diseases outbreaks. Existing control measures against inhalation form of the disease are limited. All of this has provided an impetus to the development of new generation vaccines. Areas сovered: This review is devoted to challenges and achievements in the design of vaccines based on the anthrax recombinant protective antigen (rPA). Scientific databases have been searched, focusing on causes of PA instability and solutions to this problem, including new approaches of rPA expression, novel rPA-based vaccines formulations as well as the simultaneous usage of PA with other anthrax antigens. Expert opinion: PA is a central anthrax toxin component, playing a key role in the defense against encapsulated and unencapsulated strains. Subunit rPA-based vaccines have a good safety and protective profile. However, there are problems of PA instability that are greatly enhanced when using aluminum adjuvants. New adjuvant compositions, dry formulations and resistant to proteolysis and deamidation mutant PA forms can help to handle this issue. Devising a modern anthrax vaccine requires huge efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Kondakova
- a Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Nikolai A Nikitin
- a Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina A Evtushenko
- a Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina M Ryabchevskaya
- a Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Joseph G Atabekov
- a Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Olga V Karpova
- a Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russian Federation
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Majumder S, Das S, Somani VK, Makam SS, Kingston JJ, Bhatnagar R. A Bivalent Protein r-PAbxpB Comprising PA Domain IV and Exosporium Protein BxpB Confers Protection Against B. anthracis Spores and Toxin. Front Immunol 2019; 10:498. [PMID: 30941133 PMCID: PMC6433990 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax vaccines primarily relying only on protective antigen (PA), the cell binding component in anthrax toxins provide incomplete protection when challenged with spores of virulent encapsulated Bacillus anthracis strains. Alternatively, formaldehyde inactivated spores (FIS) or recombinant spore components generate anti-spore immune responses that inhibit the early stages of infection and augment the PA protective efficacy. In the present study domain IV of PA was spliced with exosporium antigen BxpB via a flexible G4S linker to generate a single functional antigen r-PAbxpB that was further assessed for its protective efficacy against anthrax toxins and spore infection. Immunization of mice with r-PAbxpB elicited significantly high titer antibodies comprising IgG1:IgG2a isotypes in 1:1 ratio, balanced up-regulation of both Th1 (IL2, IL12, IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL4, IL5, IL10) cytokines and high frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets. The anti-r-PAbxpB antibodies significantly enhanced spore phagocytosis, and killing within macrophages; inhibited their germination to vegetative cells and completely neutralized the anthrax toxins as evidenced by the 100% protection in passive transfer studies. Active immunization with r-PAbxpB provided 100 and 83.3% protection in mice I.P. challenged with 5 × LD100 LD of toxins and 5 × 104 cfu/ml Ames spores, respectively while the sham immunized group succumbed to infection in 48 h. Therefore, the ability of r-PAbxpB to generate protective immune responses against both spores and toxin and provide significant protection suggests it as an efficient vaccine candidate against B. anthracis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saugata Majumder
- Defence Food Research Laboratory, Microbiology Division, Defence Research Development Organisation, Mysore, India
| | - Shreya Das
- Defence Food Research Laboratory, Microbiology Division, Defence Research Development Organisation, Mysore, India
| | | | - Shivakiran S Makam
- Defence Food Research Laboratory, Microbiology Division, Defence Research Development Organisation, Mysore, India
| | - Joseph J Kingston
- Defence Food Research Laboratory, Microbiology Division, Defence Research Development Organisation, Mysore, India
| | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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