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Sala cibi gen. nov., sp. nov., an extremely halophilic archaeon isolated from solar salt. J Microbiol 2022; 60:899-904. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-2137-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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de la Haba RR, Minegishi H, Kamekura M, Shimane Y, Ventosa A. Phylogenomics of Haloarchaea: The Controversy of the Genera Natrinema-Haloterrigena. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:740909. [PMID: 34690986 PMCID: PMC8530250 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.740909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The haloarchaeal genera Natrinema and Haloterrigena were described almost simultaneously by two different research groups and some strains studied separately were described as different species of these genera. Furthermore, the description of additional species were assigned to either Natrinema or Haloterrigena, mainly on the basis of the phylogenetic comparative analysis of single genes (16S rRNA gene and more recently rpoB’ gene), but these species were not adequately separated or assigned to the corresponding genus. Some studies suggested that the species of these two genera should be unified into a single genus, while other studies indicated that the genera should remain but some of the species should be reassigned. In this study, we have sequenced or collected the genomes of the type strains of species of Natrinema and Haloterrigena and we have carried out a comparative genomic analysis in order to clarify the controversy related to these two genera. The phylogenomic analysis based on the comparison of 525 translated single-copy orthologous genes and the Overall Genome Relatedness Indexes (i.e., AAI, POCP, ANI, and dDDH) clearly indicate that the species Haloterrigena hispanica, Haloterrigena limicola, Haloterrigena longa, Haloterrigena mahii, Haloterrigena saccharevitans, Haloterrigena thermotolerans, and Halopiger salifodinae should be transferred to the genus Natrinema, as Natrinema hispanicum, Natrinema limicola, Natrinema longum, Natrinema mahii, Natrinema saccharevitans, Natrinema thermotolerans, and Natrinema salifodinae, respectively. On the contrary, the species Haloterrigena turkmenica, Haloterrigena salifodinae, and Haloterrigena salina will remain as the only representative species of the genus Haloterrigena. Besides, the species Haloterrigena daqingensis should be reclassified as a member of the genus Natronorubrum, as Natronorubrum daqingense. At the species level, Haloterrigena jeotgali and Natrinema ejinorense should be considered as a later heterotypic synonyms of the species Haloterrigena (Natrinema) thermotolerans and Haloterrigena (Natrinema) longa, respectively. Synteny analysis and phenotypic features also supported those proposals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael R de la Haba
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Hiroaki Minegishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiro Shimane
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Antonio Ventosa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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3
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Li J, Gao Y, Dong H, Sheng GP. Haloarchaea, excellent candidates for removing pollutants from hypersaline wastewater. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 40:226-239. [PMID: 34284891 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hypersaline wastewater is difficult to treat due to the inhibition of salt stress on microbes' viability and metabolic capabilities. Haloarchaea, native microorganisms that thrive in hypersaline habitats, overcome this key obstacle naturally. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the metabolic versatility of Haloarchaea in hypersaline wastewater treatment, including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and heavy metal metabolism. It also analyzes factors affecting pollutant removal and addresses metabolic mechanisms. Additionally, haloarchaea microbial characteristics and strategies to cope with salt stress are highlighted. Finally, the biotechnological potential of biomolecules produced from haloarchaea is investigated. To get better insight into the potential of haloarchaea, a deeper investigation of basic metabolism and more in-depth studies of their genomics and applications in actual wastewater are also necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Huiyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guo-Ping Sheng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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Blanquart S, Groussin M, Le Roy A, Szöllosi GJ, Girard E, Franzetti B, Gouy M, Madern D. Resurrection of Ancestral Malate Dehydrogenases Reveals the Evolutionary History of Halobacterial Proteins : Deciphering Gene Trajectories and Changes in Biochemical Properties. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:3754-3774. [PMID: 33974066 PMCID: PMC8382911 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme halophilic Archaea thrive in high salt, where, through proteomic adaptation, they cope with the strong osmolarity and extreme ionic conditions of their environment. In spite of wide fundamental interest, however, studies providing insights into this adaptation are scarce, because of practical difficulties inherent to the purification and characterization of halophilic enzymes. In this work, we describe the evolutionary history of malate dehydrogenases (MalDH) within Halobacteria (a class of the Euryarchaeota phylum). We resurrected nine ancestors along the inferred halobacterial MalDH phylogeny, including the Last Common Ancestral MalDH of Halobacteria (LCAHa) and compared their biochemical properties with those of five modern halobacterial MalDHs. We monitored the stability of these various MalDHs, their oligomeric states and enzymatic properties, as a function of concentration for different salts in the solvent. We found that a variety of evolutionary processes such as amino acid replacement, gene duplication, loss of MalDH gene and replacement owing to horizontal transfer resulted in significant differences in solubility, stability and catalytic properties between these enzymes in the three Halobacteriales, Haloferacales and Natrialbales orders since the LCAHa MalDH.We also showed how a stability trade-off might favor the emergence of new properties during adaptation to diverse environmental conditions. Altogether, our results suggest a new view of halophilic protein adaptation in Archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mathieu Groussin
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, 43 bd du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Aline Le Roy
- Univ Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - Gergely J Szöllosi
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, 43 bd du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,MTA-ELTE "Lendulet" Evolutionary Genomics Research Group, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Eric Girard
- Univ Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - Bruno Franzetti
- Univ Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - Manolo Gouy
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, 43 bd du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
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5
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ODFM, an omics data resource from microorganisms associated with fermented foods. Sci Data 2021; 8:113. [PMID: 33879798 PMCID: PMC8058077 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-00895-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
ODFM is a data management system that integrates comprehensive omics information for microorganisms associated with various fermented foods, additive ingredients, and seasonings (e.g. kimchi, Korean fermented vegetables, fermented seafood, solar salt, soybean paste, vinegar, beer, cheese, sake, and yogurt). The ODFM archives genome, metagenome, metataxonome, and (meta)transcriptome sequences of fermented food-associated bacteria, archaea, eukaryotic microorganisms, and viruses; 131 bacterial, 38 archaeal, and 28 eukaryotic genomes are now available to users. The ODFM provides both the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool search-based local alignment function as well as average nucleotide identity-based genetic relatedness measurement, enabling gene diversity and taxonomic analyses of an input query against the database. Genome sequences and annotation results of microorganisms are directly downloadable, and the microbial strains registered in the archive library will be available from our culture collection of fermented food-associated microorganisms. The ODFM is a comprehensive database that covers the genomes of an entire microbiome within a specific food ecosystem, providing basic information to evaluate microbial isolates as candidate fermentation starters for fermented food production.
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Kim YB, Kim JY, Kim J, Song HS, Whon TW, Lee SH, Yoo S, Myoung J, Son HS, Roh SW. Aminipila terrae sp. nov., a strictly anaerobic bacterium isolated from river sediment. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:3163-3169. [PMID: 33821299 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, aimed at investigating and characterizing river sediment bacteria, we isolated a Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped, obligate anaerobic bacterium, strain CBA3637T, from the sediment of the Geum River. This strain grew at 10-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C), 0-1% NaCl (optimum, 0%), and pH 7-8 (optimum, pH 7). The 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison revealed Aminipila butyrica DSM 103574T to be the closest relative of strain CBA3637T (96.6-96.7% similarity); and both strains clustered together in phylogenetic analysis. The genome of strain CBA3637T was found to consist of a single chromosome (3.51 Mbp; 36.98% G + C content). Comparative genomic analysis of the strain CBA3637T with A. butyrica DSM 103574T revealed that strain CBA3637T possessed five unique pathways related to polyamine biosynthesis, lipopolysaccharide metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, and cofactor and vitamin metabolism. Strain CBA3637T contained C14:0, C16:0, and C18:1 ω9c as the major fatty acids, and diphosphatidylglycerol as the major polar lipid. No respiratory quinone was observed. Biochemical, chemotaxonomic, and genotypic data revealed that the strain CBA3637T is a representative of a novel species within the genus Aminipila, for which the name Aminipila terrae is proposed. The type strain is CBA3637T (= KACC 21651T = DSM 110662T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Bee Kim
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group and Industrial Technology Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Yong Kim
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group and Industrial Technology Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Juseok Kim
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group and Industrial Technology Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Seon Song
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group and Industrial Technology Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woong Whon
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group and Industrial Technology Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hee Lee
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group and Industrial Technology Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - SeungRan Yoo
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group and Industrial Technology Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinjong Myoung
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-Si, Chollabuk-do, 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Seok Son
- Department of Food Biosciences and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong Woon Roh
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group and Industrial Technology Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755, Republic of Korea.
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Verma DK, Vasudeva G, Sidhu C, Pinnaka AK, Prasad SE, Thakur KG. Biochemical and Taxonomic Characterization of Novel Haloarchaeal Strains and Purification of the Recombinant Halotolerant α-Amylase Discovered in the Isolate. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2082. [PMID: 32983058 PMCID: PMC7490331 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Haloarchaea are salt-loving archaea and potential source of industrially relevant halotolerant enzymes. In the present study, three reddish-pink, extremely halophilic archaeal strains, namely wsp1 (wsp-water sample Pondicherry), wsp3, and wsp4, were isolated from the Indian Solar saltern. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences suggests that both wsp3 and wsp4 strains belong to Halogeometricum borinquense while wsp1 is closely related to Haloferax volcanii species. The comparative genomics revealed an open pangenome for both genera investigated here. Whole-genome sequence analysis revealed that these isolates have multiple copies of industrially/biotechnologically important unique genes and enzymes. Among these unique enzymes, for recombinant expression and purification, we selected four putative α-amylases identified in these three isolates. We successfully purified functional halotolerant recombinant Amy2, from wsp1 using pelB signal sequence-based secretion strategy using Escherichia coli as an expression host. This method may prove useful to produce functional haloarchaeal secretory recombinant proteins suitable for commercial or research applications. Biochemical analysis of Amy2 suggests the halotolerant nature of the enzyme having maximum enzymatic activity observed at 1 M NaCl. We also report the isolation and characterization of carotenoids purified from these isolates. This study highlights the presence of several industrially important enzymes in the haloarchaeal strains which may potentially have improved features like stability and salt tolerance suitable for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipesh Kumar Verma
- G. N. Ramachandran Protein Centre, Structural Biology Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gunjan Vasudeva
- MTCC-Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Chandni Sidhu
- MTCC-Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anil K Pinnaka
- MTCC-Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Senthil E Prasad
- Biochemical Engineering Research and Process Development Centre, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Krishan Gopal Thakur
- G. N. Ramachandran Protein Centre, Structural Biology Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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Kim JY, Whon TW, Lim MY, Kim YB, Kim N, Kwon MS, Kim J, Lee SH, Choi HJ, Nam IH, Chung WH, Kim JH, Bae JW, Roh SW, Nam YD. The human gut archaeome: identification of diverse haloarchaea in Korean subjects. MICROBIOME 2020; 8:114. [PMID: 32753050 PMCID: PMC7409454 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00894-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Archaea are one of the least-studied members of the gut-dwelling autochthonous microbiota. Few studies have reported the dominance of methanogens in the archaeal microbiome (archaeome) of the human gut, although limited information regarding the diversity and abundance of other archaeal phylotypes is available. RESULTS We surveyed the archaeome of faecal samples collected from 897 East Asian subjects living in South Korea. In total, 42.47% faecal samples were positive for archaeal colonisation; these were subsequently subjected to archaeal 16S rRNA gene deep sequencing and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction-based abundance estimation. The mean archaeal relative abundance was 10.24 ± 4.58% of the total bacterial and archaeal abundance. We observed extensive colonisation of haloarchaea (95.54%) in the archaea-positive faecal samples, with 9.63% mean relative abundance in archaeal communities. Haloarchaea were relatively more abundant than methanogens in some samples. The presence of haloarchaea was also verified by fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis. Owing to large inter-individual variations, we categorised the human gut archaeome into four archaeal enterotypes. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated that the human gut archaeome is indigenous, responsive, and functional, expanding our understanding of the archaeal signature in the gut of human individuals. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Yong Kim
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woong Whon
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755 Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Young Lim
- Research Group of Healthcare, Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do, 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Bee Kim
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755 Republic of Korea
| | - Namhee Kim
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755 Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sung Kwon
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755 Republic of Korea
| | - Juseok Kim
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755 Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hee Lee
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755 Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Jong Choi
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755 Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hyun Nam
- Geologic Environment Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon, 34132 Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Hyong Chung
- Research Group of Healthcare, Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do, 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ha Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 06973 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Bae
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Woon Roh
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Do Nam
- Research Group of Healthcare, Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do, 55365 Republic of Korea
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Kim YB, Kim JY, Song HS, Lee SH, Shin NR, Bae JW, Myoung J, Lee KE, Cha IT, Rhee JK, Roh SW. Haloplanus rubicundus sp. nov., an extremely halophilic archaeon isolated from solar salt. Syst Appl Microbiol 2020; 43:126085. [PMID: 32381322 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2020.126085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two extremely halophilic archaea strains, CBA1112T and CBA1113, were isolated from solar salt in Korea. The genome sizes and G+C content of CBA1112T and CBA1113 were 3.77 and 3.53Mb, and 66.0 and 66.5mol%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on closely related taxa and environmental Haloplanus sequences indicated that both CBA1112T and CBA1113 strains are grouped within the genus Haloplanus. OrthoANI and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values were below the species delineation threshold. Pan-genomic analysis showed that the two novel strains and four reference strains had 6203 pan-orthologous groups in total. Six Haloplanus strains shared 1728 core pan-genome orthologous groups, which were mainly associated with amino acid transport and metabolism and translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis categories, and amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism related categories. The novel strain-specific pan-genome orthologous groups were mainly involved with replication, recombination and repair category and replication and repair pathway or amino acid metabolism pathway. Cells of both strains were Gram-negative and pleomorphic, and colonies were red-pigmented. The major polar lipids of both strains were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, phosphatidylglycerol sulfate, and one glycolipid, sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether. Based on genomic, phylogenetic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic features, strains CBA1112T and CBA1113 are described as novel species of the genus Haloplanus. Thus, we propose the name Haloplanus rubicundus sp. nov. The type strain is CBA1112T (=KCCM 43224T=JCM 30475T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Bee Kim
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Yong Kim
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Seon Song
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hee Lee
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Ri Shin
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Bae
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinjong Myoung
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeollabuk-do 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Eun Lee
- Microorganism Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Tae Cha
- Microorganism Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyu Rhee
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong Woon Roh
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea.
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