1
|
Abir FM, Altwarah Q, Rana MT, Shin D. Recent Advances in Molten Salt-Based Nanofluids as Thermal Energy Storage in Concentrated Solar Power: A Comprehensive Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:955. [PMID: 38399205 PMCID: PMC10890567 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
This study critically reviews the key aspects of nanoparticles and their impact on molten salts (MSs) for thermal energy storage (TES) in concentrated solar power (CSP). It then conducts a comprehensive analysis of MS nanofluids, focusing on identifying the best combinations of salts and nanoparticles to increase the specific heat capacity (SHC) efficiently. Various methods and approaches for the synthesis of these nanofluids are explained. The article presents different experimental techniques used to characterize nanofluids, including measuring the SHC and thermal conductivity and analyzing particle dispersion. It also discusses the challenges associated with characterizing these nanofluids. The study aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms behind the observed increase in SHC in MS nanofluids. Finally, it summarizes potential areas for future research, highlighting crucial domains for further investigation and advancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fahim Mahtab Abir
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (F.M.A.); (Q.A.)
| | - Qutaiba Altwarah
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (F.M.A.); (Q.A.)
| | - Md Tasnim Rana
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Donghyun Shin
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (F.M.A.); (Q.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abir FM, Shin D. Specific Heat Capacity of Solar Salt-Based Nanofluids: Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Experiment. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:506. [PMID: 38276444 PMCID: PMC10817432 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a nanofluid composed of molten solar salt (MSS) and 1.0% SiO2 nanoparticles by mass was created and analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to determine its specific heat capacity (SHC). The SHC of the nanofluid was found to be significantly higher than that of pure MSS. The average increase in SHC of the nanofluid with 1.0% SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) loading was found to be 15.65% compared with pure MSS. The formation of nanostructures after doping with NPs may increase the SHC of molten salt (MS) nanofluids, according to certain published research that included experimental confirmation. Nevertheless, no thorough theoretical or computational studies have been conducted to verify the experimental findings related to MSS nanofluid. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted in various simulation boxes for different cases to verify the experimental findings and investigate the mechanism behind the enhancement of SHC caused by the addition of SiO2 NPs in eutectic MSS. The simulations used pure MSS and mixtures containing NaNO3 nanostructures bonded with SiO2 NPs. The highest SHC increase of 25.03% was observed when the simulation box contained 13.71% NaNO3 nanostructures by weight. The incorporation of NaNO3 nanostructures increased the surface area and total surface energy, leading to a positive effect on the SHC of the MSS nanofluid. However, the decrease in the base molten salt's SHC had a slight negative impact on the overall SHC of the MS nanofluid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Donghyun Shin
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, MI 48859, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pereira J, Moita A, Moreira A. An Overview of the Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Materials for Energy Harvesting and Conversion. Molecules 2023; 28:5763. [PMID: 37570732 PMCID: PMC10421084 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This review offers a critical survey of the published studies concerning nano-enhanced phase change materials to be applied in energy harvesting and conversion. Also, the main thermophysical characteristics of nano-enhanced phase change materials are discussed in detail. In addition, we carried out an analysis of the thermophysical properties of these types of materials as well as of some specific characteristics like the phase change duration and the phase change temperature. Moreover, the fundamental improving techniques for the phase change materials for solar thermal applications are described in detail, including the use of nano-enhanced phase change materials, foam skeleton-reinforced phase change materials, phase change materials with extended surfaces, and the inclusion of high-thermal-conductivity nanoparticles in nano-enhanced phase change materials, among others. Those improvement techniques can increase the thermal conductivity of the systems by up to 100%. Furthermore, it is also reported that the exploration of phase change materials enhances the overall efficiency of solar thermal energy storage systems and photovoltaic-nano-enhanced phase change materials systems. Finally, the main limitations and guidelines for future research in the field of nano-enhanced phase change materials are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Pereira
- IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.M.); (A.M.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Q, Cheng X, Wang X, Yang T, Cheng Q, Liu Z, Lv Z. Effect of Nano Ni Particles on the Microstructure and Thermophysical Properties of Sn-Bi-Zn Heat Transfer and Heat Storage Alloys. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5325. [PMID: 37570029 PMCID: PMC10419478 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The specific heat capacity plays a crucial role in influencing the heat transfer efficiency of materials. Considering the relatively low specific heat capacity of metals, this study focuses on investigating the impact of second-phase nano Ni particles on the microstructure and thermophysical properties of the alloy matrix. The alloys' phase compositions and microstructures were examined using X-ray diffraction phase analysis (XRD), electron probe micromorphology analysis (EPMA), and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). Furthermore, the thermophysical properties of the alloys were comprehensively analyzed through the employment of a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and the laser flash method (LFA). The addition of second-phase nanoparticles significantly increased the specific heat capacity of the alloy in the liquid state; however, the phenomenon of nanoparticle agglomeration diminishes this improvement. The analysis of the specific heat enhancement mechanism indicates that ordered states are formed between the second-phase solid nanoparticles and the melted metal in the liquid state. With the increase in temperature, the destruction of these ordered states requires additional heat, resulting in the increase of specific heat capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingmeng Wang
- School of Mechatronics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China; (Q.W.); (X.W.); (T.Y.); (Q.C.); (Z.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xiaomin Cheng
- School of Mechatronics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China; (Q.W.); (X.W.); (T.Y.); (Q.C.); (Z.L.); (Z.L.)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- School of Mechatronics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China; (Q.W.); (X.W.); (T.Y.); (Q.C.); (Z.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Tao Yang
- School of Mechatronics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China; (Q.W.); (X.W.); (T.Y.); (Q.C.); (Z.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Qianju Cheng
- School of Mechatronics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China; (Q.W.); (X.W.); (T.Y.); (Q.C.); (Z.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhi Liu
- School of Mechatronics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China; (Q.W.); (X.W.); (T.Y.); (Q.C.); (Z.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zean Lv
- School of Mechatronics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China; (Q.W.); (X.W.); (T.Y.); (Q.C.); (Z.L.); (Z.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Svobodova-Sedlackova A, Huete-Hernández S, Calderón A, Barreneche C, Gamallo P, Fernandez AI. Effect of Nanoparticles on the Thermal Stability and Reaction Kinetics in Ionic Nanofluids. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12101777. [PMID: 35630999 PMCID: PMC9147234 DOI: 10.3390/nano12101777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, the incorporation of nanoparticles into thermal fluids has become one of the most suitable strategies for developing high-performance fluids. An unconventional improvement of thermo–physical properties was observed with the addition of 1% wt. of nanoparticles in different types of fluids, such as molten salts, allowing for the design of more thermally efficient systems using nanofluids. Despite this, there is a lack of knowledge about the effect that nanoparticles produce on the thermal stability and the decomposition kinetics of the base fluid. The present study performs IR- and UV-vis spectroscopy along with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of pure nitrate and nitrate based nanofluids with the presence of SiO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles (1% wt.). The results obtained support that nanoparticles accelerate the nitrate to nitrite decomposition at temperatures below 500 °C (up to 4%), thus confirming the catalytic role of nanoparticles in nanofluids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adela Svobodova-Sedlackova
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.S.-S.); (S.H.-H.); (C.B.); (P.G.)
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Huete-Hernández
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.S.-S.); (S.H.-H.); (C.B.); (P.G.)
| | - Alejandro Calderón
- Departament d’Enginyeria Mecànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Paisos Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Camila Barreneche
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.S.-S.); (S.H.-H.); (C.B.); (P.G.)
| | - Pablo Gamallo
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.S.-S.); (S.H.-H.); (C.B.); (P.G.)
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Inés Fernandez
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.S.-S.); (S.H.-H.); (C.B.); (P.G.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tarafdar A, Sirohi R, Negi T, Singh S, Badgujar PC, Chandra Shahi N, Kumar S, Jun Sim S, Pandey A. Nanofluid research advances: Preparation, characteristics and applications in food processing. Food Res Int 2021; 150:110751. [PMID: 34865769 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There has been growing interest and substantial improvement in thermal processes for enhancing the heat transfer rate in food industry applications. The replacement of conventional heat transfer fluids with nanofluids is now being considered as a novel and emerging solution to the heat transfer problem of the food processing sector. This review covers state-of-the-art methods for production and application of these nanofluids with emphasis on the decontamination of liquid foods. The review also discusses the influence of processing conditions such as temperature and nanoparticle concentration on the thermal and viscous characteristics of the developed nanofluids. Further, the effect of these developed nanofluids on the quality attributes of food materials has also been reviewed and analyzed. Based on the current technological status, certain knowledge gaps in nanofluid research have been identified, including controlled (shape and size) and systematic experimental studies, stability of nanofluids with increasing thermal cycles, increasing the compatibility of base fluid to nanomaterials, and toxicity and environmental impact assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayon Tarafdar
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, India.
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, India.
| | - Taru Negi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, G. B. Pant University of Agricultural and Technology, Pantnagar 263 145, India.
| | - Shikhangi Singh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, G. B. Pant University of Agricultural and Technology, Pantnagar 263 145, India.
| | - Prarabdh C Badgujar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonipat 131 028, India.
| | - Navin Chandra Shahi
- Department of Post Harvest Process and Food Engineering, G. B. Pant University of Agricultural and Technology, Pantnagar 263 145, India.
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Technology Development Centre, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India.
| | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, India; Center for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jeong S, Jo B. Understanding mechanism of enhanced specific heat of single molten salt-based nanofluids: Comparison with acid-modified salt. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
8
|
Svobodova-Sedlackova A, Calderón A, Barreneche C, Gamallo P, Fernández AI. Understanding the abnormal thermal behavior of nanofluids through infrared thermography and thermo-physical characterization. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4879. [PMID: 33649368 PMCID: PMC7921407 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanofluids (NFs) are colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles (NPs) within a base fluid. Unlike conventional mixtures, NFs exhibit dramatically enhanced properties, such as an abnormal increase in heat capacity at low concentration of NPs (e.g., Cp values 30% higher than the base material value). Understanding the thermo-physical behavior of NFs is essential for their application as thermal energy storage systems. In this study, we analyze a sodium nitrate ionic system containing 1 wt%, 3 wt% and 7 wt% of SiO2 NPs with different techniques like infrared thermography, infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in order to shed light on the mechanism behind the increase of Cp. The themographies reveal the presence of a colder layer on top of the NF with 1 wt% of NPs whereas this layer does not appear at higher concentrations of NPs. The IR spectrum of this foamy top layer evidences the high amount of SiO2 bonds suggesting the clustering of the NPs into this layer linked by the nitrate ions. The linking is enhanced by the presence of hydroxyls in the NPs' surface (i.e., hydroxilated NPs) that once mixed in the NF suffer ionic exchange between OH- and NO3- species, leading to O2-Si-O-NO2 species at the interface where a thermal boundary resistance or Kapitza resistance appears (RT = 2.2 m2 K kW-1). Moreover, the presence of an exothermic reactive processes in the calorimetry of the mixture with 1 wt% of NPs evidences a reactive process (ionic exchange). These factors contribute to the heat capacity increase and thus, they explain the anomalous behavior of the heat capacity in nanofluids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adela Svobodova-Sedlackova
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Calderón
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Camila Barreneche
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Gamallo
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Inés Fernández
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Synthesis and Characterization of Molten Salt Nanofluids for Thermal Energy Storage Application in Concentrated Solar Power Plants-Mechanistic Understanding of Specific Heat Capacity Enhancement. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10112266. [PMID: 33207602 PMCID: PMC7697307 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Molten salts mixed with nanoparticles have been shown as a promising candidate as the thermal energy storage (TES) material in concentrated solar power (CSP) plants. However, the conventional method used to prepare molten salt nanofluid suffers from a high material cost, intensive energy use, and laborious process. In this study, solar salt-Al2O3 nanofluids at three different concentrations are prepared by a one-step method in which the oxide nanoparticles are generated in the salt melt directly from precursors. The morphologies of the obtained nanomaterials are examined under scanning electron microscopy and the specific heat capacities are measured using the temperature history (T-history) method. A non-linear enhancement in the specific heat capacity of molten salt nanofluid is observed from the thermal characterization at a nanoparticle mass concentration of 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%. In particular, a maximum enhancement of 38.7% in specific heat is found for the nanofluid sample prepared with a target nanoparticle mass fraction of 1.0%. Such an enhancement trend is attributed to the formation of secondary nanostructure between the alumina nanoparticles in the molten salt matrix following a locally-dispersed-parcel pattern. These findings provide new insights to understanding the enhanced energy storage capacity of molten salt nanofluids.
Collapse
|
10
|
Nayfeh Y, Rizvi SMM, El Far B, Shin D. In Situ Synthesis of Alumina Nanoparticles in a Binary Carbonate Salt Eutectic for Enhancing Heat Capacity. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2131. [PMID: 33120917 PMCID: PMC7692299 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A binary carbonate salt eutectic (Li2CO3-K2CO3)-based nanofluid was in situ synthesized by mixing with a precursor material, aluminum nitrate nonahydrate (Al(NO3)3·9H2O). Thermal decomposition of the precursor was successfully carried out to synthesize alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles at 1 wt.% concentration. A thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed a complete thermal decomposition of aluminum nitrate nonahydrate to alumina nanoparticles. A transmission electron microscope (TEM) was employed to confirm the size and shape of the in situ formed nanoparticles; the result showed that they are spherical in shape and the average size was 28.7 nm with a standard deviation of 11.7 nm. Electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the observed nanoparticles are alumina nanoparticles. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to study microstructural changes in the salt. A differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was employed to study the heat capacity of the in situ synthesized nanofluid. The result showed that the heat capacity was enhanced by 21% at 550 °C in comparison with pure carbonate salt eutectic. About 10-11 °C decrease of the onset melting point of the binary carbonate salt eutectic was observed for the in situ synthesized nanofluids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Donghyun Shin
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (Y.N.); (S.M.M.R.); (B.E.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Aljaerani HA, Samykano M, Pandey A, Kadirgama K, Saidur R. Thermo-physical properties and corrosivity improvement of molten salts by use of nanoparticles for concentrated solar power applications: A critical review. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
12
|
Rizvi SMM, El Far B, Nayfeh Y, Shin D. Investigation of time-temperature dependency of heat capacity enhancement in molten salt nanofluids. RSC Adv 2020; 10:22972-22982. [PMID: 35520342 PMCID: PMC9054713 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03666h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the time-temperature dependency of heat capacity enhancement in molten salt nanofluids was studied experimentally. The result shows the heat capacity enhancement is directly related to the time-dependent synthesis process. Various samples of a binary salt mixture of Li2CO3-K2CO3 doped with 1% Al2O3 were prepared by heating and cooling at different rates (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 °C min-1) along with the pure binary salt mixture. The samples were then tested for heat capacity using a differential scanning calorimeter. It was found that heat capacity enhancement in molten salt nanofluids depends on the heating and cooling rates during the synthesis. Recent studies have shown that the heat capacity enhancement observed could be due to the formation of dendritic structures. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and a pH variation method were employed to confirm the presence of dendritic nanostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Baha El Far
- School of Engineering & Technology, Central Michigan University Mount Pleasant MI 48859 USA
| | - Yousof Nayfeh
- School of Engineering & Technology, Central Michigan University Mount Pleasant MI 48859 USA
| | - Donghyun Shin
- School of Engineering & Technology, Central Michigan University Mount Pleasant MI 48859 USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Navarrete N, Gimeno-Furió A, Forner-Escrig J, Juliá JE, Mondragón R. Colloidal stability of molten salt –based nanofluids: Dynamic Light Scattering tests at high temperature conditions. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
14
|
Anomalous Increase in Specific Heat of Binary Molten Salt-Based Graphite Nanofluids for Thermal Energy Storage. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8081305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An anomalous increase of the specific heat was experimentally observed in molten salt nanofluids using a differential scanning calorimeter. Binary carbonate molten salt mixtures were used as a base fluid, and the base salts were doped with graphite nanoparticles. Specific heat measurements of the nanofluids were performed to examine the effects of the composition of two salts consisting of the base fluid. In addition, the effect of the nanoparticle concentration was investigated as the concentration of the graphite nanoparticles was varied from 0.025 to 1.0 wt %. Moreover, the dispersion homogeneity of the nanoparticles was explored by increasing amount of surfactant in the synthesis process of the molten salt nanofluids. The results showed that the specific heat of the nanofluid was enhanced by more than 30% in the liquid phase and by more than 36% in the solid phase at a nanoparticle concentration of 1 wt %. It was also observed that the concentration and the dispersion homogeneity of nanoparticles favorably affected the specific heat enhancement of the molten salt nanofluids. The dispersion status of graphite nanoparticles into the salt mixtures was visualized via scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results were explained according to the nanoparticle-induced compressed liquid layer structure of the molten salts.
Collapse
|