1
|
Sakalauskaitė S, Mikalayeva V, Sutkuvienė S, Daugelavičius R. Mode of the Interaction of Efflux Inhibitor Phenylalanyl-arginyl-β-naphtylamide with Bacterial Cells. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1324. [PMID: 38927531 PMCID: PMC11201562 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
An increased efflux activity is one of the major reasons for bacterial antibiotic resistance. The usage of efflux pump inhibitors could be a promising approach to restoring the activity of inefficient antibiotics. The interaction of the RND family efflux pump inhibitor phenylalanyl-arginyl-β-naphthylamide (PAβN) with Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium cells was assayed using traditional microbiological techniques and a novel PAβN-selective electrode. Monitoring the PAβN concentration in the medium using the electrode enabled the real-time measurements of this compound's interaction with bacterial cells. We showed that S. Typhimurium cells accumulate a high amount of PAβN because of its high affinity to lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), the major constituent of the outer layer of the outer membrane, and does not affect the functioning of the plasma membrane. EDTA enhanced the binding of PAβN to S. Typhimurium cells and the purified E. coli LPSs, but the energization of the cells by glucose does not affect the cell-bound amount of this inhibitor. Polycationic antibiotic Polymyxin B released both the cells accumulated and the suspended LPS-bound PAβN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sakalauskaitė
- Department of Biochemistry, Vytautas Magnus University, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.M.); (S.S.)
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Allergology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Valeryia Mikalayeva
- Department of Biochemistry, Vytautas Magnus University, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.M.); (S.S.)
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Simona Sutkuvienė
- Department of Biochemistry, Vytautas Magnus University, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.M.); (S.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rimantas Daugelavičius
- Department of Biochemistry, Vytautas Magnus University, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.M.); (S.S.)
- Research Institute of Natural and Technological Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sokolov SS, Smirnova EA, Rokitskaya TI, Severin FF. The Imidazolium Ionic Liquids Toxicity is Due to Their Effect on the Plasma Membrane. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:451-461. [PMID: 38648765 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are organic salts with a low melting point. This is due to the fact that their alkyl side chains, which are covalently connected to the ion, hinder the crystallization of ILs. The low melting point of ILs has led to their widespread use as relatively harmless solvents. However, ILs do have toxic properties, the mechanism of which is largely unknown, so identifying the cellular targets of ILs is of practical importance. In our work, we showed that imidazolium ILs are not able to penetrate model membranes without damaging them. We also found that inactivation of multidrug resistance (MDR) pumps in yeast cells does not increase their sensitivity to imidazolium ILs. The latter indicates that the target of toxicity of imidazolium ILs is not in the cytoplasm. Thus, it can be assumed that the disruption of the barrier properties of the plasma membrane is the main reason for the toxicity of low concentrations of imidazolium ILs. We also showed that supplementation with imidazolium ILs restores the growth of cells with kinetically blocked glycolysis. Apparently, a slight disruption of the plasma membrane caused by ILs can, in some cases, be beneficial for the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svyatoslav S Sokolov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Smirnova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Tatyana I Rokitskaya
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Fedor F Severin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sokolov S, Zyrina A, Akimov S, Knorre D, Severin F. Toxic Effects of Penetrating Cations. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:841. [PMID: 37888013 PMCID: PMC10608470 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13100841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
As mitochondria are negatively charged organelles, penetrating cations are used as parts of chimeric molecules to deliver specific compounds into mitochondria. In other words, they are used as electrophilic carriers for such chemical moieties as antioxidants, dyes, etc., to transfer them inside mitochondria. However, unmodified penetrating cations affect different aspects of cellular physiology as well. In this review, we have attempted to summarise the data about the side effects of commonly used natural (e.g., berberine) and artificial (e.g., tetraphenylphosphonium, rhodamine, methylene blue) penetrating cations on cellular physiology. For instance, it was shown that such types of molecules can (1) facilitate proton transport across membranes; (2) react with redox groups of the respiratory chain; (3) induce DNA damage; (4) interfere with pleiotropic drug resistance; (5) disturb membrane integrity; and (6) inhibit enzymes. Also, the products of the biodegradation of penetrating cations can be toxic. As penetrating cations accumulate in mitochondria, their toxicity is mostly due to mitochondrial damage. Mitochondria from certain types of cancer cells appear to be especially sensitive to penetrating cations. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of the toxic effects and the anti-cancer activity of penetrating cations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svyatoslav Sokolov
- Department of Molecular Energetics of Microorganisms, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–40 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Anna Zyrina
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Premises 8, Bldg. 1, Village of Institute of Poliomyelitis, Settlement “Moskovskiy”, 108819 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Sergey Akimov
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/4 LeninskiyProspekt, 119071 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Dmitry Knorre
- Department of Molecular Energetics of Microorganisms, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–40 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Fedor Severin
- Department of Molecular Energetics of Microorganisms, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–40 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.S.); (D.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Noskova EO, Markova OV, Knorre DA, Galkina KV. Tyrosol induces multiple drug resistance in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1203243. [PMID: 37342567 PMCID: PMC10277503 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1203243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In yeast, multiple (pleiotropic) drug resistance (MDR) transporters efflux xenobiotics from the cytoplasm to the environment. Additionally, upon the accumulation of xenobiotics in the cells, MDR genes are induced. At the same time, fungal cells can produce secondary metabolites with physico-chemical properties similar to MDR transporter substrates. Nitrogen limitation in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae leads to the accumulation of phenylethanol, tryptophol, and tyrosol, which are products of aromatic amino acid catabolism. In this study, we investigated whether these compounds could induce or inhibit MDR in yeast. Double deletion of PDR1 and PDR3 genes, which are transcription factors that upregulate the expression of PDR genes, reduced yeast resistance to high concentrations of tyrosol (4-6 g/L) but not to the other two tested aromatic alcohols. PDR5 gene, but not other tested MDR transporter genes (SNQ2, YOR1, PDR10, PDR15) contributed to yeast resistance to tyrosol. Tyrosol inhibited the efflux of rhodamine 6G (R6G), a substrate for MDR transporters. However, preincubating yeast cells with tyrosol induced MDR, as evidenced by increased Pdr5-GFP levels and reduced yeast ability to accumulate Nile red, another fluorescent MDR-transporter substrate. Moreover, tyrosol inhibited the cytostatic effect of clotrimazole, the azole antifungal. Our results demonstrate that a natural secondary metabolite can modulate yeast MDR. We speculate that intermediates of aromatic amino acid metabolites coordinate cell metabolism and defense mechanisms against xenobiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta O. Noskova
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V. Markova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Knorre
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kseniia V. Galkina
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
MDR Pumps as Crossroads of Resistance: Antibiotics and Bacteriophages. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060734. [PMID: 35740141 PMCID: PMC9220107 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, antibiotic resistance represents a global problem in modern medicine. In the near future, humanity may face a situation where medicine will be powerless against resistant bacteria and a post-antibiotic era will come. The development of new antibiotics is either very expensive or ineffective due to rapidly developing bacterial resistance. The need to develop alternative approaches to the treatment of bacterial infections, such as phage therapy, is beyond doubt. The cornerstone of bacterial defense against antibiotics are multidrug resistance (MDR) pumps, which are involved in antibiotic resistance, toxin export, biofilm, and persister cell formation. MDR pumps are the primary non-specific defense of bacteria against antibiotics, while drug target modification, drug inactivation, target switching, and target sequestration are the second, specific line of their defense. All bacteria have MDR pumps, and bacteriophages have evolved along with them and use the bacteria’s need for MDR pumps to bind and penetrate into bacterial cells. The study and understanding of the mechanisms of the pumps and their contribution to the overall resistance and to the sensitivity to bacteriophages will allow us to either seriously delay the onset of the post-antibiotic era or even prevent it altogether due to phage-antibiotic synergy.
Collapse
|
6
|
Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Phosphonium Ionic Liquids as Potential Antibacterials of MDR Acinetobacter baumannii. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040491. [PMID: 35453241 PMCID: PMC9025513 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A previously developed model to predict antibacterial activity of ionic liquids against a resistant A. baumannii strain was used to assess activity of phosphonium ionic liquids. Their antioxidant potential was additionally evaluated with newly developed models, which were based on public data. The accuracy of the models was rigorously evaluated using cross-validation as well as test set prediction. Six alkyl triphenylphosphonium and alkyl tributylphosphonium bromides with the C8, C10, and C12 alkyl chain length were synthesized and tested in vitro. Experimental studies confirmed their activity against A. baumannii as well as showed pronounced antioxidant properties. These results suggest that phosphonium ionic liquids could be promising lead structures against A. baumannii.
Collapse
|
7
|
Pavlyuchenkova AN, Zinovkin RA, Makievskaya CI, Galkin II, Chelombitko MA. Mitochondria-targeted triphenylphosphonium-based compounds inhibit FcεRI-dependent degranulation of mast cells by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction through Erk1/2. Life Sci 2022; 288:120174. [PMID: 34826439 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS FcεRI-dependent activation and degranulation of mast cells (MC) play an important role in allergic diseases. We have previously demonstrated that triphenylphosphonium (TPP)-based antioxidant SkQ1 inhibits mast cell degranulation, but the exact mechanism of this inhibition is still unknown. This study focused on investigating the influence of TPP-based compounds SkQ1 and C12TPP on FcεRI-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction and signaling during MC degranulation. MAIN METHODS MC were sensitized by anti-dinitrophenyl IgE and stimulated by BSA-conjugated dinitrophenyl. The degranulation of MC was estimated by β-hexosaminidase release. The effect of TPP-based compounds on FcεRI-dependent signaling was determined by Western blot analysis for adapter molecule LAT, kinases Syk, PI3K, Erk1/2, and p38. Fluorescent microscopy was used to evaluate mitochondrial parameters such as morphology, membrane potential, reactive oxygen species and ATP level. KEY FINDINGS Pretreatment with TPP-based compounds significantly decreased FcεRI-dependent degranulation of MC. TPP-based compounds also prevented mitochondrial dysfunction (drop in mitochondrial ATP level and mitochondrial fission), and decreased Erk1/2 kinase phosphorylation. Selective Erk1/2 inhibition by U0126 also reduced β-hexosaminidase release and prevented mitochondrial fragmentation during FcεRI-dependent degranulation of MC. SIGNIFICANCE These findings expand the fundamental understanding of the role of mitochondria in the activation of MC. It also contributes to the rationale for the development of mitochondrial-targeted drugs for the treatment of allergic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roman A Zinovkin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ciara I Makievskaya
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan I Galkin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria A Chelombitko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Antibacterial Potential of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized using Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.: A Green Approach to Combat Drug Resistance. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.4.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial infections and antibiotic resistance are some of the prime factors that are ascribed to endanger human health. Several reports have highlighted that drug-resistant pathogens assist in the etiology of various chronic diseases and lead to fatality. The present study deciphered the role of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) as therapeutics against selected bacterial strains. The plant-based technique was followed to synthesize ZnO NPs. The synthesis was confirmed with different techniques viz. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope (interplanar spacing at 0.126 nm), scanning electron microscope (flower-like structure), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The antibacterial analysis revealed that ZnO NPs inhibited the growth of all tested strains (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus subtilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) to a greater extent (MIC ranged between 0.013±0.004-0.0625±0 mg/mL) as compared with ZnO compound (Bulk material). In the present study, ZnO NPs were produced in a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable way using a green process and can be used as a remedy for drug-resistant pathogens.
Collapse
|
9
|
Knorre DA, Galkina KV, Shirokovskikh T, Banerjee A, Prasad R. Do Multiple Drug Resistance Transporters Interfere with Cell Functioning under Normal Conditions? BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:1560-1569. [PMID: 33705294 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920120081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells rely on multiple mechanisms to protect themselves from exogenous toxic compounds. For instance, cells can limit penetration of toxic molecules through the plasma membrane or sequester them within the specialized compartments. Plasma membrane transporters with broad substrate specificity confer multiple drug resistance (MDR) to cells. These transporters efflux toxic compounds at the cost of ATP hydrolysis (ABC-transporters) or proton influx (MFS-transporters). In our review, we discuss the possible costs of having an active drug-efflux system using yeast cells as an example. The pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) subfamily ABC-transporters are known to constitutively hydrolyze ATP even without any substrate stimulation or transport across the membrane. Besides, some MDR-transporters have flippase activity allowing transport of lipids from inner to outer lipid layer of the plasma membrane. Thus, excessive activity of MDR-transporters can adversely affect plasma membrane properties. Moreover, broad substrate specificity of ABC-transporters also suggests the possibility of unintentional efflux of some natural metabolic intermediates from the cells. Furthermore, in some microorganisms, transport of quorum-sensing factors is mediated by MDR transporters; thus, overexpression of the transporters can also disturb cell-to-cell communications. As a result, under normal conditions, cells keep MDR-transporter genes repressed and activate them only upon exposure to stresses. We speculate that exploiting limitations of the drug-efflux system is a promising strategy to counteract MDR in pathogenic fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Knorre
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - K V Galkina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - T Shirokovskikh
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A Banerjee
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Amity Education Valley, Gurugram, 122413, India
| | - R Prasad
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Amity Education Valley, Gurugram, 122413, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Protonophore FCCP provides fitness advantage to PDR-deficient yeast cells. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2020; 52:383-395. [DOI: 10.1007/s10863-020-09849-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
11
|
Galkina KV, Okamoto M, Chibana H, Knorre DA, Kajiwara S. Deletion of CDR1 reveals redox regulation of pleiotropic drug resistance in Candida glabrata. Biochimie 2020; 170:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
12
|
Sokolov SS, Vorobeva MA, Smirnova AI, Smirnova EA, Trushina NI, Galkina KV, Severin FF, Knorre DA. LAM Genes Contribute to Environmental Stress Tolerance but Sensibilize Yeast Cells to Azoles. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:38. [PMID: 32047490 PMCID: PMC6997477 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lam proteins transport sterols between the membranes of different cellular compartments. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the LAM gene family consists of three pairs of paralogs. Because the function of paralogous genes can be redundant, the phenotypes of only a small number of LAM gene deletions have been reported; thus, the role of these genes in yeast physiology is still unclear. Here, we surveyed the phenotypes of double and quadruple deletants of paralogous LAM2(YSP2)/LAM4 and LAM1(YSP1)/LAM3(SIP3) genes that encode proteins localized in the junctions of the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum. The quadruple deletant showed increased sterol content and a strong decrease in ethanol, heat shock and high osmolarity resistance. Surprisingly, the quadruple deletant and LAM2/LAM4 double deletion strain showed increased tolerance to the azole antifungals clotrimazole and miconazole. This effect was not associated with an increased rate of ABC-transporter substrate efflux. Possibly, increased sterol pool in the LAM deletion strains postpones the effect of azoles on cell growth. Alternatively, LAM deletions might alleviate the toxic effect of sterols as Lam proteins can transport toxic sterol biosynthesis intermediates into membrane compartments that are sensitive to these compounds. Our findings reveal novel biological roles of LAM genes in stress tolerance and suggest that mutations in these genes may confer upregulation of a mechanism that provides resistance to azole antifungals in pathogenic fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svyatoslav S Sokolov
- Department of Molecular Energetics of Microorganisms, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Margarita A Vorobeva
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra I Smirnova
- Department of Molecular Energetics of Microorganisms, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Smirnova
- Department of Molecular Energetics of Microorganisms, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nataliya I Trushina
- Department of Molecular Energetics of Microorganisms, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Neurobiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Kseniia V Galkina
- Department of Molecular Energetics of Microorganisms, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Fedor F Severin
- Department of Molecular Energetics of Microorganisms, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Knorre
- Department of Molecular Energetics of Microorganisms, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|