Molecular basis of resistance to the microtubule-depolymerizing antitumor compound plocabulin

Analysis of Nuclear Dynamics in Nematode-Trapping Fungi Based on Fluorescent Protein Labeling

Nematophagous fungi constitute a category of fungi that exhibit parasitic behavior by capturing, colonizing, and poisoning nematodes, which are critical factors in controlling nematode populations in nature, and provide important research materials for biological control. Arthrobotrys oligospora serves as a model strain among nematophagous fungi, which begins its life as conidia, and then its hyphae produce traps to capture nematodes, completing its lifestyle switch from saprophytic to parasitic. There have been many descriptions of the morphological characteristics of A. oligospora lifestyle changes, but there have been no reports on the nuclear dynamics in this species. In this work, we constructed A. oligospora strains labeled with histone H2B-EGFP and observed the nuclear dynamics from conidia germination and hyphal extension to trap formation. We conducted real-time imaging observations on live cells of germinating and extending hyphae and found that the nucleus was located near the tip. It is interesting that the migration rate of this type of cell nucleus is very fast, and we speculate that this may be related to the morphological changes involved in the transformation to a predatory lifestyle. We suggest that alterations in nuclear shape and fixation imply the immediate disruption of the interaction with cytoskeletal mechanisms during nuclear migration. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the signal initiating nuclear migration into fungal traps is generated at the onset of nucleus entry into a trap cell. Our work provides a reference for analysis of the dynamics of nucleus distribution and a means to visualize protein localization and interactions in A. oligospora.

Effect of the Marine Polyketide Plocabulin on Tumor Progression

Marine sponges represent one of the richest sources of natural marine compounds with anticancer potential. Plocabulin (PM060184), a polyketide originally isolated from the sponge Lithoplocamia lithistoides, elicits its main anticancer properties binding tubulin, which still represents one of the most important targets for anticancer drugs. Plocabulin showed potent antitumor activity, in both in vitro and in vivo models of different types of cancers, mediated not only by its antitubulin activity, but also by its ability to block endothelial cell migration and invasion. The objective of this review is to offer a description of plocabulin's mechanisms of action, with special emphasis on the antiangiogenic signals and the latest progress on its development as an anticancer agent.

Plocabulin, a Novel Tubulin Inhibitor, Has Potent Antitumour Activity in Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Soft Tissue Sarcoma

A clinically relevant subset of patients with soft tissue sarcoma presents with either locally advanced or upfront metastatic disease, or will develop distant metastases over time, despite successful treatment of their primary tumour. The currently available systemic agents to treat such advanced cases only provide modest disease control and are not active in all histological subtypes. Thus, there is an unmet need for novel and more efficacious agents to improve the outcome of this rare disease. In the current preclinical in vivo study, we evaluated plocabulin, a novel tubulin inhibitor, in five distinct histological subtypes of soft tissue sarcoma: dedifferentiated liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, undifferentiated sarcoma, intimal sarcoma and CIC-rearranged sarcoma. The efficacy was tested in seven patient-derived xenograft models, which were generated by the engraftment of tumour fragments from patients directly into nude mice. The treatment lasted 22 days, and the efficacy of the drug was assessed and compared to the doxorubicin and vehicle groups by volumetric analysis, histopathology and immunohistochemistry. We observed tumour volume control in all the tested histological subtypes. Additionally, in three sarcoma subtypes, extensive central necrosis, associated with significant tumour regression, was seen. This histological response is explained by the drug's vascular-disruptive properties, reflected by a decreased total vascular area in the xenografts. Our results demonstrate the in vivo efficacy of plocabulin in the preclinical models of soft tissue sarcoma and corroborate the findings of our previous study, which demonstrated similar vascular-disruptive effects in gastrointestinal stromal tumours-another subtype of soft tissue sarcoma. Our data provide a convincing rationale for further clinical exploration of plocabulin in soft tissue sarcomas.

Synthesis of the analogs of plocabulin and their preliminary structure-activity relationship study

Plocabulin, a marine natural polyketide isolated from the sponge Lithoplocamia lithistoides, is a novel and potent microtubule-destabilizing agent. Guided by the reported binding mode, several new analogs of plocabulin have been designed through removing the right aliphatic chain and further modifying on the carbamate group and the enamide unit. The preliminary results indicate that the right aliphatic chain in plocabulin is allowed to remove with a little loss of activity, the carbamate group plays a role in the activity, and particularly, the enamide unit has an important effect on the activity. This new finding will aid the design of novel potent tubulin-binding agents based on plocabulin.

Marine Natural Products: A Potential Source of Anti-hepatocellular Carcinoma Drugs

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has high associated morbidity and mortality rates. Although chemical medication represents a primary HCC treatment strategy, low response rates and therapeutic resistance serve to reduce its efficacy. Hence, identifying novel effective drugs is urgently needed, and many researchers have sought to identify new anti-cancer drugs from marine organisms. The marine population is considered a "blue drug bank" of unique anti-cancer compounds with diverse groups of chemical structures. Here, we discuss marine-derived compounds, including PM060184 and bryostatin-1, with demonstrated anti-cancer activity in vitro or in vivo. Based on the marine source (sponges, algae, coral, bacteria, and fungi), we introduce pharmacological parameters, compound-induced cytotoxicity, effects on apoptosis and metastasis, and potential molecular mechanisms. Cumulatively, this review provides insights into anti-HCC research conducted to date in the field of marine natural products and marine-derived compounds, as well as the potential pharmacological mechanisms of these compounds and their status in drug development.

Marine sponge-derived/inspired drugs and their applications in drug delivery systems

Oceans harbor a vast biodiversity that is not represented in terrestrial habitats. Marine sponges have been the richest source of marine natural products reported to date, and sponge-derived natural products have served as inspiration for the development of several drugs in clinical use. However, many promising sponge-derived drug candidates have been stalled in clinical trials due to lack of efficacy, off-target toxicity, metabolic instability or poor pharmacokinetics. One possible solution to this high clinical failure rate is to design drug delivery systems that deliver drugs in a controlled and specific manner. This review critically analyzes drugs/drug candidates inspired by sponge natural products and the potential use of drug delivery systems as a new strategy to enhance the success rate for translation into clinical use.