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Barone V, Scirocco L, Surico PL, Micera A, Cutrupi F, Coassin M, Di Zazzo A. Mast cells and ocular surface: An update review. Exp Eye Res 2024; 245:109982. [PMID: 38942134 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs), traditionally viewed as key players in IgE-mediated allergic responses, are increasingly recognized for their versatile roles. Situated at critical barrier sites such as the ocular surface, these sentinel cells participate in a broad array of physiological and pathological processes. This review presents a comprehensive update on the immune pathophysiology of MCs, with a particular focus on the mechanisms underlying innate immunity. It highlights their roles at the ocular surface, emphasizing their participation in allergic reactions, maintenance of corneal homeostasis, neovascularization, wound healing, and immune responses in corneal grafts. The review also explores the potential of MCs as therapeutic targets, given their significant contributions to disease pathogenesis and their capacity to modulate immunity. Through a thorough examination of current literature, we aim to elucidate the immune pathophysiology and multifaceted roles of MCs in ocular surface health and disease, suggesting directions for future research and therapeutic innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Barone
- Ophthalmology Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy; Ophthalmology Operative Complex Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Scirocco
- Ophthalmology Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy; Ophthalmology Operative Complex Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Surico
- Ophthalmology Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy; Ophthalmology Operative Complex Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital Foundation, Rome, Italy; Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alessandra Micera
- Research and Development Laboratory for Biochemical, Molecular and Cellular Applications in Ophthalmological Science, IRCCS - Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cutrupi
- Ophthalmology Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy; Ophthalmology Operative Complex Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Coassin
- Ophthalmology Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy; Ophthalmology Operative Complex Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Zazzo
- Ophthalmology Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy; Ophthalmology Operative Complex Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital Foundation, Rome, Italy; Rare Corneal Diseases Center, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital Foundation, Rome, Italy.
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Adeeb S, Arabi TZ, Shah H, Alsalameh S, Abu-Shaar M, El-Sibai AM, Alkattan K, Yaqinuddin A. Unveiling the Web: Exploring the Multifaceted Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Ocular Health and Disease. J Clin Med 2024; 13:512. [PMID: 38256646 PMCID: PMC10816449 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play an essential role in antimicrobial defense. However, NETs have also been shown to promote and mediate a wide spectrum of diseases, including cancer, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and ocular diseases. Data regarding NETs in ocular diseases remain limited. In physiological conditions, NETs protect the eye from debris and cleave proinflammatory cytokines, including several interleukins. On the other hand, NETs play a role in corneal diseases, such as dry eye disease and ocular graft-versus-host disease, where they promote acinar atrophy and delayed wound healing. Additionally, NET levels positively correlate with increased severity of uveitis. NETs have also been described in the context of diabetic retinopathy. Although increased NET biomarkers are associated with an increased risk of the disease, NETs also assist in the elimination of pathological blood vessels and the regeneration of normal vessels. Targeting NET pathways for the treatment of ocular diseases has shown promising outcomes; however, more studies are still needed in this regard. In this article, we summarize the literature on the protective roles of NETs in the eye. Then, we describe their pathogenetic effects in ocular diseases, including those of the cornea, uvea, and retinal blood vessels. Finally, we describe the therapeutic implications of targeting NETs in such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ahmed Yaqinuddin
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (T.Z.A.); (H.S.); (S.A.); (M.A.-S.); (A.M.E.-S.); (K.A.)
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Ruiz-Lozano RE, Salan-Gomez M, Rodriguez-Garcia A, Quiroga-Garza ME, Ramos-Dávila EM, Perez VL, Azar NS, Merayo-Lloves J, Hernandez-Camarena JC, Valdez-García JE. Wessely corneal ring phenomenon: An unsolved pathophysiological dilemma. Surv Ophthalmol 2023:S0039-6257(23)00041-3. [PMID: 36882129 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
The cornea is a densely innervated, avascular tissue showing exceptional inflammatory and immune responses. The cornea is a site of lymphangiogenic and angiogenic privilege devoid of blood and lymphatic vessels that limits the entry of inflammatory cells from the adjacent and highly immunoreactive conjunctiva. Immunological and anatomical differences between the central and peripheral cornea are also necessary to sustain passive immune privilege. The lower density of antigen-presenting cells in the central cornea and the 5:1 peripheral-to-central corneal ratio of C1 are 2 main features conferring passive immune privilege. C1 activates the complement system by antigen-antibody complexes more effectively in the peripheral cornea and, thus, protects the central corneas' transparency from immune-driven and inflammatory reactions. Wessely rings, also known as corneal immune rings, are non-infectious ring-shaped stromal infiltrates usually formed in the peripheral cornea. They result from a hypersensitivity reaction to foreign antigens, including those of microorganism origin. Thus, they are thought to be composed of inflammatory cells and antigen-antibody complexes. Corneal immune rings have been associated with various infectious and non-infectious causes, including foreign bodies, contact lens wear, refractive procedures, and drugs. We describe the anatomical and immunologic basis underlying Wessely ring formation, its causes, clinical presentation, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul E Ruiz-Lozano
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences. Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Marcelo Salan-Gomez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences. Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Rodriguez-Garcia
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences. Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Manuel E Quiroga-Garza
- Foster Center for Ocular Immunology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Eugenia M Ramos-Dávila
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences. Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Victor L Perez
- Foster Center for Ocular Immunology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nadim S Azar
- Foster Center for Ocular Immunology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jesus Merayo-Lloves
- Instituto Universitario Fernández Vega, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Julio C Hernandez-Camarena
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences. Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Jorge E Valdez-García
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences. Monterrey, Mexico.
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Teng X, Xiong X, Sha X, Lei Y, Diao Y, Liu J, Tian Y, Liu L, Zhong J. Identification of hub genes and pathways of ferroptosis in Fusarium keratitis by bioinformatics methods. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1103471. [PMID: 36798084 PMCID: PMC9927021 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1103471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fungal keratitis is a common blinding eye disease, and Fusarium is one of the main species that cause fungal keratitis. As is well known, oxidative stress plays an important role in Fusarium keratitis and it is also a significant initiating factor of ferroptosis. But the relationship between Fusarium keratitis and ferroptosis is currently unclear. This study aimed to speculate and validate potential ferroptosis-related genes in Fusarium keratitis using bioinformatics analysis, which provided ideas for further research on its specific mechanism and new targets for its treatment. Methods The microarray expression profiling dataset (GSE58291) came from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained by the limma package of the R software. The DEGs were performed by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. Then, the DEGs were intersected with the genes in the ferroptosis database. The top 5 hub genes were obtained by the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and the cytoHubba plug-in of Cytoscape software. The hub genes were subjected to GSEA analysis. Then we analyzed the immune infiltration of the samples by CIBERSORT and ssGSEA algorithm. Finally, we validated the mRNA of hub genes by qPCR. Results A total of 1,368 DEGs were identified and 26 ferroptosis-related DEGs were obtained. At the same time, ferroptosis-related pathways were enriched by GO and KEGG using DEGs. HMOX1, CYBB, GPX2, ALOX5 and SRC were obtained by the PPI network analysis and the cytoHubba plug-in of Cytoscape software. The iron metabolism and immune response related pathways were enriched using GSEA. They included hematopoietic cell lineage, lysosome and FC gamma R mediated phagocytosis. T cells follicular helper, monocytes, macrophages and mast cells might play an important role in Fusarium keratitis using analysis of immune infiltration. Finally, qPCR confirmed that the expression of HMOX1, CYBB, ALOX5 mRNA in the DON group was significantly elevated, while the expression of GPX2 were significantly decreased. Conclusions Ferroptosis may play an important role in Fusarium keratitis. HMOX1, CYBB, ALOX5 and GPX2 may be key ferroptosis-related genes in the pathogenesis of Fusarium keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingbo Teng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuewei Xiong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Sha
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yahui Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuyao Diao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Jingxiang Zhong, ; Lian Liu,
| | - Jingxiang Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Dongguan, China,*Correspondence: Jingxiang Zhong, ; Lian Liu,
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Li Y, Duan J, Xia H, Li Y, Shu B, Duan W. Macromolecules in polysorbate 80 for injection: an important cause of anaphylactoid reactions. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 23:52. [PMID: 35850712 PMCID: PMC9295270 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-022-00591-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysorbate 80 for injection (TW80) is a common excipient used for injection whose macromolecular impurities, including those that cause anaphylactoid reactions, are frequently ignored. The main aim of this study was to prove that the macromolecular impurities in the excipient are an important cause of anaphylactoid reactions. Component A (containing macromolecules > 100 kDa), Component B (containing macromolecules from 10 to 100 kDa), and Component C (containing substances < 10 kDa) were prepaired from the original TW80 using ultrafilters. The original TW80 contained numerous substances with molecular weights > 10kD. The original TW80 and Components A and B caused strong anaphylactoid reactions in both guinea pigs and rabbits by intravenous administration. Moreover, the original TW80 and Components A and B even caused strong passive cutaneous anaphylactoid (PCA) reactions and pulmonary capillary permeability. The PCA reaction and increased permeability were partly prevented by cromolyn sodium. Additionally, the original TW80 and Components A and B caused vasodilation and severe hemolysis in vitro. The anaphylactoid reactions were associated with histamine release but not with mast cell degranulation. Nevertheless, Component C almost caused no anaphylactoid reactions or hemolysis and was weaker in the few reactions that ocurred. Taken together, these results suggest that macromolecular substances are one of the main risk factors responsible for anaphylactoid reactions and hemolysis caused by TW80.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1076, Yuhua Rd., Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jinlian Duan
- School of Basic Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1076, Yuhua Rd., Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Heng Xia
- School of Basic Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1076, Yuhua Rd., Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yongkun Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1076, Yuhua Rd., Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Bin Shu
- Jiangsu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Nanjing Tech University, 30, South Puzhu Rd., Nanjing, 211899, China
| | - Weigang Duan
- School of Basic Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1076, Yuhua Rd., Kunming, 650500, China.
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Corneal stromal repair and regeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 91:101090. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Song P, Peng G, Yue H, Ogawa T, Ikeda S, Okumura K, Ogawa H, Niyonsaba F. Candidalysin, a Virulence Factor of Candida albicans, Stimulates Mast Cells by Mediating Cross-Talk Between Signaling Pathways Activated by the Dectin-1 Receptor and MAPKs. J Clin Immunol 2022; 42:1009-1025. [PMID: 35420364 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although mast cells (MCs) modulate the activity of effector cells during Candida albicans infection, their role in the pathogenesis of candidiasis remains unclear. Candidalysin, a C. albicans-derived peptide toxin, is a crucial factor in fungal infections. We aimed to investigate the effect of candidalysin on MC activation and the underlying molecular mechanism. METHODS Serum from candidalysin-immunized mice was used to measure candidalysin expression in patients infected with C. albicans. MC degranulation and migration were evaluated by β-hexosaminidase release assay and chemotaxis assay, respectively. EIA and ELISA were used to evaluate the production of eicosanoids and cytokines/chemokines, respectively. The production of nitric oxide (NO) was measured with a DAF-FM diacetate kit, while reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was analyzed by flow cytometry. MAPK activation was evaluated by Western blotting. RESULTS We detected high candidalysin expression in the lesions of patients infected with C. albicans, and the MC number was increased in these lesions. LL-37 colocalized with MCs in the lesions of candidiasis patients. Candidalysin-enhanced MC accumulation in mice and treating LAD2 and HMC-1 cells with candidalysin induced their degranulation, migration, and production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, eicosanoids, ROS, NO, and LL-37. Interestingly, C. albicans strains lacking candidalysin failed to induce MC activation. Moreover, candidalysin increased dectin-1 expression, and the inhibition of dectin-1 decreased MC activation. Downstream dectin-1 signaling involved the MAPK pathways. CONCLUSION The finding that candidalysin causes cutaneous MC activation may improve our understanding of the role of MCs in the pathology of cutaneous C. albicans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Song
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi, China
| | - Ge Peng
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hainan Yue
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takasuke Ogawa
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigaku Ikeda
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ko Okumura
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideoki Ogawa
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - François Niyonsaba
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
- Faculty of International Liberal Arts, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Do Mast Cells Contribute to the Antifungal Host Defense? Cells 2021; 10:cells10102510. [PMID: 34685489 PMCID: PMC8534142 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal kingdom includes a group of microorganisms that are widely distributed in the environment, and therefore the exposure to them is almost constant. Furthermore, fungal components of the microbiome, i.e., mycobiome, could serve as a reservoir of potentially opportunistic pathogens. Despite close encounters with fungi, defense mechanisms that develop during fungal infections remain unexplored. The strategic location of mast cells (MCs) close to the external environment places them among the first cells to encounter pathogens along with the other innate immune cells. MCs are directly involved in the host defense through the ability to destroy pathogens or indirectly by activating other immune cells. Most available data present MCs’ involvement in antibacterial, antiviral, or antiparasitic defense mechanisms. However, less is known about their contribution in defense mechanisms against fungi. MCs may support immune responses to fungi or their specific molecules through initiated degranulation, synthesis and release of cytokines, chemokines, mediators, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as immune cells’ recruitment, phagocytosis, or provision of extracellular DNA traps. This review summarizes current knowledge on host defense mechanisms against fungi and MCs’ involvement in those processes. It also describes the effects of fungi or fungus-derived constituents on MCs’ activity.
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Yang RB, Wu LP, Lu XX, Zhang C, Liu H, Huang Y, Jia Z, Gao YC, Zhao SZ. Immunologic mechanism of fungal keratitis. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:1100-1106. [PMID: 34282397 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.07.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal keratitis (FK) is a refractory disease that poses a serious threat to vision, with common risk factors like eye trauma, contact lens wearing, topical corticosteroids and antibiotic abuse. Nowadays, topical and systemic anti-fungal drugs and ocular surgeries are still the main therapeutic modalities. However, the pathogenesis of FK, especially the immunologic mechanism within it, has not yet been deeply clarified. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of FK is imperative for more effective therapies and prognosis. Meanwhile, the immune protection strategies are also urgently required to manage FK. This review highlights recent advances in the immunologic mechanism in the pathogenesis of FK, in hope of providing valuable reference information for more effective anti-fungal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Bo Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Li-Ping Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zhe Jia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yi-Chen Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Shao-Zhen Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
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Abstract
The cornea is a special interface between the internal ocular tissue and the external environment that provides a powerful chemical, physical, and biological barrier against the invasion of harmful substances and pathogenic microbes. This protective effect is determined by the unique anatomical structure and cellular composition of the cornea, especially its locally resident innate immune cells, such as Langerhans cells (LCs), mast cells (MCs), macrophages, γδ T lymphocytes, and innate lymphoid cells. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of these immune cells in terms of producing different cytokines and other growth factors in corneal homeostasis and its pathologic conditions. This review paper briefly describes the latest information on these resident immune cells by specifically analyzing research from our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Institute of Ophthalmology, and Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University Medical School, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Institute of Ophthalmology, and Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University Medical School, Guangzhou, China
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Peng L, Zhong J, Xiao Y, Wang B, Li S, Deng Y, He D, Yuan J. Therapeutic effects of an anti-IL-6 antibody in fungal keratitis: Macrophage inhibition and T cell subset regulation. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 85:106649. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Micera A, Jirsova K, Esposito G, Balzamino BO, Di Zazzo A, Bonini S. Mast Cells Populate the Corneoscleral Limbus: New Insights for Our Understanding of Limbal Microenvironment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:43. [PMID: 32207813 PMCID: PMC7401584 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.3.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Although stem cell activity represents a crucial feature in corneal and ocular surface homeostasis, other cells populating this region and the neighboring zones might participate and influence local microenvironment. Mast cells, the long-lived and tissue-sited immune cells, have been previously reported in corneoscleral specimens. Herein, mast cells were investigated in corneoscleral tissues and related to microenvironment protein expression. Methods Twenty-six (14 male/12 female; older than 60 years) human corneoscleral specimens were sectioned for light and fluorescent immunostaining (CD45, p63, Ck-3/7/12/19, tryptase/AA1, and chymase/CC1). Corneal, limbal, and conjunctival squares were produced for molecular and biochemical analysis. Statistical comparisons were carried out by ANOVA. Results Toluidine blue staining identified metachromatic intact or degranulated mast cells in the area below the palisades' Vogt (Ck-3/12-positive epithelium and underneath p63 immunoreactivity). Tryptase immunoreactivity was observed close to palisades' Vogt, whereas no specific signal was detected for chymase. Tryptase/AA1 transcripts were quantified in limbal and conjunctival RNA extracts, whereas no specific amplification was detected in corneal ones. Few mediators were overexpressed in limbal extracts with respect to corneal (Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), Intercellular adhesion molecule 3 (ICAM3), Brain-derived Neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophin 3 (NT3); P < 0.00083) and conjunctival (NCAM, ICAM3, and NT3; P < 0.05) protein extracts. A trend to an increase was observed for Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) in limbal extracts (P > 0.05). Conclusions The specific observation of tryptase phenotype and the interesting protein signature of microenvironment (adhesion molecules, growth factors, and neurotrophins), known to partake mast cell behavior, at least in other areas, would provide additional information to better understand this crucial zone in the framework of ocular surface healthiness.
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NR4A1 regulates cerebral ischemia-induced brain injury by regulating neuroinflammation through interaction with NF-κB/p65. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 518:59-65. [PMID: 31445702 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is reported as a leading cause of mortality and disability in the world. Neuroinflammation is significantly induced responding to ischemic stroke, and this process is accompanied with microglial activation. However, the pathogenesis contributing to ischemic stroke remains unclear. NR4A1 (Nur77) is a nuclear receptor that is expressed in macrophages, playing a significant role in regulating inflammatory response. In the present study, we attempted to explore the effects of NR4A1 on ischemic stroke using in vivo and in vitro studies. Results suggested that NR4A1 expression in microglia was markedly increased after cerebral ischemic damage. Then, we found that NR4A1 knockout attenuated ischemia-triggered infarction volume and neuron injury. Also, cognitive impairments were improved in ischemic mice with NR4A1 deficiency, resulting in functional improvements. Moreover, M1 polarization in microglia and neutrophil recruitment was significantly alleviated by NR4A1 deletion, as evidenced by the reduced expression of M1 markers, chemokines, as well as intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels. Importantly, we found that NR4A1 could interact with nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/p65 based on in vivo and in vitro results. Suppressing p65 activation by the use of its inhibitor clearly reduced the NR4A1 expression, M1 polarization and neutrophil recruitments, while rescued the expression of anti-inflammatory factors in microglia treated with oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Therefore, NR4A1 suppression in microglia restrained neuroinflammation through interacting with NF-κB/p65 to attenuate ischemic stroke.
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Alkanfari I, Freeman KB, Roy S, Jahan T, Scott RW, Ali H. Small-Molecule Host-Defense Peptide Mimetic Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents Activate Human and Mouse Mast Cells via Mas-Related GPCRs. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040311. [PMID: 30987258 PMCID: PMC6523814 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-defense peptides (HDPs) have an important therapeutic potential against microbial infections but their metabolic instability and cellular cytotoxicity have limited their utility. To overcome these limitations, we utilized five small-molecule, nonpeptide HDP mimetics (smHDPMs) and tested their effects on cytotoxicity, antimicrobial activity, and mast cell (MC) degranulation. None of the smHDPMs displayed cytotoxicity against mouse 3T3 fibroblasts or human transformed liver HepG2 cells. However, one compound had both antifungal and antibacterial activity. Surprisingly, all five compounds induced degranulation in a human MC line, LAD2, and this response was substantially reduced in Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-X2 (MRGPRX2)-silenced cells. Furthermore, all five compounds induced degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells expressing MRGPRX2 but this response was abolished in cells expressing naturally occurring loss-of-function missense variants G165E (rs141744602) and D184H (rs372988289). Mrgprb2 is the likely mouse ortholog of human MRGPRX2, which is expressed in connective tissue MCs (CTMCs) such as cutaneous and peritoneal MCs (PMCs). All five smHDPMs induced degranulation in wild-type PMCs but not in cells derived from Mrgprb2−/− mice. These findings suggest that smHDPMs could serve as novel targets for the treatment of drug-resistant fungal and bacterial infections because of their ability to harness CTMCs’ host defense functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Alkanfari
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Katie B Freeman
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA.
| | - Saptarshi Roy
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Tahsin Jahan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Richard W Scott
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA.
| | - Hydar Ali
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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