1
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Hernández-Rodríguez JF, Trachioti MG, Hrbac J, Rojas D, Escarpa A, Prodromidis MI. Spark-Discharge-Activated 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors. Anal Chem 2024; 96:10127-10133. [PMID: 38867513 PMCID: PMC11209655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
3D printing technology is a tremendously powerful technology to fabricate electrochemical sensing devices. However, current conductive filaments are not aimed at electrochemical applications and therefore require intense activation protocols to unleash a suitable electrochemical performance. Current activation methods based on (electro)chemical activation (using strong alkaline solutions and organic solvents and/or electrochemical treatments) or combined approaches are time-consuming and require hazardous chemicals and dedicated operator intervention. Here, pioneering spark-discharge-activated 3D-printed electrodes were developed and characterized, and it was demonstrated that their electrochemical performance was greatly improved by the effective removal of the thermoplastic support polylactic acid (PLA) as well as the formation of sponge-like and low-dimensional carbon nanostructures. This reagent-free approach consists of a direct, fast, and automatized spark discharge between the 3D-electrode and the respective graphite pencil electrode tip using a high-voltage power supply. Activated electrodes were challenged toward the simultaneous voltammetric determination of dopamine (DP) and serotonin (5-HT) in cell culture media. Spark discharge has been demonstrated as a promising approach for conductive filament activation as it is a fast, green (0.94 GREEnness Metric Approach), and automatized procedure that can be integrated into the 3D printing pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Hernández-Rodríguez
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28802, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria G. Trachioti
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45 110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Jan Hrbac
- Department
of Chemistry, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Rojas
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28802, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28802, Madrid, Spain
- Chemical
Research Institute “Andres M. Del Rio”, University of Alcalá, Alcalá
de Henares 28802, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Crapnell RD, Arantes IVS, Camargo JR, Bernalte E, Whittingham MJ, Janegitz BC, Paixão TRLC, Banks CE. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes/carbon black/rPLA for high-performance conductive additive manufacturing filament and the simultaneous detection of acetaminophen and phenylephrine. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:96. [PMID: 38225436 PMCID: PMC10789692 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The combination of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and carbon black (CB) is presented to produce a high-performance electrically conductive recycled additive manufacturing filament. The filament and subsequent additively manufactured electrodes were characterised by TGA, XPS, Raman, and SEM and showed excellent low-temperature flexibility. The MWCNT/CB filament exhibited an improved electrochemical performance compared to an identical in-house produced bespoke filament using only CB. A heterogeneous electrochemical rate constant, [Formula: see text] of 1.71 (± 0.19) × 10-3 cm s-1 was obtained, showing an almost six times improvement over the commonly used commercial conductive CB/PLA. The filament was successfully tested for the simultaneous determination of acetaminophen and phenylephrine, producing linear ranges of 5-60 and 5-200 μM, sensitivities of 0.05 μA μM-1 and 0.14 μA μM-1, and limits of detection of 0.04 μM and 0.38 μM, respectively. A print-at-home device is presented where a removable lid comprised of rPLA can be placed onto a drinking vessel and the working, counter, and reference components made from our bespoke MWCNT/CB filament. The print-at-home device was successfully used to determine both compounds within real pharmaceutical products, with recoveries between 87 and 120% over a range of three real samples. This work paves the way for fabricating new highly conductive filaments using a combination of carbon materials with different morphologies and physicochemical properties and their application to produce additively manufactured electrodes with greatly improved electrochemical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Crapnell
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Iana V S Arantes
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
- Departmento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Jéssica R Camargo
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
- Laboratory of Sensors, Nanomedicine and Nanostructured Materials, Federal University of São Carlos, Araras, 13600-970, Brazil
| | - Elena Bernalte
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Matthew J Whittingham
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Bruno C Janegitz
- Laboratory of Sensors, Nanomedicine and Nanostructured Materials, Federal University of São Carlos, Araras, 13600-970, Brazil
| | - Thiago R L C Paixão
- Departmento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Craig E Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
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3
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Ulkir O. Conductive Additive Manufactured Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Filaments: Statistical Approach to Mechanical and Electrical Behaviors. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2023; 10:1423-1438. [PMID: 38116220 PMCID: PMC10726190 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2022.0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing is a process in which digital three-dimensional (3D) design data are used to build a component in layers by accumulating materials. There are many materials used in additive manufacturing technology. The most basic features that distinguish these materials are their strength and electrical behavior. They can be strong or flexible, resistant to abrasion, depending on the application used. Recently, 3D printing filament and polymeric composite materials combined with carbon nanostructures with electrical conductivity have been used. In this study, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), a carbon black-filled conductive material with high strength and hardness, was preferred. The aim in this study is to focus on the mechanical and electrical behavior of the material processed in filament form. Fabrication of samples was done using a fused deposition modeling-based printer that controls filament orientation. Different experimental studies were conducted: (1) mechanical tests to determine the maximum tensile strength values of the samples; and (2) electrical tests to analyze the electrical resistances of the samples. In the design of the first experiment, infill volume, layer height, infill type, and printing direction were determined as factors affecting strength. In the design of the second experiment, the length, nozzle temperature, and measurement temperature were determined as the factors affecting the electrical resistance. Statistical analysis of the measured data was performed to evaluate the overall result of the experiments. Finally, a prediction model of real-time tensile strength and resistance values was created using machine learning algorithms. These algorithms are Gaussian Process Regression and Support Vector Machine. The results confirmed the known linear dependence of electrical resistance on the length of the 3D-printed conductive ABS samples and showed how changing the fabrication settings affected the strength values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Ulkir
- Department of Electric and Energy, Technical Sciences Vocational School, Mus Alparslan University, Mus, Turkey
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4
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Wang J, Curtin K, Valentine SJ, Li P. Unlocking the potential of 3D printed microfluidics for mass spectrometry analysis using liquid infused surfaces. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1279:341792. [PMID: 37827686 PMCID: PMC10570538 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Combining microfluidics with mass spectrometry (MS) analysis has great potential for enabling new analytical applications and simplifying existing MS workflows. The rapid development of 3D printing technology has enabled direct fabrication of microfluidic channels using consumer grade 3D printers, which holds great promise to facilitate the adoption of microfluidic devices by the MS community. However, photo polymerization-based 3D printed devices have an issue with chemical leeching, which can introduce contaminant molecules that may present as isobaric ions and/or severely suppress the ionization of target analytes when combined with MS analysis. Although extra cure and washing steps have alleviated the leeching issue, many such contaminant peaks can still show up in mass spectra. In this work, we report a simple surface modification strategy to isolate the chemical leachates from the channel solution thereby eliminating the contaminant peaks for MS analysis. The channel was prepared by fabricating a layer of polydimethylsiloxane graft followed by wetting the graft using silicone oil. The resulting liquid infused surface (LIS) showed significant reduction in contaminant peaks and improvement in the signal intensity of target analytes. The coating showed good stability after long-term usage (7 days) and long-term storage (∼6 months). Finally, the utility of the coating strategy was demonstrated by printing herringbone microfluidic mixers for studying fast reaction kinetics, which obtained comparable reaction rates to literature values. The effectiveness, simplicity, and stability of the present method will promote the adoption of 3D printed microdevices by the MS community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Kathrine Curtin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Stephen J Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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5
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Lamarca RS, Silva JP, Varoni Dos Santos JP, Ayala-Durán SC, de Lima Gomes PCF. Modular 3D-printed fluorometer/photometer for determination of iron(ii), caffeine, and ciprofloxacin in pharmaceutical samples. RSC Adv 2023; 13:12050-12058. [PMID: 37077256 PMCID: PMC10108832 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01281f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for the development of portable and low-cost analytical devices has encouraged studies employing additive manufacturing techniques, such as 3D-printing. This method can be used to produce components such as printed electrodes, photometers, and fluorometers for low-cost systems that provide advantages including low sample volume, reduced chemical waste, and easy coupling with LED-based optics and other instrumental devices. In the present work, a modular 3D-printed fluorometer/photometer was designed and applied for the determination of caffeine (CAF), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and Fe(ii) in pharmaceutical samples. All the plastic parts were printed separately by a 3D printer, using Tritan as the plastic material (black color). The final size of the modular 3D-printed device was 12 × 8 cm. The radiation sources were light-emitting diodes (LEDs), while a light dependent resistor (LDR) was used as a photodetector. The analytical curves obtained for the device were: y = 3.00 × 10-4 [CAF] + 1.00 and R 2 = 0.987 for caffeine; y = 6.90 × 10-3 [CIP] - 3.39 × 10-2 and R 2 = 0.991 for ciprofloxacin; and y = 1.12 × 10-1 [Fe(ii)] + 1.26 × 10-2 and R 2 = 0.998 for iron(ii). The results obtained using the developed device were compared with reference methods, with no statistically significant differences observed. The 3D-printed device was composed of moveable parts, providing flexibility for adaptation and application as a photometer or fluorometer, by only switching the photodetector position. The LED could also be easily switched, permitting application of the device for different purposes. The cost of the device, including the printing and electronic components, was lower than US$10. The use of 3D-printing enables the development of portable instruments for use in remote locations with a lack of research resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Silva Lamarca
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara São Paulo 14800-060 Brazil
| | - João Pedro Silva
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara São Paulo 14800-060 Brazil
| | - João Paulo Varoni Dos Santos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara São Paulo 14800-060 Brazil
| | - Saidy Cristina Ayala-Durán
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara São Paulo 14800-060 Brazil
| | - Paulo Clairmont Feitosa de Lima Gomes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara São Paulo 14800-060 Brazil
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6
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Veloso WB, Paixão TR, Meloni GN. 3D printed electrodes design and voltammetric response. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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7
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Hüner B, Demir N, Kaya MF. Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Performance of Ni-Co-Coated Graphene-Based 3D Printed Electrodes. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:5958-5974. [PMID: 36816706 PMCID: PMC9933213 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing has been a very promising topic in recent years for research and development studies and industrial applications. Its electrochemical applications are very popular due to the cost-effective rapid production from the environmentally friendly method. In this study, three-dimensional (3D) printed electrodes are prepared by Ni and Co coatings in different molar ratios. Different Ni/Co molar ratios (x:y) of the Ni/Co/x:y alloys are prepared as 1:1, 1:4, and 4:1 and they are named Ni/Co/1:1, Ni/Co/4:1, and Ni/Co/1:4, respectively. According to the results, when the 3D electrode samples are coated with Ni and Co at different molar ratios, the kinetic performance of the NiCo-coated 3D electrode samples for hydrogen evolution reaction is enhanced compared to that of the uncoated 3D electrode sample. The results indicate that the Ni/Co/1:4-coated 3D electrode has the highest kinetic activity for hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs). The calculated Tafel's slope and overpotential value (η10) for HER are determined as 164.65 mV/dec and 101.92 mV, respectively. Moreover, the Ni/Co/1:4-coated 3D electrode has an 81.2% higher current density than the other electrode. It is observed that the 3D printing of the electrochemical electrodes is very promising when they are coated with Ni-Co metals in different ratios. This study provides a new perspective on the use of 3D printed electrodes for high-performance water electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulut Hüner
- Erciyes
University, Engineering Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department,
Heat Engineering Division, 38039Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Energy
Systems Engineering Department, 38039Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Demir
- Erciyes
University, Engineering Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department,
Heat Engineering Division, 38039Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Fatih Kaya
- Erciyes
University, Engineering Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department,
Heat Engineering Division, 38039Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039Kayseri, Turkey
- BATARYASAN
Enerji ve San. Tic. Ltd. Şti.,
Yıldırım Beyazıt Mah., Aşık
Veysel Bul., ERÜ TGB Kuluçka Merkezi, No: 63/B, 38039Kayseri, Turkey
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8
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Shergill RS, Miller CL, Patel BA. Influence of instrument parameters on the electrochemical activity of 3D printed carbon thermoplastic electrodes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:339. [PMID: 36611084 PMCID: PMC9825385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27656-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
3D printing provides a reliable approach for the manufacture of carbon thermoplastic composite electrochemical sensors. Many studies have explored the impact of printing parameters on the electrochemical activity of carbon thermoplastic electrodes but limited is known about the influence of instrument parameters, which have been shown to alter the structure and mechanical strength of 3D printed thermoplastics. We explored the impact of extruder temperature, nozzle diameter and heated bed temperature on the electrochemical activity of carbon black/poly-lactic acid (CB/PLA) electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were conducted using standard redox probes. The electrode surface and cross-section of the electrode was visualised using scanning electron microscopy. We found that using extruder temperatures of 230 °C and 240 °C improved the electrochemical activity of CB/PLA electrodes, due to an increase in surface roughness and a reduction in the number of voids in-between print layers. Nozzle diameter, heated bed temperature of different 3D printers did not impact the electrochemical activity of CB/PLA electrodes. However high-end printers provide improved batch reproducibility of electrodes. These findings highlight the key instrument parameters that need to be considered when manufacturing carbon thermoplastic composite electrochemical sensors when using 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricoveer Singh Shergill
- School of Applied Sciences, Brighton, BN2 4GJ UK ,Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, Brighton, BN2 4GJ UK
| | - Chloe L. Miller
- School of Applied Sciences, Brighton, BN2 4GJ UK ,Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, Brighton, BN2 4GJ UK
| | - Bhavik Anil Patel
- School of Applied Sciences, Brighton, BN2 4GJ UK ,Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, Brighton, BN2 4GJ UK
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9
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Crapnell RD, Garcia-Miranda Ferrari A, Whittingham MJ, Sigley E, Hurst NJ, Keefe EM, Banks CE. Adjusting the Connection Length of Additively Manufactured Electrodes Changes the Electrochemical and Electroanalytical Performance. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22239521. [PMID: 36502222 PMCID: PMC9736051 DOI: 10.3390/s22239521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Changing the connection length of an additively manufactured electrode (AME) has a significant impact on the electrochemical and electroanalytical response of the system. In the literature, many electrochemical platforms have been produced using additive manufacturing with great variations in how the AME itself is described. It is seen that when measuring the near-ideal outer-sphere redox probe hexaamineruthenium (III) chloride (RuHex), decreasing the AME connection length enhances the heterogeneous electrochemical transfer (HET) rate constant (k0) for the system. At slow scan rates, there is a clear change in the peak-to-peak separation (ΔEp) observed in the RuHex voltammograms, with the ΔEp shifting from 118 ± 5 mV to 291 ± 27 mV for the 10 and 100 mm electrodes, respectively. For the electroanalytical determination of dopamine, no significant difference is noticed at low concentrations between 10- and 100-mm connection length AMEs. However, at concentrations of 1 mM dopamine, the peak oxidation is shifted to significantly higher potentials as the AME connection length is increased, with a shift of 150 mV measured. It is recommended that in future work, all AME dimensions, not just the working electrode head size, is reported along with the resistance measured through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to allow for appropriate comparisons with other reports in the literature. To produce the best additively manufactured electrochemical systems in the future, researchers should endeavor to use the shortest AME connection lengths that are viable for their designs.
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10
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Hüner B, Kıstı M, Uysal S, Uzgören İN, Özdoğan E, Süzen YO, Demir N, Kaya MF. An Overview of Various Additive Manufacturing Technologies and Materials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion Applications. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:40638-40658. [PMID: 36406513 PMCID: PMC9670698 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have many advantages, such as design flexibility, minimal waste, manufacturing of very complex structures, cheaper production, and rapid prototyping. This technology is widely used in many fields, including health, energy, art, design, aircraft, and automotive sectors. In the manufacturing process of 3D printed products, it is possible to produce different objects with distinctive filament and powder materials using various production technologies. AM covers several 3D printing techniques such as fused deposition modeling (FDM), inkjet printing, selective laser melting (SLM), and stereolithography (SLA). The present review provides an extensive overview of the recent progress in 3D printing methods for electrochemical fields. A detailed review of polymeric and metallic 3D printing materials and their corresponding printing methods for electrodes is also presented. Finally, this paper comprehensively discusses the main benefits and the drawbacks of electrode production from AM methods for energy conversion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulut Hüner
- Engineering
Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department, Heat Engineering Division, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Murat Kıstı
- Engineering
Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department, Heat Engineering Division, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Uysal
- Engineering
Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department, Heat Engineering Division, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- BATARYASAN
Enerji ve San. Tic. Ltd. Şti, Yıldırım
Beyazıt Mah., Aşık Veysel Bul., ERÜ TGB İdare ve Kuluçka 4, No: 67/3/11, Melikgazi, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - İlayda Nur Uzgören
- Engineering
Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department, Heat Engineering Division, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Emre Özdoğan
- Engineering
Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department, Heat Engineering Division, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- BATARYASAN
Enerji ve San. Tic. Ltd. Şti, Yıldırım
Beyazıt Mah., Aşık Veysel Bul., ERÜ TGB İdare ve Kuluçka 4, No: 67/3/11, Melikgazi, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Yakup Ogün Süzen
- Engineering
Faculty, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Demir
- Engineering
Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department, Heat Engineering Division, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Fatih Kaya
- Engineering
Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department, Heat Engineering Division, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- BATARYASAN
Enerji ve San. Tic. Ltd. Şti, Yıldırım
Beyazıt Mah., Aşık Veysel Bul., ERÜ TGB İdare ve Kuluçka 4, No: 67/3/11, Melikgazi, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
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11
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Printing parameters affect the electrochemical performance of 3D-printed carbon electrodes obtained by fused deposition modeling. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Grabe B, Hiller W. Molar Mass Distribution and Chemical Composition Distribution of PS- b-PMMA Block Copolymers Determined by Diffusion Ordered Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Grabe
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Wolf Hiller
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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13
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Shergill R, Patel BA. The Effects of Material Extrusion Printing Speed on the Electrochemical Activity of Carbon Black/Polylactic Acid Electrodes. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bhavik Anil Patel
- University of Brighton School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences Lewes Road BN2 4GJ Brighton UNITED KINGDOM
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14
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Printing Polymeric Convex Lenses to Boost the Sensitivity of a Graphene-Based UV Sensor. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153204. [PMID: 35956718 PMCID: PMC9370982 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) is widely used in daily life as well as in industrial manufacturing. In this study, a single-step postprocess to improve the sensitivity of a graphene-based UV sensor is studied. We leverage the advantage of electric-field-assisted on-demand printing, which is simply applicable for mounting functional polymers onto various structures. Here, the facile printing process creates optical plano-convex geometry by accelerating and colliding a highly viscous droplet on a micropatterned graphene channel. The printed transparent lens refracts UV rays. The concentrated UV photon energy from a wide field of view enhances the photodesorption of electron-hole pairs between the lens and the graphene sensor channel, which is coupled with a large change in resistance. As a result, the one-step post-treatment has about a 4× higher sensitivity compared to bare sensors without the lenses. We verify the applicability of printing and the boosting mechanism by variation of lens dimensions, a series of UV exposure tests, and optical simulation. Moreover, the method contributes to UV sensing in acute angle or low irradiation. In addition, the catalytic lens provides about a 9× higher recovery rate, where water molecules inside the PEI lens deliver fast reassembly of the electron-hole pairs. The presented method with an ultimately simple fabrication step is expected to be applied to academic research and prototyping, including optoelectronic sensors, energy devices, and advanced manufacturing processes.
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Mohd Sabee MMS, Ahmad Tajuddin NNI, Ku Ishak KM, Rusli A, Abdullah MK, Shafiq MD, Shuib RK, Abdul Hamid ZA. Comparison of physical and mechanical properties of biodegradable polybutylene adipate terephthalate, polycaprolactone, and poly(lactic acid) fabricated via fused deposition modeling and conventional molding. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Meer Saddiq Mohd Sabee
- Biomaterials Research Niche Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Pulau Pinang Malaysia
| | - Nurul Nabilah Izzah Ahmad Tajuddin
- Biomaterials Research Niche Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Pulau Pinang Malaysia
| | - Ku Marsila Ku Ishak
- Biomaterials Research Niche Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Pulau Pinang Malaysia
| | - Arjulizan Rusli
- Biomaterials Research Niche Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Pulau Pinang Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Khalil Abdullah
- Biomaterials Research Niche Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Pulau Pinang Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Danial Shafiq
- Biomaterials Research Niche Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Pulau Pinang Malaysia
| | - Raa Khimi Shuib
- Biomaterials Research Niche Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Pulau Pinang Malaysia
| | - Zuratul Ain Abdul Hamid
- Biomaterials Research Niche Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Pulau Pinang Malaysia
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Dettlaff A, Rycewicz M, Ficek M, Wieloszyńska A, Szala M, Ryl J, Bogdanowicz R. Conductive printable electrodes tuned by boron-doped nanodiamond foil additives for nitroexplosive detection. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:270. [PMID: 35789434 PMCID: PMC9255478 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05371-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient additive manufacturing-based composite material fabrication for electrochemical applications is reported. The composite is composed of commercially available graphene-doped polylactide acid (G-PLA) 3D printouts and surface-functionalized with nanocrystalline boron-doped diamond foil (NDF) additives. The NDFs were synthesized on a tantalum substrate and transferred to the 3D-printout surface at 200 °C. No other electrode activation treatment was necessary. Different configurations of low- and heavy-boron doping NDFs were evaluated. The electrode kinetics was analyzed using electrochemical procedures: cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The quasi-reversible electrochemical process was reported in each studied case. The studies allowed confirmation of the CV peak-to-peak separation of 63 mV and remarkably high heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant reaching 6.1 × 10−2 cm s−1 for 10 k ppm [B]/[C] thin NDF fitted topside at the G-PLA electrode. Differential pulse voltammetry was used for effective 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) detection at the studied electrodes with a 87 ppb limit of detection, and wide linearity range between peak current density and the analyte concentration (0.064 to 64 ppm of TNT). The reported electrode kinetic differences originate primarily from the boron-dopant concentration in the diamond and the various contents of the non-diamond carbon phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dettlaff
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland. .,Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Michał Rycewicz
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mateusz Ficek
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wieloszyńska
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mateusz Szala
- Military University of Technology, S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Ryl
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering and Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Robert Bogdanowicz
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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Stefano JS, Kalinke C, da Rocha RG, Rocha DP, da Silva VAOP, Bonacin JA, Angnes L, Richter EM, Janegitz BC, Muñoz RAA. Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors Enabled by Fused Deposition Modeling-Based 3D Printing: A Guide to Selecting Designs, Printing Parameters, and Post-Treatment Protocols. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6417-6429. [PMID: 35348329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The 3D printing (or additive manufacturing, AM) technology is capable to provide a quick and easy production of objects with freedom of design, reducing waste generation. Among the AM techniques, fused deposition modeling (FDM) has been highlighted due to its affordability, scalability, and possibility of processing an extensive range of materials (thermoplastics, composites, biobased materials, etc.). The possibility of obtaining electrochemical cells, arrays, pieces, and more recently, electrodes, exactly according to the demand, in varied shapes and sizes, and employing the desired materials has made from 3D printing technology an indispensable tool in electroanalysis. In this regard, the obtention of an FDM 3D printer has great advantages for electroanalytical laboratories, and its use is relatively simple. Some care has to be taken to aid the user to take advantage of the great potential of this technology, avoiding problems such as solution leakages, very common in 3D printed cells, providing well-sealed objects, with high quality. In this sense, herein, we present a complete protocol regarding the use of FDM 3D printers for the fabrication of complete electrochemical systems, including (bio)sensors, and how to improve the quality of the obtained systems. A guide from the initial printing stages, regarding the design and structure obtention, to the final application, including the improvement of obtained 3D printed electrodes for different purposes, is provided here. Thus, this protocol can provide great perspectives and alternatives for 3D printing in electroanalysis and aid the user to understand and solve several problems with the use of this technology in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Santos Stefano
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, 13600-970, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Kalinke
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 13083-859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Gomes da Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diego Pessoa Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, Federal Institute of Paraná, 85200-000, Pitanga, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Juliano Alves Bonacin
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 13083-859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lúcio Angnes
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Mathias Richter
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno Campos Janegitz
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, 13600-970, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
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Comparing electrochemical pre-treated 3D printed native and mechanically polished electrode surfaces for analytical sensing. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Additive Manufacturing of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic Composites: The Effect of Fiber Content on Compressive Properties. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs5120325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The additive manufacturing (AM) of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites continue to grow due to the attractive strength-to-weight and modulus-to-weight ratios afforded by the composites combined with the ease of processibility achievable through the AM technique. Short fiber design factors such as fiber content effects have been shown to play determinant roles in the mechanical performance of AM fabricated CFRP composites. However, this has only been investigated for tensile and flexural properties, with no investigations to date on compressive properties effects of fiber content. This study examined the axial and transverse compressive properties of AM fabricated CFRP composites by testing CF-ABS with fiber contents from 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% for samples printed in the axial and transverse build orientations, and for axial tensile in comparison to the axial compression properties. The results were that increasing carbon fiber content for the short-fiber thermoplastic CFRP composites slightly reduced compressive strength and modulus. However, it increased ductility and toughness. The 20% carbon fiber content provided the overall content with the most decent compressive properties for the 0–30% content studied. The AM fabricated composite demonstrates a generally higher compressive property than tensile property because of the higher plastic deformation ability which characterizes compression loaded parts, which were observed from the different failure modes.
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Rocha DP, Rocha RG, Castro SVF, Trindade MAG, Munoz RAA, Richter EM, Angnes L. Posttreatment of 3D‐printed surfaces for electrochemical applications: A critical review on proposed protocols. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diego P. Rocha
- Instituto de Química Universidade de São Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Raquel G. Rocha
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Uberlândia berlândia Brazil
| | | | - Magno A. G. Trindade
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados Dourados Brazil
- UNESP Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT‐DATREM) National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection Institute of Chemistry Araraquara Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo M. Richter
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Uberlândia berlândia Brazil
| | - Lucio Angnes
- Instituto de Química Universidade de São Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
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Abdalla A, Patel BA. 3D Printed Electrochemical Sensors. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2021; 14:47-63. [PMID: 33974807 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091120-093659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has recently emerged as a novel approach in the development of electrochemical sensors. This approach to fabrication has provided a tremendous opportunity to make complex geometries of electrodes at high precision. The most widely used approach for fabrication is fused deposition modeling; however, other approaches facilitate making smaller geometries or expanding the range of materials that can be printed. The generation of complete analytical devices, such as electrochemical flow cells, provides an example of the array of analytical tools that can be developed. This review highlights the fabrication, design, preparation, and applications of 3D printed electrochemical sensors. Such developments have begun to highlight the vast potential that 3D printed electrochemical sensors can have compared to other strategies in sensor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Abdalla
- Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom; ,
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Bhavik Anil Patel
- Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom; ,
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
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22
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Petroni JM, Neves MM, de Moraes NC, Bezerra da Silva RA, Ferreira VS, Lucca BG. Development of highly sensitive electrochemical sensor using new graphite/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene conductive composite and 3D printing-based alternative fabrication protocol. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1167:338566. [PMID: 34049626 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Here, a novel electrically conductive thermoplastic material composed of graphite/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (G/ABS) is reported for the first time. This material was explored on the production of 3D printing-based electrochemical sensors with enhanced sensitivity using a novel fabrication approach. The developed G/ABS electrodes showed lower charge transfer resistance (157 vs. 3279 Ω), higher electroactive area (0.61 vs. 0.19 cm2) and peak currents ca. 69% higher when compared with electrodes fabricated using carbon black/polylactic acid (CB/PLA) commercial filament, which has been widely explored in recent literature. Moreover, the G/ABS sensor provided satisfactory repeatability, reproducibility and stability (relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 1.14%, 6.81% and 10.62%, respectively). This improved performance can be attributed to the fabrication protocol developed here, which allows the incorporation of greater amounts of conductive material in the polymeric matrix. The G/ABS electrode also required a simpler and quicker protocol for activation when compared to CB/PLA. As proof of concept, the G/ABS sensor was employed for electroanalytical quantification of paracetamol (PAR) in pharmaceutical products. The linear concentration range was observed from 0.20 to 30 μmol L-1 and the limit of detection achieved was 54 nmol L-1, much lower than several recent studies dealing with the same analyte. The sensitivity of the G/ABS electrode regarding PAR was also far better when compared to CB/PLA sensor (0.50 μA/μmol L-1 vs. 0.12 μA/μmol L-1). Analyses in commercial pill samples showed good accuracy (recoveries ca. 108%) and precision (RSDs < 5%), suggesting great potential for use of this novel conductive thermoplastic in electroanalytical applications based on 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matheus Meneguel Neves
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil
| | | | | | - Valdir Souza Ferreira
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gabriel Lucca
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil.
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Omar MH, Razak KA, Ab Wahab MN, Hamzah HH. Recent progress of conductive 3D-printed electrodes based upon polymers/carbon nanomaterials using a fused deposition modelling (FDM) method as emerging electrochemical sensing devices. RSC Adv 2021; 11:16557-16571. [PMID: 35479129 PMCID: PMC9031910 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01987b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
3D-printing or additive manufacturing is presently an emerging technology in the fourth industrial revolution that promises to reshape traditional manufacturing processes. The electrochemistry field can undoubtedly take advantage of this technology to fabricate electrodes to create a new generation of electrode sensor devices that could replace conventionally manufactured electrodes; glassy carbon, screen-printed carbon and carbon composite electrodes. In the electrochemistry research area, studies to date show that there is a demand for electrically 3D printable conductive polymer/carbon nanomaterial filaments where these materials can be printed out through an extrusion process based upon the fused deposition modelling (FDM) method. FDM could be used to manufacture novel electrochemical 3D printed electrode sensing devices for electrochemical sensor and biosensor applications. This is due to the FDM method being the most affordable 3D printing technique since conductive and non-conductive thermoplastic filaments are commercially available. Therefore, in this minireview, we focus on only the most outstanding studies that have been published since 2018. We believe this to be a highly-valuable research area to the scientific community, both in academia and industry, to enable novel ideas, materials, designs and methods relating to electroanalytical sensing devices to be generated. This approach has the potential to create a new generation of electrochemical sensing devices based upon additive manufacturing. This minireview also provides insight into how the research community could improve the electrochemical performance of 3D-printed electrodes to significantly increase the sensitivity of the 3D-printed electrodes as electrode sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Huzaifah Omar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) 11800 Gelugor Penang Malaysia
| | - Khairunisak Abdul Razak
- Nanobiotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Gelugor Penang Malaysia
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia 14300 Nibong Tebal Penang Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nadhir Ab Wahab
- School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Gelugor Penang Malaysia
| | - Hairul Hisham Hamzah
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) 11800 Gelugor Penang Malaysia
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Ambaye AD, Kefeni KK, Mishra SB, Nxumalo EN, Ntsendwana B. Recent developments in nanotechnology-based printing electrode systems for electrochemical sensors. Talanta 2021; 225:121951. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Sibug-Torres SM, Go LP, Castillo VCG, Pauco JLR, Enriquez EP. Fully integrated 3D-printed electrochemical cell with a modified inkjet-printed Ag electrode for voltammetric nitrate analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1160:338430. [PMID: 33894964 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
To address the need for low-cost analytical tools for on-site aquaculture water quality monitoring, miniaturized electrochemical sensor systems can be readily fabricated using additive manufacturing technologies such as 3D printing and inkjet printing. In this work, we report the design and fabrication of an additively manufactured electrochemical platform featuring a reusable 3D-printed electrochemical cell with integrated reference and counter electrodes, and a replaceable inkjet-printed Ag (IJP-Ag) working electrode. The electrochemical cell was 3D-printed with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filament and features a 3D-printed ABS-carbon counter electrode and a Ag|AgCl|gel-KCl reference electrode with a 3D-printed porous junction directly integrated along the sides of the sample compartment. The application of the integrated cell is demonstrated with the analysis of nitrate ions on the IJP-Ag electrode, which was modified with electrodeposited nanostructured Ag to enhance sensitivity to nitrate reduction. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) was successfully applied to detect nitrate with a LOD of 1.40 ppm and a sensitivity of 0.2086 μA ppm-1 in a background of artificial brackish aquaculture water (pH 8.0). The sensor response showed intra- and inter-electrode reproducibility and no significant interferences to most of the commonly encountered cations and anions in brackish water. The electrochemical sensor system was also applied to nitrate determination in real aquaculture water samples and demonstrated no significant differences with the results obtained using the standard spectrophotometric method at a 95% confidence level. Our results show how additive manufacturing is a promising approach to readily fabricate fit-for-purpose, low-cost miniaturized electrochemical sensor systems for point-of-use applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lance P Go
- Department of Chemistry, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
| | | | - Jiena Lynne R Pauco
- Department of Chemistry, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
| | - Erwin P Enriquez
- Department of Chemistry, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines.
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How normalisation factors influence the interpretations of 3D-printed sensors for electroanalysis. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Recycling Chocolate Aluminum Wrapping Foil as to Create Electrochemical Metal Strip Electrodes. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 26:molecules26010021. [PMID: 33374496 PMCID: PMC7793067 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of low-cost electrode devices from conductive materials has recently attracted considerable attention as a sustainable means to replace the existing commercially available electrodes. In this study, two different electrode surfaces (surfaces 1 and 2, denoted as S1 and S2) were fabricated from chocolate wrapping aluminum foils. Energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were used to investigate the elemental composition and surface morphology of the prepared electrodes. Meanwhile, cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were used to assess the electrical conductivities and the electrochemical activities of the prepared electrodes. It was found that the fabricated electrode strips, particularly the S1 electrode, showed good electrochemical responses and conductivity properties in phosphate buffer (PB) solutions. Interestingly, both of the electrodes can respond to the ruthenium hexamine (Ruhex) redox species. The fundamental results presented from this study indicate that this electrode material can be an inexpensive alternative for the electrode substrate. Overall, our findings indicate that electrodes made from chocolate wrapping materials have promise as electrochemical sensors and can be utilized in various applications.
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3D-printed electrode as a new platform for electrochemical immunosensors for virus detection. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1147:30-37. [PMID: 33485583 PMCID: PMC7997732 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple, low-cost, and sensitive new platforms for electrochemical immunosensors for virus detection have been attracted attention due to the recent pandemic caused by a new type of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). In the present work, we report for the first time the construction of an immunosensor using a commercial 3D conductive filament of carbon black and polylactic acid (PLA) to detect Hantavirus Araucaria nucleoprotein (Np) as a proof-of-concept. The recognition biomolecule was anchored directly at the filament surface by using N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride and N-Hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS). Conductive and non-conductive composites of PLA were characterized using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), revealing around 30% w/w of carbon in the filament. Morphological features of composites were obtained from SEM and TEM measurements. FTIR measurement revealed that crosslinking agents were covalently bonded at the filament surface. Electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used for the evaluation of each step involved in the construction of the proposed immunosensor. The results showed the potentiality of the device for the quantitative detection of Hantavirus Araucaria nucleoprotein (Np) from 30 μg mL-1 to 240 μg mL-1 with a limit of detection of 22 μg mL-1. Also, the proposed immunosensor was applied with success for virus detection in 100x diluted human serum samples. Therefore, the PLA conductive filament with carbon black is a simple and excellent platform for immunosensing, which offers naturally carboxylic groups able to anchor covalently biomolecules.
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Rabboh FM, O'Neil GD. Voltammetric pH Measurements in Unadulterated Foodstuffs, Urine, and Serum with 3D-Printed Graphene/Poly(Lactic Acid) Electrodes. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14999-15006. [PMID: 33140638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The pH of a system is a critical descriptor of its chemistry-impacting reaction rates, solubility, chemical speciation, and homeostasis. As a result, pH is one of the most commonly measured parameters in food safety, clinical, and environmental laboratories. Glass pH probes are the gold standard for pH measurements but suffer drawbacks including frequent recalibration, wet storage of the glass membrane, difficulty in miniaturization, and interferences from alkali metals. In this work, we describe a voltammetric pH sensor that uses a three-dimensional (3D)-printed graphene/poly(lactic acid) filament electrode that is pretreated to introduce quinone functional groups to the graphene surface. After thoroughly characterizing the pretreatment parameters using outer-sphere and inner-sphere redox couples, we measured pH by reducing the surface-bound quinones, which undergo a pH-dependent 2e-/2H+ reduction. The position of the redox peak was found to shift -60 ± 2 mV pH-1 at 25 °C, which is in excellent agreement with the theoretical value predicted by the Nernst Equation (-59.2 mV pH-1). Importantly, the sensors did not require the removal of dissolved oxygen prior to successful pH measurements. We investigated the impact of common interfering species (Pb2+ and Cu2+) and found that there was no impact on the measured pH. We subsequently challenged the sensors to measure the pH of unadulterated complex samples, including cola, vinegar, an antacid tablet slurry, serum, and urine, and obtained excellent agreement compared to a glass pH electrode. In addition to the positive analytical characteristics, the sensors are extremely cheap and easy to fabricate, making them highly accessible to a wide range of researchers. These results pave the way for customizable pH sensors that can be fabricated in (nearly) any geometry for targeted applications using 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakher M Rabboh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
| | - Glen D O'Neil
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
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Bilal M, Sakairi M. 3D printed solution flow type microdroplet cell for simultaneous area selective anodizing. J Adv Res 2020; 26:43-51. [PMID: 33133682 PMCID: PMC7584678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent advancements in 3D printing technology allow us to design and fabricate customized droplets cells for localized electrochemical patterning. OBJECTIVES In this study, 3D printed solution-flow type microdroplet cell (Sf-MDC) is proposed for localized anodizing of two different regions on Al surface. The effect of printing orientation on 3D printing parameters is elucidated to minimize the resin consumption, printing time and material wastage. The capability of Sf-MDC to fabricate porous alumina patterns with adjustable pore size and thickness is explored by varying the length of Pt wire inside each capillary. METHODS The Sf-MDC was optimally fabricated using 3D printer at the highest possible resolution. The Al specimens were electropolished in 13.6 kmolm-3 CH3COOH/2.56 kmolm-3 HClO4 at 278 K and 28 V for 145 s. 0.22 kmolm-3 oxalic acid (COOH)2 solution was prepared for anodizing. The specimen was set on pulse-XYZ stage controller and anodized (at 50 V and 323 K) using the Sf-MDC. RESULTS Anodizing with Sf-MDC resulted in the formation of two uniformly sized porous alumina lines on the specimen. Porous alumina lines exhibited similar pore geometry, interpore distance and pores arrangement, suggesting uniform supply of current to both the droplets. Layered-type cross-sectional structure with each layer having a thickness of 2.7 mm was formed for both the porous alumina lines. By varying the length of Pt wire inside each capillary, porous alumina lines with different porous structure and oxide thickness were simultaneously fabricated. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous anodizing with Sf-MDC can be applied for fast fabrication of porous alumina filters with different porous structure and for various patterning applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita-13, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Sakairi
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita-13, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
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Abdalla A, Hamzah H, Keattch O, Covill D, Patel B. Augmentation of conductive pathways in carbon black/PLA 3D-printed electrodes achieved through varying printing parameters. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zhang H, Huang J, Liu C, Ma Y, Han Y, Xu T, Lu J, Fang H. Fabricating Pyramidal Lattice Structures of 304 L Stainless Steel by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13163482. [PMID: 32784577 PMCID: PMC7476017 DOI: 10.3390/ma13163482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lattice structures have drawn considerable attention due to their superior mechanical properties. However, the existing fabrication methods for lattice structures require complex procedures, as they have low material utilization and lead to unreliable node connections, which greatly restricts their application. In this work, wire arc additive manufacturing is used to fabricate large-scale lattice structures efficiently, without any air holes between rods and panels. The principle and the process of fabricating the rods were analyzed systematically. The influence of the two most important parameters, including heat input and preset layer height, is disclosed. Through optical microscopy, the microstructure of the fabricated steel rods is found to consist of dendritic austenite and skeletal ferrite. The tensile strength of the rods can reach 603 MPa, and their elongation reaches 77%. These experimental results demonstrated the feasibility of fabricating lattice structures using wire arc additive manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haorui Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.Z.); (J.H.); (C.L.); (T.X.); (J.L.); (H.F.)
| | - Junjin Huang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.Z.); (J.H.); (C.L.); (T.X.); (J.L.); (H.F.)
| | - Changmeng Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.Z.); (J.H.); (C.L.); (T.X.); (J.L.); (H.F.)
| | - Yongsheng Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2H5, Canada;
| | - Yafeng Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.Z.); (J.H.); (C.L.); (T.X.); (J.L.); (H.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6891-5097
| | - Tianqiu Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.Z.); (J.H.); (C.L.); (T.X.); (J.L.); (H.F.)
| | - Jiping Lu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.Z.); (J.H.); (C.L.); (T.X.); (J.L.); (H.F.)
| | - Hongli Fang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.Z.); (J.H.); (C.L.); (T.X.); (J.L.); (H.F.)
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Egorov V, Gulzar U, Zhang Y, Breen S, O'Dwyer C. Evolution of 3D Printing Methods and Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2000556. [PMID: 32510631 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing has revolutionized the building of materials, and 3D-printing has become a useful tool for complex electrode assembly for batteries and supercapacitors. The field initially grew from extrusion-based methods and quickly evolved to photopolymerization printing, while supercapacitor technologies less sensitive to solvents more often involved material jetting processes. The need to develop higher-resolution multimaterial printers is borne out in the performance data of recent 3D printed electrochemical energy storage devices. Underpinning every part of a 3D-printable battery are the printing method and the feed material. These influence material purity, printing fidelity, accuracy, complexity, and the ability to form conductive, ceramic, or solvent-stable materials. The future of 3D-printable batteries and electrochemical energy storage devices is reliant on materials and printing methods that are co-operatively informed by device design. Herein, the material and method requirements in 3D-printable batteries and supercapacitors are addressed and requirements for the future of the field are outlined by linking existing performance limitations to requirements for printable energy-storage materials, casings, and direct printing of electrodes and electrolytes. A guide to materials and printing method choice best suited for alternative-form-factor energy-storage devices to be designed and integrated into the devices they power is thus provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Egorov
- School of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Umair Gulzar
- School of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Siobhán Breen
- School of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Colm O'Dwyer
- School of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
- Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings, Cork, T12 R5CP, Ireland
- AMBER@CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork, T23 XE10, Ireland
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Cardoso RM, Kalinke C, Rocha RG, dos Santos PL, Rocha DP, Oliveira PR, Janegitz BC, Bonacin JA, Richter EM, Munoz RA. Additive-manufactured (3D-printed) electrochemical sensors: A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1118:73-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Additive-manufactured sensors for biofuel analysis: copper determination in bioethanol using a 3D-printed carbon black/polylactic electrode. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:2755-2762. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02513-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Rocha DP, Squissato AL, da Silva SM, Richter EM, Munoz RA. Improved electrochemical detection of metals in biological samples using 3D-printed electrode: Chemical/electrochemical treatment exposes carbon-black conductive sites. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Walters JG, Ahmed S, Terrero Rodríguez IM, O'Neil GD. Trace Analysis of Heavy Metals (Cd, Pb, Hg) Using Native and Modified 3D Printed Graphene/Poly(Lactic Acid) Composite Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John G. Walters
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryMontclair State University Montclair NJ 07043 United States of America
| | - Shakir Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryMontclair State University Montclair NJ 07043 United States of America
| | - Irina M. Terrero Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryMontclair State University Montclair NJ 07043 United States of America
| | - Glen D. O'Neil
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryMontclair State University Montclair NJ 07043 United States of America
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Wong A, Santos AM, Cincotto FH, Moraes FC, Fatibello-Filho O, Sotomayor MD. A new electrochemical platform based on low cost nanomaterials for sensitive detection of the amoxicillin antibiotic in different matrices. Talanta 2020; 206:120252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Richter EM, Rocha DP, Cardoso RM, Keefe EM, Foster CW, Munoz RAA, Banks CE. Complete Additively Manufactured (3D-Printed) Electrochemical Sensing Platform. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12844-12851. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo M. Richter
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, United Kingdom
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, 38400-902, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diego P. Rocha
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, United Kingdom
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, 38400-902, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael M. Cardoso
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, 38400-902, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edmund M. Keefe
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher W. Foster
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Rodrigo A. A. Munoz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, 38400-902, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Craig E. Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, United Kingdom
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Marketing Innovations in Industry 4.0 and Their Impacts on Current Enterprises. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9183685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper discussed the marketing innovations associated with Industry 4.0 and the effects that these innovative approaches cause. The main aim of the research was to discover the relationship between marketing innovations and their effects. Knowledge of this relationship can be used for the strategic planning of industrial companies in practice. The research methodology consisted of pilot research followed by primary research in industrial enterprises. The data were evaluated by descriptive statistics, statistical hypothesis, and correlation analysis. Through the research, the authors identified the importance of 17 innovative marketing tools and the strength of the use of 11 effects resulting from the implementation of these tools. The authors identified the relationships between tools and their implications in Industry 4.0 where a correlation was demonstrated. A list of 11 strategic objectives was created and, subsequently, a specific marketing mix proposal for each objective consisting of innovative marketing tools was as well. The results of this work enable enterprises involved in Industry 4.0 to better plan.
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Katseli V, Economou A, Kokkinos C. Single-step fabrication of an integrated 3D-printed device for electrochemical sensing applications. Electrochem commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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O'Neil GD, Ahmed S, Halloran K, Janusz JN, Rodríguez A, Terrero Rodríguez IM. Single-step fabrication of electrochemical flow cells utilizing multi-material 3D printing. Electrochem commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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3D printable conductive materials for the fabrication of electrochemical sensors: A mini review. Electrochem commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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