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Vitucci ECM, Simmons AE, Martin EM, McCullough SD. Epithelial MAPK signaling directs endothelial NRF2 signaling and IL-8 secretion in a tri-culture model of the alveolar-microvascular interface following diesel exhaust particulate (DEP) exposure. Part Fibre Toxicol 2024; 21:15. [PMID: 38468337 PMCID: PMC10926573 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-024-00576-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) deposition in the lung's alveolar capillary region (ACR) is significantly associated with respiratory disease development, yet the molecular mechanisms are not completely understood. Adverse responses that promote respiratory disease development involve orchestrated, intercellular signaling between multiple cell types within the ACR. We investigated the molecular mechanisms elicited in response to PM2.5 deposition in the ACR, in an in vitro model that enables intercellular communication between multiple resident cell types of the ACR. METHODS An in vitro, tri-culture model of the ACR, incorporating alveolar-like epithelial cells (NCI-H441), pulmonary fibroblasts (IMR90), and pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HULEC) was developed to investigate cell type-specific molecular responses to a PM2.5 exposure in an in-vivo-like model. This tri-culture in vitro model was termed the alveolar capillary region exposure (ACRE) model. Alveolar epithelial cells in the ACRE model were exposed to a suspension of diesel exhaust particulates (DEP) (20 µg/cm2) with an average diameter of 2.5 µm. Alveolar epithelial barrier formation, and transcriptional and protein expression alterations in the directly exposed alveolar epithelial and the underlying endothelial cells were investigated over a 24 h DEP exposure. RESULTS Alveolar epithelial barrier formation was not perturbed by the 24 h DEP exposure. Despite no alteration in barrier formation, we demonstrate that alveolar epithelial DEP exposure induces transcriptional and protein changes in both the alveolar epithelial cells and the underlying microvascular endothelial cells. Specifically, we show that the underlying microvascular endothelial cells develop redox dysfunction and increase proinflammatory cytokine secretion. Furthermore, we demonstrate that alveolar epithelial MAPK signaling modulates the activation of NRF2 and IL-8 secretion in the underlying microvascular endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Endothelial redox dysfunction and increased proinflammatory cytokine secretion are two common events in respiratory disease development. These findings highlight new, cell-type specific roles of the alveolar epithelium and microvascular endothelium in the ACR in respiratory disease development following PM2.5 exposure. Ultimately, these data expand our current understanding of respiratory disease development following particle exposures and illustrate the utility of multicellular in vitro systems for investigating respiratory tract health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva C M Vitucci
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Curriculum in Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- The Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alysha E Simmons
- Curriculum in Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Martin
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shaun D McCullough
- Exposure and Protection, RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, Durham, NC, USA.
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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2
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Mallek NM, Martin EM, Dailey LA, McCullough SD. Liquid application dosing alters the physiology of air-liquid interface (ALI) primary human bronchial epithelial cell/lung fibroblast co-cultures and in vitro testing relevant endpoints. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2024; 5:1264331. [PMID: 38464699 PMCID: PMC10922929 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1264331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Differentiated primary human bronchial epithelial cell (dpHBEC) cultures grown under air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions exhibit key features of the human respiratory tract and are thus critical for respiratory research as well as efficacy and toxicity testing of inhaled substances (e.g., consumer products, industrial chemicals, and pharmaceuticals). Many inhalable substances (e.g., particles, aerosols, hydrophobic substances, reactive substances) have physiochemical properties that challenge their evaluation under ALI conditions in vitro. Evaluation of the effects of these methodologically challenging chemicals (MCCs) in vitro is typically conducted by "liquid application," involving the direct application of a solution containing the test substance to the apical, air-exposed surface of dpHBEC-ALI cultures. We report that the application of liquid to the apical surface of a dpHBEC-ALI co-culture model results in significant reprogramming of the dpHBEC transcriptome and biological pathway activity, alternative regulation of cellular signaling pathways, increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors, and decreased epithelial barrier integrity. Given the prevalence of liquid application in the delivery of test substances to ALI systems, understanding its effects provides critical infrastructure for the use of in vitro systems in respiratory research as well as in the safety and efficacy testing of inhalable substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M. Mallek
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Martin
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Lisa A. Dailey
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Shaun D. McCullough
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Exposure and Protection, RTI International, Durham, NC, United States
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3
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Bowers EC, Cavalcante AM, Nguyen K, Li C, Wang Y, El-Zein R, Chen SH, Kim MP, McKay BS, Ramos KS. Long Interspersed Nuclear Element-1 Analytes in Extracellular Vesicles as Tools for Molecular Diagnostics of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1169. [PMID: 38256242 PMCID: PMC10816871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of the oncogenic retrotransposon LINE-1 is a hallmark of various cancer types, including non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Here, we present proof-of-principle evidence that LINE-1 analytes in extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve as tools for molecular diagnostics of NSCLC, with LINE-1 status in tumor cells and tissues mirroring the LINE-1 mRNA and ORF1p cargos of EVs from lung cancer cell culture conditioned media or human plasma. The levels of LINE-1 analytes in plasma EVs from ostensibly healthy individuals were higher in females than males. While the profiles of LINE-1 mRNA and ORF1p in African Americans compared to Hispanics were not significantly different, African Americans showed slightly higher ORF1p content, and 2-3 times greater ranges of LINE-1 values compared to Hispanics. Whole plasma ORF1p levels correlated with EV ORF1p levels, indicating that most of the circulating LINE-1 protein is contained within EVs. EV LINE-1 mRNA levels were elevated in patients with advanced cancer stages and in select patients with squamous cell carcinoma and metastatic tumors compared to adenocarcinomas. The observed EV LINE-1 mRNA profiles paralleled the patterns of ORF1p expression in NSCLC tissue sections suggesting that LINE-1 analytes in plasma EVs may serve to monitor the activity of LINE-1 retroelements in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C. Bowers
- Texas A&M Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (E.C.B.); (C.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Alexandre M. Cavalcante
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine—Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - Kimberly Nguyen
- Texas A&M Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (E.C.B.); (C.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Can Li
- Texas A&M Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (E.C.B.); (C.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yingshan Wang
- Texas A&M Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (E.C.B.); (C.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Randa El-Zein
- Houston Methodist Hospital Cancer Center and the Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.E.-Z.); (S.-H.C.)
| | - Shu-Hsia Chen
- Houston Methodist Hospital Cancer Center and the Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.E.-Z.); (S.-H.C.)
| | - Min P. Kim
- Houston Methodist Hospital Cancer Center and the Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.E.-Z.); (S.-H.C.)
| | - Brian S. McKay
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arizona College of Medicine—Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - Kenneth S. Ramos
- Texas A&M Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (E.C.B.); (C.L.); (Y.W.)
- Houston Methodist Hospital Cancer Center and the Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.E.-Z.); (S.-H.C.)
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4
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Mallek NM, Martin EM, Dailey LA, McCullough SD. Liquid Application Dosing Alters the Physiology of Air-Liquid Interface Primary Bronchial Epithelial Cultures and In vitro Testing Relevant Endpoints. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2570280. [PMID: 36865279 PMCID: PMC9980280 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2570280/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Differentiated Primary human bronchial epithelial cell (dpHBEC) cultures grown under air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions exhibit key features of the human respiratory tract and are thus critical for respiratory research as well as efficacy and toxicity testing of inhaled substances (e.g., consumer products, industrial chemicals, and pharmaceuticals). Many inhalable substances (e.g., particles, aerosols, hydrophobic substances, reactive substances) have physiochemical properties that challenge their evaluation under ALI conditions in vitro. Evaluation of the effects of these methodologically challenging chemicals (MCCs) in vitro is typically conducted by "liquid application," involving the direct application of a solution containing the test substance to the apical, air-exposed surface of dpHBEC-ALI cultures. We report that the application of liquid to the apical surface of a dpHBEC-ALI co-culture model results in significant reprogramming of the dpHBEC transcriptome and biological pathway activity, alternative regulation of cellular signaling pathways, increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors, and decreased epithelial barrier integrity. Given the prevalence of liquid application in the delivery of test substances to ALI systems, understanding its effects provides critical infrastructure for the use of in vitro systems in respiratory research as well as in the safety and efficacy testing of inhalable substances.
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5
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Downregulation of IL-8 and IL-10 by the Activation of Ca2+-Activated K+ Channel KCa3.1 in THP-1-Derived M2 Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158603. [PMID: 35955737 PMCID: PMC9368915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
THP-1-differentiated macrophages are useful for investigating the physiological significance of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). In the tumor microenvironment (TME), TAMs with the M2-like phenotype play a critical role in promoting cancer progression and metastasis by inhibiting the immune surveillance system. We examined the involvement of Ca2+-activated K+ channel KCa3.1 in TAMs in expressing pro-tumorigenic cytokines and angiogenic growth factors. In THP-1-derived M2 macrophages, the expression levels of IL-8 and IL-10 were significantly decreased by treatment with the selective KCa3.1 activator, SKA-121, without changes in those of VEGF and TGF-β1. Furthermore, under in vitro experimental conditions that mimic extracellular K+ levels in the TME, IL-8 and IL-10 levels were both significantly elevated, and these increases were reversed by combined treatment with SKA-121. Among several signaling pathways potentially involved in the transcriptional regulation of IL-8 and IL-10, respective treatments with ERK and JNK inhibitors significantly repressed their transcriptions, and treatment with SKA-121 significantly reduced the phosphorylated ERK, JNK, c-Jun, and CREB levels. These results strongly suggest that the KCa3.1 activator may suppress IL-10-induced tumor immune surveillance escape and IL-8-induced tumorigenicity and metastasis by inhibiting their production from TAMs through ERK-CREB and JNK-c-Jun cascades.
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6
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Bowers EC, Motta A, Knox K, McKay BS, Ramos KS. LINE-1 Cargo and Reverse Transcriptase Activity Profiles in Extracellular Vesicles from Lung Cancer Cells and Human Plasma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073461. [PMID: 35408821 PMCID: PMC8998977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Long Interspersed Element-1 (LINE-1) is an oncogenic human retrotransposon that ‘copies and pastes’ DNA into new locations via reverse transcription. Given that enzymatically active LINE-1 can be exported in extracellular vesicles (EVs), and that LINE-1 mRNA and its two encoded proteins, ORF1p and ORF2p, are required for retrotransposition, the present study examined LINE-1 EV loading patterns relative to reverse transcriptase (RT) activity in vivo and in vitro. Density gradient ultracentrifugation identified conserved patterns of LINE-1 mRNA and protein distribution in EVs, with RT activity readily detected in EV fractions containing both LINE-1 mRNA and protein. Unlike whole cell and tissue lysates, the ORF1p in EVs was detected as a dimer. EVs from ostensibly healthy plasma donors showed variable but consistent ORF1p profiles, with residual levels of LINE-1 mRNA measured in some but not all samples. EVs from cancer cell lines had elevated mean LINE-1 levels and 5–85 times greater RT activity than EVs from normal cells or healthy plasma. EV RT activity was associated with EV LINE-1 mRNA content and was highest in cell lines that also expressed an elevated expression of ORF1p and ORF2p. Given that LINE-1 activation is a hallmark of many cancer types, our findings suggest that an EV LINE-1 ‘liquid biopsy’ may be developed to monitor LINE-1 activity during the course of malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C. Bowers
- Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, Texas A&M Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Alexandre Motta
- University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
| | - Ken Knox
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
| | - Brian S. McKay
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
| | - Kenneth S. Ramos
- Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, Texas A&M Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-713-677-7760
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7
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Bowers EC, Martin EM, Jarabek AM, Morgan DS, Smith HJ, Dailey LA, Aungst ER, Diaz-Sanchez D, McCullough SD. Ozone Responsive Gene Expression as a Model for Describing Repeat Exposure Response Trajectories and Interindividual Toxicodynamic Variability In Vitro. Toxicol Sci 2021; 185:38-49. [PMID: 34718810 PMCID: PMC8714356 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhaled chemical/material exposures are a ubiquitous part of daily life around the world. There is a need to evaluate potential adverse effects of both single and repeat exposures for thousands of chemicals and an exponentially larger number of exposure scenarios (eg, repeated exposures). Meeting this challenge will require the development and use of in vitro new approach methodologies (NAMs); however, 2 major challenges face the deployment of NAMs in risk assessment are (1) characterizing what apical outcome(s) acute assays inform regarding the trajectory to long-term events, especially under repeated exposure conditions, and (2) capturing interindividual variability as it informs considerations of potentially susceptible and/or vulnerable populations. To address these questions, we used a primary human bronchial epithelial cell air-liquid interface model exposed to ozone (O3), a model oxidant and ubiquitous environmental chemical. Here we report that O3-induced proinflammatory gene induction is attenuated in repeated exposures thus demonstrating that single acute exposure outcomes do not reliably represent the trajectory of responses after repeated or chronic exposures. Further, we observed 10.1-, 10.3-, 14.2-, and 7-fold ranges of induction of interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, heme oxygenase 1, and cyclooxygenase 2 transcripts, respectively, within in our population of 25 unique donors. Calculation of sample size estimates that indicated that 27, 24, 299, and 13 donors would be required to significantly power similar in vitro studies to identify a 2-fold change in IL-8, IL-6, HMOX1, and cyclooxygenase 2 transcript induction, respectively, to inform considerations of the uncertainty factors to reflect variability within the human population for in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Bowers
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Martin
- Department of Health and Human Services, Epigenetics & Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina 27709, USA
- Department of Health and Human Services, Postdoctoral Research Associate Training Program, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Annie M Jarabek
- Health and Environmental Effects Assessment Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - David S Morgan
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Hannah J Smith
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Lisa A Dailey
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Emily R Aungst
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - David Diaz-Sanchez
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Shaun D McCullough
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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8
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An Q, Zhou Z, Xie Y, Sun Y, Zhang H, Cao Y. Knockdown of long non-coding RNA NEAT1 relieves the inflammatory response of spinal cord injury through targeting miR-211-5p/MAPK1 axis. Bioengineered 2021; 12:2702-2712. [PMID: 34151707 PMCID: PMC8806627 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1930925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a refractory disease often accompanied by inflammation. Long non-coding RNA NEAT1 (lncRNA NEAT1) was reported to be involved in the expression of the inflammasomes, while the regulatory effect of NEAT1 on SCI was poorly investigated. Herein, we carried out further studies on the pathogenesis of SCI. PC-12 cells were incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammation. Western blotting assay was used to measure the protein expression levels. RNA expression levels were analyzed using RT-qPCR. Cell counting kit 8 and flow cytometry assays were used to separately determine the cell viability and apoptosis rate. The targeted relationships were verified by luciferase reporter and RNA pull-down assays. It was found that LPS induced inflammation in the PC-12 cells, leading to significantly higher cell apoptosis rate and lower viability, and the expression level of NEAT1 was elevated by LPS. However, knockdown of NEAT1 partially reversed the effects of LPS. Subsequently, the potential interaction between NEAT1 and miR-211-5p was validated and miR-211-5p inhibitor was further confirmed to antagonize the effects of NEAT knockdown. The downstream target gene of miR-211-5p was predicted and verified to be MAPK1. In addition, overexpression of MAPK1 was proved to antagonize the effects of NEAT1 knockdown. Taken together, the knockdown of NEAT1 remarkably alleviated the inflammation of SCI via miR-211-5p/MAPK1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing An
- Department of Medicine, Soochow university, China.,Hand Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of JinZhou Medical University, China
| | - Zipeng Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Soochow university, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Medicine, Soochow university, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Bone Trauma Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of JinZhou Medical University, China
| | - Haixiang Zhang
- Bone Trauma Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of JinZhou Medical University, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Medicine, Soochow university, China.,Bone Trauma Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of JinZhou Medical University, China
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Guttenberg MA, Vose AT, Tighe RM. Role of Innate Immune System in Environmental Lung Diseases. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2021; 21:34. [PMID: 33970346 PMCID: PMC8311569 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-021-01011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The lung mucosa functions as a principal barrier between the body and inhaled environmental irritants and pathogens. Precise and targeted surveillance mechanisms are required at this lung-environment interface to maintain homeostasis and preserve gas exchange. This is performed by the innate immune system, a germline-encoded system that regulates initial responses to foreign irritants and pathogens. Environmental pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM), ozone (O3), and other products of combustion (NO2, SO3, etc.), both stimulate and disrupt the function of the innate immune system of the lung, leading to the potential for pathologic consequences. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to explore recent discoveries and investigations into the role of the innate immune system in responding to environmental exposures. This focuses on mechanisms by which the normal function of the innate immune system is modified by environmental agents leading to disruptions in respiratory function. RECENT FINDINGS: This is a narrative review of mechanisms of pulmonary innate immunity and the impact of environmental exposures on these responses. Recent findings highlighted in this review are categorized by specific components of innate immunity including epithelial function, macrophages, pattern recognition receptors, and the microbiome. Overall, the review supports broad impacts of environmental exposures to alterations to normal innate immune functions and has important implications for incidence and exacerbations of lung disease. The innate immune system plays a critical role in maintaining pulmonary homeostasis in response to inhaled air pollutants. As many of these agents are unable to be mitigated, understanding their mechanistic impact is critical to develop future interventions to limit their pathologic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert M. Tighe
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC,Corresponding Author: Robert M Tighe, MD, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 2969, Durham, North Carolina 27710, Telephone: 919-684-4894, Fax: 919-684-5266,
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10
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Wagner JR, Madugundu GS, Cadet J. Ozone-Induced DNA Damage: A Pandora's Box of Oxidatively Modified DNA Bases. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:80-90. [PMID: 33417438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ozone is a major component of air pollution and carries potentially mutagenic and harmful affects to health. The oxidation of isolated calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) led to the nearly quantitative loss of normal DNA 2'-deoxyribonucleosides in the following order: T > G > C ≫ A. The major modification of pyrimidines (T, C, and 5-methylcytosine (5mC)) was the corresponding 5-hydroxyhydantoin derivative after complete digestion of DNA to its component 2'-deoxyribonucleosides. The oxidation of 5mC was 2.5-fold more susceptible than C considering the relative mole fraction of 5mC to C in CT-DNA. Other common oxidation products of pyrimidines (e.g., 5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydropyrimidines, the so-called pyrimidine 5,6-glycols) were formed with a lower yield than 5-hydroxyhydantoin derivatives. In addition, several common oxidation products of G were observed (e.g., 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8oxoG)) albeit with relatively minor yields. The sum of individual products was notably less than the loss of 2'-deoxyribonucleosides from which they were derived. In a search for additional products, we discovered the formation of pyrimidine ring fragments, predominantly N-formamide and N-urea, which were measured as a dinucleotide next to a nonmodified nucleotide upon partial digestion of oxidized DNA. Interestingly, the latter fragments were also observed in dinucleotides containing 8oxoG, indicating the formation of tandem lesions during ozonolysis of DNA. The oxidation of DNA upon exposure to ozone can be explained by reactions of an intermediate ozonide. These studies underline the complexity of ozone-induced DNA damage and provide valuable information to assess the formation of this damage in cellular DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Richard Wagner
- Département de Médecine nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - Guru S Madugundu
- Département de Médecine nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - Jean Cadet
- Département de Médecine nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4
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11
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Bovard D, Giralt A, Trivedi K, Neau L, Kanellos P, Iskandar A, Kondylis A, Luettich K, Frentzel S, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. Comparison of the basic morphology and function of 3D lung epithelial cultures derived from several donors. Curr Res Toxicol 2020; 1:56-69. [PMID: 34345837 PMCID: PMC8320645 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro models of the human lung play an essential role in evaluating the toxicity of inhaled compounds and understanding the development of respiratory diseases. Three-dimensional (3D) organotypic models derived from lung basal epithelial cells and grown at the air–liquid interface resemble human airway epithelium in multiple aspects, including morphology, cell composition, transcriptional profile, and xenobiotic metabolism. Whether the different characteristics of basal cell donors have an impact on model characteristics and responses remains unknown. In addition, studies are often conducted with 3D cultures from one donor, assuming a representative response on the population level. Whether this assumption is correct requires further investigation. In this study, we compared the morphology and functionality of 3D organotypic bronchial and small airway cultures from different donors at different weeks after air-lift to assess the interdonor variability in these parameters. The thickness, cell type composition, and transepithelial electrical resistance varied among the donors and over time after air-lift. Cilia beating frequency increased in response to isoproterenol treatment in both culture types, independent of the donor. The cultures presented low basal cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1/1B1 activity, but 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) treatment induced CYP1A1/1B1 activity regardless of the donor. In conclusion, lung epithelial cultures prepared from different donors present diverse morphology but similar functionality and metabolic activity, with certain variability in their response to stimulation. 3D lung cultures derived from various donors differed mostly at the morphological level. Epithelial thickness, presence of cysts, ciliation, and goblet cell number are donor dependent. Cilia beating frequency varied across donors but the response to isoproterenol was similar. CYP450 activity in response to xenobiotics was preserved across donors.
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Key Words
- ALI, air–liquid interface
- BTUB4, β-tubulin 4
- Bronchial culture
- CBF, cilia beating frequency
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- Donor variability
- Lung toxicology
- MUC5AC, mucin 5AC
- Organotypic
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- Small airway culture
- TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
- TEER, transepithelial electrical resistance
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bovard
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Albert Giralt
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Keyur Trivedi
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Neau
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Petros Kanellos
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anita Iskandar
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Athanasios Kondylis
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Karsta Luettich
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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12
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Hudock KM, Collins MS, Imbrogno M, Snowball J, Kramer EL, Brewington JJ, Gollomp K, McCarthy C, Ostmann AJ, Kopras EJ, Davidson CR, Srdiharan A, Arumugam P, Sengupta S, Xu Y, Worthen GS, Trapnell BC, Clancy JP. Neutrophil extracellular traps activate IL-8 and IL-1 expression in human bronchial epithelia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L137-L147. [PMID: 32159969 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00144.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) provide host defense but can contribute to the pathobiology of diverse human diseases. We sought to determine the extent and mechanism by which NETs contribute to human airway cell inflammation. Primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEs) grown at air-liquid interface and wild-type (wt)CFBE41o- cells (expressing wtCFTR) were exposed to cell-free NETs from unrelated healthy volunteers for 18 h in vitro. Cytokines were measured in the apical supernatant by Luminex, and the effect on the HBE transcriptome was assessed by RNA sequencing. NETs consistently stimulated IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-1α secretion by HBEs from multiple donors, with variable effects on other cytokines (IL-6, G-CSF, and GM-CSF). Expression of HBE RNAs encoding IL-1 family cytokines, particularly IL-36 subfamily members, was increased in response to NETs. NET exposure in the presence of anakinra [recombinant human IL-1 receptor antagonist (rhIL-1RA)] dampened NET-induced changes in IL-8 and TNF-α proteins as well as IL-36α RNA. rhIL-36RA limited the increase in expression of proinflammatory cytokine RNAs in HBEs exposed to NETs. NETs selectively upregulate an IL-1 family cytokine response in HBEs, which enhances IL-8 production and is limited by rhIL-1RA. The present findings describe a unique mechanism by which NETs may contribute to inflammation in human lung disease in vivo. NET-driven IL-1 signaling may represent a novel target for modulating inflammation in diseases characterized by a substantial NET burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Hudock
- Division of Adult Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Margaret S Collins
- Division of Adult Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Michelle Imbrogno
- Division of Adult Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - John Snowball
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Elizabeth L Kramer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - John J Brewington
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kandace Gollomp
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cormac McCarthy
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Alicia J Ostmann
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Elizabeth J Kopras
- Division of Adult Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Cynthia R Davidson
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Anusha Srdiharan
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Paritha Arumugam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Shaon Sengupta
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - G Scott Worthen
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Bruce C Trapnell
- Division of Adult Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - John Paul Clancy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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13
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Kurian N, Cohen TS, Öberg L, De Zan E, Skogberg G, Vollmer S, Baturcam E, Svanberg P, Bonn B, Smith PD, Vaarala O, Cunoosamy DM. Dual Role For A MEK Inhibitor As A Modulator Of Inflammation And Host Defense Mechanisms With Potential Therapeutic Application In COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2019; 14:2611-2624. [PMID: 32063702 PMCID: PMC6885002 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s211619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unlike p38 mitogen-activated protein Kinases (MAPK) that has been extensively studied in the context of lung-associated pathologies in COPD, the role of the dual-specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK1/2) or its downstream signaling molecule extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) in COPD is poorly understood. Objectives The aim of this study was to address whether MEK1/2 pathway activation is linked to COPD and that targeting this pathway can improve lung inflammation through decreased immune-mediated inflammatory responses without compromising bacterial clearance. Methods Association of MEK1/2 pathway activation to COPD was investigated by immunohistochemistry using lung tissue biopsies from COPD and healthy individuals and through analysis of sputum gene expression data from COPD patients. The anti-inflammatory effect of MEK1/2 inhibition was assessed on cytokine release from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated alveolar macrophages. The effect of MEK1/2 inhibition on bacterial clearance was assessed using Staphylococcus aureus killing assays with RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line and human neutrophils. Results We report here MEK1/2 pathway activation demonstrated by increased pERK1/2 staining in bronchial epithelium and by the presence of MEK gene activation signature in sputum samples from COPD patients. Inhibition of MEK1/2 resulted in a superior anti-inflammatory effect in human alveolar macrophages in comparison to a p38 inhibitor. Furthermore, MEK1/2 inhibition led to an increase in bacterial killing in human neutrophils and RAW 264.7 cells that was not observed with the p38 inhibitor. Conclusion Our data demonstrate the activation of MEK1/2 pathway in COPD and highlight a dual function of MEK1/2 inhibition in improving host defense responses whilst also controlling inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Kurian
- Respiratory Inflammation and Autoimmune (RIA) Precision Medicine Unit, Precision Medicine, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Lisa Öberg
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, RIA, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erica De Zan
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, RIA, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gabriel Skogberg
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, RIA, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefan Vollmer
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, RIA, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Engin Baturcam
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, RIA, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petter Svanberg
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, RIA, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Britta Bonn
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, RIA, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul D Smith
- Bioscience, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Outi Vaarala
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, RIA, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Danen M Cunoosamy
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, RIA, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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14
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Custodio V, Rubio C, Paz C. Prenatal Ozone Exposure Induces Memory Deficiencies in Newborns Rats. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:244. [PMID: 31680853 PMCID: PMC6802607 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is fully acknowledged to represent a major public health issue. Toxic environmental substances, such as ozone, interfere with prenatal development. Animals exposed to ozone (O3) in utero develop biochemical and morphological alterations. This gas has been proven to decrease cognitive capacity in different species. In the present study, we assessed the possible alterations in memory and spatial learning in the offspring of female rats who were exposed to 1.0 ppm of O3 embryonic development. Two instruments were used to evaluate possible alterations: the T-maze and a Skinner box. MAPK, ERK, p-ERK, and NR2B proteins, which are widely regarded as responsible for the learning process in the hippocampus and cortex, were also assessed by immunohistochemistry. We found that male rats exposed to O3in utero displayed a significant delay to reach the correct response using the spatial learning test as compared to the control group. The female rats exposed to O3 showed a significant delay to reach the correct response as compared to the female control group in the Skinner box. We also found that while the male rats showed decrease in significant differences in the expression of NR2B, ERK and increase in MAPK. Females only showed increase in MAPK, p-ERK and decrease in ERK, when compared to their respective control group. It is possible that the deficits are associated to hormonal expression, inflammation and oxidative stress alterations. In summary, these results suggest that exposure to O3 can interfere with prenatal development, resulting in learning and memory deficiencies in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Custodio
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carmen Rubio
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Paz
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
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