1
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Yoshioka NA, Faraco TA, Barud HS, Ribeiro SJL, Cremona M, Fragneaud B, Maciel IO, Quirino WG, Legnani C. Synthesis of Organic Semiconductor Nanoparticles with Different Conformations Using the Nanoprecipitation Method. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245336. [PMID: 36559705 PMCID: PMC9785456 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, nanoparticulate materials have aroused interest in the field of organic electronics due to their high versatility which increases the efficiency of devices. In this work, four different stable conformations based on the organic semiconductors P3HT and PC71BM were synthesized using the nanoprecipitation method, including blend and core-shell nanoparticles. All nanoparticles were obtained free of surfactants and in aqueous suspensions following the line of ecologically correct routes. The structural and optoelectronic properties of the nanoparticles were investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and UV-visible photoluminescence (PL). Even in aqueous media, the blend and core-shell nanoparticles exhibited a greater light absorption capacity, and these conformations proved to be effective in the process of dissociation of excitons that occurs at the P3HT donor/PC71BM acceptor interface. With all these characteristics and allied to the fact that the nanoparticles are surfactant-free aqueous suspensions, this work paves the way for the use of these colloids as a photoactive layer of organic photovoltaic devices that interface with biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia A. Yoshioka
- Grupo de Nanociência e Nanotecnologia (NANO), Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036-330, MG, Brazil
- Correspondence: (N.A.Y.); (C.L.)
| | - Thales A. Faraco
- Grupo de Nanociência e Nanotecnologia (NANO), Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036-330, MG, Brazil
| | - Hernane S. Barud
- Laboratório de Biopolímeros e Biomateriais (BIOPOLMAT), Departamento de Química, Universidade de Araraquara (UNIARA), Araraquara 14801-340, SP, Brazil
| | - Sidney J. L. Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Materiais Fotônicos, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-060, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Cremona
- Laboratório de Optoeletrônica Molecular (LOEM), Departamento de Física, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro 22453-970, RJ, Brazil
| | - Benjamin Fragneaud
- Grupo de Nanociência e Nanotecnologia (NANO), Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036-330, MG, Brazil
| | - Indhira O. Maciel
- Grupo de Nanociência e Nanotecnologia (NANO), Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036-330, MG, Brazil
| | - Welber G. Quirino
- Grupo de Nanociência e Nanotecnologia (NANO), Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036-330, MG, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Legnani
- Grupo de Nanociência e Nanotecnologia (NANO), Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036-330, MG, Brazil
- Correspondence: (N.A.Y.); (C.L.)
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2
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Liirò-Peluso L, Wrigley J, Amabilino DB, Beton PH. Submolecular Resolution Imaging of P3HT:PCBM Nanostructured Films by Atomic Force Microscopy: Implications for Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2022; 5:13794-13804. [PMID: 36338328 PMCID: PMC9623582 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of organic bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells depends greatly on both the bulk and surface structure of the nanostructured bicontinuous interpenetrating network of materials, known as the active layer. The morphology of the top layer of a coated film is often resolved at the scale of a few nanometers, but fine details of the domains and the order within them are more difficult to identify. Here, we report a high-resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigation of various stoichiometries of the well-studied poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) active layer mixture. Images of the surface were obtained using AC-mode AFM exciting higher-order resonance frequencies of a standard silicon probe, a promising technique for acquiring real-space images of organic-based thin films with nanoscale and even submolecular resolution. We provide firm evidence of the nanoscale organization of the P3HT polymer and of the P3HT:PCBM stoichiometric mixtures at the surface-air interface of the BHJ architecture. Our study shows the characteristic periodicity of the regioregular P3HT identified in the nanoscale domain areas with submolecular resolution. Such areas are then distorted in place when adding different quantities of PCBM forming stoichiometric mixtures. When the samples were exposed to ambient light, the morphologies were very different, and submolecular resolution was not achieved. This approach is shown to provide a precise view of the active layer's nanostructure and will be useful for studies of other materials as a function of various parameters, with particular attention to the role of the acceptor in tuning morphology for understanding optimum performance in organic photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Liirò-Peluso
- The
GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, U.K.
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - James Wrigley
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - David B. Amabilino
- The
GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, U.K.
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas, Carrer dels Til.lers, Campus Universitari de Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Peter H. Beton
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
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3
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Upreti T, Tormann C, Kemerink M. Can Organic Solar Cells Beat the Near-Equilibrium Thermodynamic Limit? J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:6514-6519. [PMID: 35822430 PMCID: PMC9310094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite an impressive increase over the past decade, experimentally determined power conversion efficiencies of organic photovoltaic cells still fall considerably below the theoretical upper bound for near-equilibrium solar cells. Even in otherwise optimized devices, a prominent yet incompletely understood loss channel is the thermalization of photogenerated charge carriers in the density of states that is broadened by energetic disorder. Here, we demonstrate by extensive numerical modeling how this loss channel can be mitigated in carefully designed morphologies. Specifically, we show how funnel-shaped donor- and acceptor-rich domains in the phase-separated morphology that are characteristic of organic bulk heterojunction solar cells can promote directed transport of positive and negative charge carriers toward the anode and cathode, respectively. We demonstrate that in optimized funnel morphologies this kinetic, nonequilibrium effect, which is boosted by the slow thermalization of photogenerated charges, allows one to surpass the near-equilibrium limit for the same material in the absence of gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Upreti
- Complex
Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology
(IFM), Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Centre
for Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Constantin Tormann
- Centre
for Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martijn Kemerink
- Complex
Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology
(IFM), Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Centre
for Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Mutual Diffusion of Model Acceptor/Donor Bilayers under Solvent Vapor Annealing as a Novel Route for Organic Solar Cell Fabrication. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15031033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of bulk heterojunction organic solar cells (OSCs) is primarily based on a phase demixing during solution deposition. This spontaneous process is triggered when, as a result of a decrease in the solvent concentration, interactions between donor and acceptor molecules begin to dominate. Herein, we present that interdiffusion of the same molecules is possible when a bilayers of donors and acceptors are exposed to solvent vapor. Poly(3-hexyl thiophene) (P3HT), and poly[N-9′-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4′,7′-di-2-thienyl-2′,1′,3′-benzothiadiazole) (PCDTBT) were used as donors and two types of fullerene derivatives were used as acceptors: phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC60BM) and phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM), Secondary ion mass spectrometry depth profiling revealed that the interpenetration of donors and acceptors induced by solvent vapor annealing was dependent on solvent vapor and component compatibility. Exposure to chloroform vapor resulted in a complete intermixing of both components. The mutual mixing increased efficiency of inverted solar cells prepared by solvent vapor annealing of model donor/acceptor bilayers. These results provide a new means for mixing incompatible components for the fabrication of organic solar cells.
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Yang D, Cao B, Müller-Buschbaum P. How to Choose an Interfacial Modifier for Organic Photovoltaics Using Simple Surface Energy Considerations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:46134-46141. [PMID: 34520165 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic photovoltaics are typically composed of at least four different materials, including the donor and acceptor components of the bulk heterojunction, the interfacial layers at each electrode, the electrodes themselves, and solution additives that may persist in the final sandwich structure. The interplay of surface energies between these different layers is profoundly complex, as the deposition and annealing of one layer on top of another may be influenced by the surface energy of these interfaces. While the energy levels of one layer with respect to adjacent layers are important to facilitate charge separation and collection at the electrodes, the relative surface energies of the interfaces in contact with the multicomponent bulk heterojunction can be beneficial or disadvantageous, or be neutral, with respect to the performance of the OPV device. Because the bulk heterojunction is a mixture of donor and acceptor polymers and/or small molecules, the accumulation of one of the components on the underlying electrode interface can be driven by surface energy considerations. A donor- or acceptor-rich interface may affect charge carrier flow to the electrode, thus affecting the overall efficiency. Here, ITO/PEDOT:PSS electrodes in forward organic photovoltaic devices are treated with five different thin interfacial layers to change the relative surface energy of this electrode with respect to the adjacent bulk heterojunction. Contact angle measurements with four probe liquids enable calculation of the surface energies, and the results are compared with the performance of forward-biased organic photovoltaic devices. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry results substantiate the predictions of gradients in the bulk heterojunction layers, and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements show the impact on the polymer crystallites. Thus, a simple algorithm based on surface energy considerations may inform which interfacial layer for a given bulk heterojunction in an organic photovoltaic device can be the most appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Street 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Bing Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Street 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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6
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Bi S, Li Q, Asare-Yeboah K, Na J, Sun Y, Jiang C. Ultra-High-Responsivity Vertical Nanowire-based Phototransistor under Standing-Wave Plasmon Mode Interaction Induced by Near-Field Circular OLED. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:3947-3954. [PMID: 32352303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High-responsivity photodevices are strongly desired for various demanding applications, such as optical communications, logic circuits, and sensors. The use of quantum and photon confinement has enabled a true revolution in the development of high-performance devices. Unfortunately, many practical optoelectronic devices exhibit intermediate sizes where resonant enhancement effects seem to be insignificant. Here we design and fabricate an ultra-high-responsivity organic-light-emitting-diode-induced nanowire resonance phototransistor (ONRPT) based on standing-wave resonance in the nanoscale cavity, subjected to a near-field light. Observations of the ONRPT in standing-wave resonance mode indicate a >104 enhancement in the on/off ratio and a six times higher subthreshold slope when compared with the ONRPT in non-resonance mode. The ONRPT, which leads itself to outstanding electrical and favorably stable performance, opens up a plethora of opportunities for high-efficiency energy devices and allows for nanowire applications in the solar cell, piezo-photonic detectors, and optical modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Bi
- Institute of Photoelectric Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qikun Li
- Institute of Photoelectric Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Kyeiwaa Asare-Yeboah
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Penn State Behrend, Erie, Pennsylvania 16563, United States
| | - Jin Na
- Institute of Photoelectric Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yeqing Sun
- Institute of Photoelectric Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chengming Jiang
- Institute of Photoelectric Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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7
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Dheepika R, Abhijnakrishna R, Imran PM, Nagarajan S. High performance p-channel and ambipolar OFETs based on imidazo[4,5- f]-1,10-phenanthroline-triarylamines. RSC Adv 2020; 10:13043-13049. [PMID: 35693639 PMCID: PMC9122573 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00210k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of phenanthroline functionalized triarylamines (TAA) has been designed and synthesised to evaluate their OFET characteristics. Solution processed OFET devices have exhibited p-channel/ambipolar behaviour with respect to the substituents, in particular methoxyphenyl substitution resulted with highest mobility (μ h) up to 1.1 cm2 V-1 s-1 with good I on/off (106) ratio. These compounds can be potentially utilized for the fabrication of electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Samuthira Nagarajan
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Tamil Nadu Thiruvarur-610 005 India
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8
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Li Q, Wang LM, Liu S, Zhan X, Zhu T, Cao Z, Lai H, Zhao J, Cai Y, Xie W, Huang F. Impact of Donor-Acceptor Interaction and Solvent Additive on the Vertical Composition Distribution of Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:45979-45990. [PMID: 31722524 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The vertical composition distribution of a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) photoactive layer is known to have dramatic effects on photovoltaic performance in polymer solar cells. However, the vertical composition distribution evolution rules of BHJ films are still elusive. In this contribution, three BHJ film systems, composed of polymer donor PBDB-T, and three different classes of acceptor (fullerene acceptor PCBM, small-molecule acceptor ITIC, and polymer acceptor N2200) are systematically investigated using neutron reflectometry to examine how donor-acceptor interaction and solvent additive impact the vertical composition distribution. Our results show that those three BHJ films possess homogeneous vertical composition distributions across the bulk of the film, while very different composition accumulations near the top and bottom surface were observed, which could be attributed to different repulsion, miscibility, and phase separation between the donor and acceptor components as approved by the measurement of the donor-acceptor Flory-Huggins interaction parameter χ. Moreover, the solvent additive 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) can induce more distinct vertical composition distribution especially in nonfullerene acceptor-based BHJ films. Thus, higher power conversion efficiencies were achieved in inverted solar cells because of facilitated charge transport in the active layer, improved carrier collection at electrodes, and suppressed charge recombination in BHJ solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingduan Li
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage , South China Normal University (SCNU) , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Li-Ming Wang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center , Dongguan 523803 , China
| | - Shengjian Liu
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage , South China Normal University (SCNU) , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaozhi Zhan
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center , Dongguan 523803 , China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Zhixiong Cao
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage , South China Normal University (SCNU) , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Haojie Lai
- Siyuan Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics , Jinan University (JNU) , Guangzhou 510632 , P. R. China
| | - Jiaji Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage , South China Normal University (SCNU) , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Yuepeng Cai
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage , South China Normal University (SCNU) , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Weiguang Xie
- Siyuan Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics , Jinan University (JNU) , Guangzhou 510632 , P. R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology (SCUT) , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
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9
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Kaiser W, Gagliardi A. Kinetic Monte Carlo Study of the Role of the Energetic Disorder on the Open-Circuit Voltage in Polymer/Fullerene Solar Cells. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:6097-6104. [PMID: 31533434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One major factor limiting the efficiency in organic solar cells (OSCs) is the low open-circuit voltage (Voc). Existing theoretical studies link the Voc with the charge transfer (CT) state and nonradiative recombination. However, also morphology and energetic disorder can have a strong impact on the Voc within realistic bulk-heterojunction OSCs. In this work, we present a kinetic Monte Carlo study on the role of the energetic disorder on the maximum Voc. We compute the quasi-Fermi level splitting for different energetic disorder and analyze the impact of the energetic disorder at the donor-acceptor interface as well as correlations in the site energies on the Voc. Our results show that the interface strongly controls the maximum Voc. For a higher interface disorder, charge densities and nongeminate recombination increase and the Voc is reduced. Furthermore, the correlated morphologies show an increase in the maximum Voc and a reduced impact of the energetic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kaiser
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Technical University of Munich , Karlstraße 45 , 80333 Munich , Germany
| | - A Gagliardi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Technical University of Munich , Karlstraße 45 , 80333 Munich , Germany
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10
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Popp J, Kaiser W, Gagliardi A. Impact of Phosphorescent Sensitizers and Morphology on the Photovoltaic Performance in Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201800114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Popp
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringTechnical University of MunichArcisstraße 21 80333 Munich Germany
| | - Waldemar Kaiser
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringTechnical University of MunichArcisstraße 21 80333 Munich Germany
| | - Alessio Gagliardi
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringTechnical University of MunichArcisstraße 21 80333 Munich Germany
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