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Ringleb S, Kiffer M, Ballentin JKC, Stöhlker T, Vogel M. Position-sensitive non-destructive detection of charged-particle bunches in low-energy beamlines. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22669. [PMID: 38114501 PMCID: PMC10730847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed and operated an electronic detection system for the non-destructive single-pass detection of bunches of charged particles in a beamline that allows for a measurement of their lateral position with respect to the central beamline axis on a shot-to-shot basis. It provides all features of our related development reported in Kiffer et al. (Rev Sci Instrum 90:113301, 2019), namely single-pass measurement of bunch length, kinetic energy and absolute charge, and is additionally designed to provide the lateral position of bunches with sub-mm accuracy. We show the setup, associated methods and provide characterizing measurements with bunches of highly charged ions in the keV regime of kinetic energy that demonstrate the capabilities and show a typical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Ringleb
- Friedrich Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Markus Kiffer
- Friedrich Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonas K C Ballentin
- Friedrich Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
- University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Stöhlker
- Friedrich Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Manuel Vogel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
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Vićentijević M, Jakšić M, Suligoj T. Implantation site design for large area diamond quantum device fabrication. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13483. [PMID: 37596364 PMCID: PMC10439203 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40785-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
With the number of qubits increasing with each new quantum processor design, it is to be expected that the area of the future quantum devices will become larger. As diamond is one of the promising materials for solid state quantum devices fabricated by ion implantation, we developed a single board diamond detector/preamplifier implantation system to serve as a testbed for implantation sites of different areas and geometry. We determined that for simple circular openings in a detector electrode, the uniformity of detection of the impinging ions increases as the area of the sites decreases. By altering the implantation site design and introducing lateral electric field, we were able to increase the area of the implantation site by an order of magnitude, without decreasing the detection uniformity. Successful detection of 140 keV copper ions that penetrate on average under 100 nm was demonstrated, over the 800 µm2 area implantation site (large enough to accommodate over 2 × 105 possible qubits), with 100% detection efficiency. The readout electronics of the implantation system were calibrated by a referent 241Am gamma source, achieving an equivalent noise charge value of 48 electrons, at room temperature, less than 1% of the energy of impinging ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Vićentijević
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
- Department of Electronics, Microelectronics, Computer and Intelligent Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Milko Jakšić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Suligoj
- Department of Electronics, Microelectronics, Computer and Intelligent Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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Rozsa J, Song Y, Webb D, Debaene N, Kerr A, Gustafson EL, Caldwell T, Murray HV, Austin DE, Chiang SHW, Hawkins AR. Simulation and measurement of image charge detection with printed-circuit-board detector and differential amplifier. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:053302. [PMID: 32486704 DOI: 10.1063/5.0003020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel and thorough simulation technique to understand image charge generated from charged particles on a printed-circuit-board detector. We also describe a custom differential amplifier to exploit the near-differential input to improve the signal-to-noise-ratio of the measured image charge. The simulation technique analyzes how different parameters such as the position, velocity, and charge magnitude of a particle affect the image charge and the amplifier output. It also enables the designer to directly import signals into circuit simulation software to analyze the full signal conversion process from the image charge to the amplifier output. A novel measurement setup using a Venturi vacuum system injects single charged particles (with diameters in the 100 s of microns range) through a PCB detector containing patterned electrodes to verify our simulation technique and amplifier performance. The measured differential amplifier presented here exhibits a gain of 7.96 µV/e- and a single-pass noise floor of 1030 e-, which is about 13× lower than that of the referenced commercial amplifier. The amplifier also has the capability to reach a single-pass noise floor lower than 140 e-, which has been shown in Cadence simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jace Rozsa
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, 450 Engineering Building, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Yixin Song
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, 450 Engineering Building, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Devon Webb
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, 450 Engineering Building, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Naomi Debaene
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, 450 Engineering Building, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Austin Kerr
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, 450 Engineering Building, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Elaura L Gustafson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 Benson Science Building, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Tabitha Caldwell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 Benson Science Building, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Halle V Murray
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 Benson Science Building, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Daniel E Austin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 Benson Science Building, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Shiuh-Hua Wood Chiang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, 450 Engineering Building, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Aaron R Hawkins
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, 450 Engineering Building, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
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Kiffer M, Ringleb S, Stallkamp N, Arndt B, Blinov I, Kumar S, Stahl S, Stöhlker T, Vogel M. Single-pass non-destructive electronic detection of charged particles. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:113301. [PMID: 31779428 DOI: 10.1063/1.5110988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We have devised an experimental method and apparatus for the simultaneous nondestructive determination of the absolute ion number, ion kinetic energy, and length of bunches of charged particles. We have built and operated a corresponding electronic detector that is based on induced charges and their subsequent low-noise amplification at cryogenic temperatures. We have performed measurements with bunches of low-energy highly charged ions from an electron-beam ion source that show the capability of the methods and their implementation. We discuss requirements for, and applications of, such detectors with a particular view on the obtainable information and their sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kiffer
- Friedrich Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Ringleb
- Friedrich Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Nils Stallkamp
- Friedrich Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Béla Arndt
- Goethe-Univerisität Frankfurt, 60629 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ilya Blinov
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sugam Kumar
- Inter-University Accelerator Centre, 110067 New Delhi, India
| | | | - Thomas Stöhlker
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Manuel Vogel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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Coulomb-driven single defect engineering for scalable qubits and spin sensors in diamond. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4956. [PMID: 31672966 PMCID: PMC6823384 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12556-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Qubits based on colour centres in diamond became a prominent system for solid-state quantum information processing and sensing. But the deterministic creation of qubits and the control of their environment are still critical issues, preventing the development of a room-temperature quantum computer. We report on the high creation yield of NV centres of 75% (a tenfold enhancement) by charge-assisted defect engineering, together with an improvement of their spin coherence. The method strongly favours the formation and negative charge state of the NV centres with respect to intrinsic diamond, while it hinders the formation of competing and perturbing defects such as di-vacancies or NVH complexes. We evidence spectrally the charge state tuning of the implantation-induced vacancies from V0 to V−, key element of this Coulomb-driven engineering. The generality of the method is demonstrated using several donors (phosphorous, oxygen and sulphur) and applying it to other centres (SnV and MgV) in diamond. Nitrogen vacancy centres occur naturally in diamond and have potential uses in quantum computing but many applications require scalable, accurate fabrication methods. Here the authors demonstrate that tuning the doping modifies the dynamics of centre formation, increasing yields and coherence times.
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Genc E, Mölleken A, Tarasevitch D, Utzat D, Nienhaus H, Möller R. Three dimensional tracing of a charged particle by electrostatic detection. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:075115. [PMID: 31370485 DOI: 10.1063/1.5093988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Using a configuration of electrodes connected to charge sensitive amplifiers, the position of a charged particle in free space can be determined in all three dimensions. In our experiment, spheres with a diameter of a millimeter and a charge of about 0.1 pC are traced while they are bouncing at a surface. A spatial resolution of about 0.5 mm combined with a temporal resolution better than 10 µs is achieved. Moreover, the transfer of electric charges when touching a surface can be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Genc
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Andre Mölleken
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Doris Tarasevitch
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Detlef Utzat
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Nienhaus
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Möller
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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