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Torregrosa JV, Bover J, Rodríguez Portillo M, González Parra E, Dolores Arenas M, Caravaca F, González Casaus ML, Martín-Malo A, Navarro-González JF, Lorenzo V, Molina P, Rodríguez M, Cannata Andia J. Recommendations of the Spanish Society of Nephrology for the management of mineral and bone metabolism disorders in patients with chronic kidney disease: 2021 (SEN-MM). Nefrologia 2023; 43 Suppl 1:1-36. [PMID: 37202281 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefroe.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
As in 2011, when the Spanish Society of Nephrology (SEN) published the Spanish adaptation to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) universal Guideline on Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD), this document contains an update and an adaptation of the 2017 KDIGO guidelines to our setting. In this field, as in many other areas of nephrology, it has been impossible to irrefutably answer many questions, which remain pending. However, there is no doubt that the close relationship between the CKD-MBD/cardiovascular disease/morbidity and mortality complex and new randomised clinical trials in some areas and the development of new drugs have yielded significant advances in this field and created the need for this update. We would therefore highlight the slight divergences that we propose in the ideal objectives for biochemical abnormalities in the CKD-MBD complex compared to the KDIGO suggestions (for example, in relation to parathyroid hormone or phosphate), the role of native vitamin D and analogues in the control of secondary hyperparathyroidism and the contribution of new phosphate binders and calcimimetics. Attention should also be drawn to the adoption of important new developments in the diagnosis of bone abnormalities in patients with kidney disease and to the need to be more proactive in treating them. In any event, the current speed at which innovations are taking place, while perhaps slower than we might like, globally drives the need for more frequent updates (for example, through Nefrología al día).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordi Bover
- Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
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2
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Dai Z, Zhang X. Pathophysiology and Clinical Impacts of Chronic Kidney Disease on Coronary Artery Calcification. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:jcdd10050207. [PMID: 37233174 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10050207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The global prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has increased in recent years. Adverse cardiovascular events have become the main cause of life-threatening events in patients with CKD, and vascular calcification is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Vascular calcification, especially coronary artery calcification, is more prevalent, severe, rapidly progressive, and harmful in patients with CKD. Some features and risk factors are unique to vascular calcification in patients with CKD; the formation of vascular calcification is not only influenced by the phenotypic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells, but also by electrolyte and endocrine dysfunction, uremic toxin accumulation, and other novel factors. The study on the mechanism of vascular calcification in patients with renal insufficiency can provide a basis and new target for the prevention and treatment of this disease. This review aims to illustrate the impact of CKD on vascular calcification and to discuss the recent research data on the pathogenesis and factors involved in vascular calcification, mainly focusing on coronary artery calcification, in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoming Dai
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
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Imasawa T, Murayama K, Sawada T, Hirose M, Takayanagi M, Nakamura K. High-risk screening for Fabry disease in hemodialysis patients in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. Clin Exp Nephrol 2023; 27:288-294. [PMID: 36574104 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-022-02295-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-risk screening for Fabry disease in dialysis patients is an effective means for reducing the number of undiagnosed cases. However, such screening has not been conducted in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. Herein, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of Fabry disease among patients undergoing hemodialysis in Chiba Prefecture by high-risk screening using α-galactosidase A (αGal A) activity measurement, and examine the hemodialysis effect on αGal A activity. METHODS Patients who underwent maintenance hemodialysis at 25 facilities in Chiba Prefecture were recruited. The αGal A activity was measured using the dried blood spot (DBS) test as the first screening. If the enzyme activity was lower than the cut-off, the second screening was performed with the same method before and after dialysis. RESULTS Overall, 2924 patients (2036 men and 888 women) were included from which 94 cases (45 men and 48 women) showed decreased αGAL activity in the first screening and 3 (two men and one women) in the second screening. Genetic testing was performed in 3 patients, and the c.1078G > A mutation in GLA gene was detected in one male patient (0.03%). There has been a statistically significant decrease in αGal A activity of DBS at post-dialysis compared to that at pre-dialysis (20.5 ± 10.4 pmol/h/disk and 22.7 ± 11.5 pmol/h/disk, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION The prevalence of Fabry disease among patients undergoing hemodialysis in Chiba Prefecture was estimated as 0.03%. This is the first time that dialysis has been shown to affect the αGal A activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Imasawa
- Department of Nephrology, National Hospital Organization Chiba-Higashi National Hospital, 673 Nitona-cho, Chuoh-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 206-8712, Japan.
| | - Kei Murayama
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Metabolism, Chiba Children's Hospital, 579-1, Heta-cho, Midori-ku, Chiba, 266-0007, Japan
| | - Takaaki Sawada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, , 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masanori Hirose
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Masaki Takayanagi
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Metabolism, Chiba Children's Hospital, 579-1, Heta-cho, Midori-ku, Chiba, 266-0007, Japan
| | - Kimitoshi Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, , 860-8556, Japan
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Ren SC, Mao N, Yi S, Ma X, Zou JQ, Tang X, Fan JM. Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease: An Update and Perspective. Aging Dis 2022; 13:673-697. [PMID: 35656113 PMCID: PMC9116919 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is a devastating condition resulting from irreversible loss of nephron numbers and function and leading to end-stage renal disease and mineral disorders. Vascular calcification, an ectopic deposition of calcium-phosphate salts in blood vessel walls and heart valves, is an independent risk factor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in chronic kidney disease. Moreover, aging and related metabolic disorders are essential risk factors for chronic kidney disease and vascular calcification. Marked progress has been recently made in understanding and treating vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. However, there is a paucity of systematic reviews summarizing this progress, and investigating unresolved issues is warranted. In this systematic review, we aimed to overview the underlying mechanisms of vascular calcification in chronic kidney diseases and discuss the impact of chronic kidney disease on the pathophysiology of vascular calcification. Additionally, we summarized potential clinical diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic applications for vascular calcification with chronic kidney disease. This review may offer new insights into the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic intervention of vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Chong Ren
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.
- Center for Translational Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Nan Mao
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.
| | - Si Yi
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xin Ma
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jia-Qiong Zou
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun-Ming Fan
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China.
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5
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Villa-Bellosta R. Role of the extracellular ATP/pyrophosphate metabolism cycle in vascular calcification. Purinergic Signal 2022:10.1007/s11302-022-09867-1. [PMID: 35511317 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09867-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventionally, ATP is considered to be the principal energy source in cells. However, over the last few years, a novel role for ATP as a potent extracellular signaling molecule and the principal source of extracellular pyrophosphate, the main endogenous inhibitor of vascular calcification, has emerged. A large body of evidence suggests that two principal mechanisms are involved in the initiation and progression of ectopic calcification: high phosphate concentration and pyrophosphate deficiency. Pathologic calcification of cardiovascular structures, or vascular calcification, is a feature of several genetic diseases and a common complication of chronic kidney disease, diabetes, and aging. Previous studies have shown that the loss of function of several enzymes and transporters involved in extracellular ATP/pyrophosphate metabolism is associated with vascular calcification. Therefore, pyrophosphate homeostasis should be further studied to facilitate the design of novel therapeutic approaches for ectopic calcification of cardiovascular structures, including strategies to increase pyrophosphate concentrations by targeting the ATP/pyrophosphate metabolism cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Villa-Bellosta
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), Av Barcelona, Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Plaza do Obradoiro s/n, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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6
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Du T, Niu Y, Jia Z, Liu Y, Qiao A, Yang H, Niu X. Orthophosphate and alkaline phosphatase induced the formation of apatite with different multilayered structures and mineralization balance. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:1814-1825. [PMID: 35037677 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06016c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mineralized collagen is a natural organic-inorganic composite. The combination of organic collagen and inorganic apatite to form different nanostructures is the key to producing bone substitutes with biomechanical properties that are as identical to normal bone as possible. However, the formation of apatite with different nanostructures during collagen mineralization is unexplored. Here, pyrophosphate (Pyro-P), as an important hydrolysate of adenosine triphosphate in the body, was introduced to prepare mineralized collagen under the regulation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and orthophosphate (Ortho-P). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results showed that mineralized collagen, which combined with different crystallinities and multilayered structured apatite, was successfully prepared. A combination of ion chromatography (IC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD), and thermogravimetry (TG) analyses revealed the crucial role of Ortho-P in the formation of multilayered flower-shaped apatite with different crystallinities and in the maintenance of mineralization balance. Mineralization balance is of great significance for maintaining normal bone morphology during bone regeneration. Overall, our results provide a promising method to produce new bone substitute materials for the repair of large bone defects and a deeper insight into the mechanisms of biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Du
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Intelligent Physiological Measurement and Clinical Transformation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Yumiao Niu
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Intelligent Physiological Measurement and Clinical Transformation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Zhenzhen Jia
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Youjun Liu
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Intelligent Physiological Measurement and Clinical Transformation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Aike Qiao
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Intelligent Physiological Measurement and Clinical Transformation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Haisheng Yang
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Intelligent Physiological Measurement and Clinical Transformation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Xufeng Niu
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
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7
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Maruyama S, Visser H, Ito T, Limsakun T, Zahir H, Ford D, Tao B, Zamora CA, Stark JG, Chou HS. Phase I studies of the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of DS-1211, a tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase inhibitor. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:967-980. [PMID: 35021269 PMCID: PMC9010257 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) hydrolyzes and inactivates inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), a potent inhibitor of calcification; therefore, TNAP inhibition is a potential target to treat ectopic calcification. These two first-in-human studies evaluated safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PKs), and pharmacodynamics (PDs) of single (SAD) and multiple-ascending doses (MAD) of DS-1211, a TNAP inhibitor. Healthy adults were randomized 6:2 to DS-1211 or placebo, eight subjects per dose cohort. SAD study subjects received one dose of DS-1211 (range, 3-3000 mg) or placebo, whereas MAD study subjects received DS-1211 (range, 10-300 mg) once daily, 150 mg twice daily (b.i.d.), or placebo for 10 days. Primary end points were safety and tolerability. PK and PD assessments included plasma concentrations of DS-1211, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and TNAP substrates (PPi, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate [PLP], and phosphoethanolamine [PEA]). A total of 56 (DS-1211: n = 42; placebo: n = 14) and 40 (DS-1211: n = 30; placebo: n = 10) subjects enrolled in the SAD and MAD studies, respectively. In both studies, adverse events were mild or moderate and did not increase with dose. PKs of DS-1211 were linear up to 100 mg administered as a single dose and 150 mg b.i.d. administered as a multiple-dose regimen. In multiple dosing, there was minimal accumulation of DS-1211. Increased DS-1211 exposure correlated with dose-dependent ALP inhibition and concomitant increases in PPi, PLP, and PEA. In two phase I studies, DS-1211 appeared safe and well-tolerated. Post-treatment PD assessments were consistent with exposure-dependent TNAP inhibition. These data support further evaluation of DS-1211 for ectopic calcification diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hester Visser
- Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Basking Ridge, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - Hamim Zahir
- Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Basking Ridge, New Jersey, USA
| | - Daniel Ford
- Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Basking Ridge, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ben Tao
- Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Basking Ridge, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - Hubert S Chou
- Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Basking Ridge, New Jersey, USA
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8
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Leifheit-Nestler M, Vogt I, Haffner D, Richter B. Phosphate Is a Cardiovascular Toxin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1362:107-134. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91623-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vascular Calcification: Key Roles of Phosphate and Pyrophosphate. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413536. [PMID: 34948333 PMCID: PMC8708352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications due to accelerated arterial stiffening and atherosclerosis are the leading cause of morbimortality in Western society. Both pathologies are frequently associated with vascular calcification. Pathologic calcification of cardiovascular structures, or vascular calcification, is associated with several diseases (for example, genetic diseases, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease) and is a common consequence of aging. Calcium phosphate deposition, mainly in the form of hydroxyapatite, is the hallmark of vascular calcification and can occur in the medial layer of arteries (medial calcification), in the atheroma plaque (intimal calcification), and cardiac valves (heart valve calcification). Although various mechanisms have been proposed for the pathogenesis of vascular calcification, our understanding of the pathogenesis of calcification is far from complete. However, in recent years, some risk factors have been identified, including high serum phosphorus concentration (hyperphosphatemia) and defective synthesis of pyrophosphate (pyrophosphate deficiency). The balance between phosphate and pyrophosphate, strictly controlled by several genes, plays a key role in vascular calcification. This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning phosphate and pyrophosphate homeostasis, focusing on the role of extracellular pyrophosphate metabolism in aortic smooth muscle cells and macrophages.
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Buchet R, Tribes C, Rouaix V, Doumèche B, Fiore M, Wu Y, Magne D, Mebarek S. Hydrolysis of Extracellular ATP by Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Transdifferentiated into Chondrocytes Generates P i but Not PP i. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062948. [PMID: 33799449 PMCID: PMC8000465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is suspected to induce atherosclerosis plaque calcification. TNAP, during physiological mineralization, hydrolyzes the mineralization inhibitor inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi). Since atherosclerosis plaques are characterized by the presence of necrotic cells that probably release supraphysiological concentrations of ATP, we explored whether this extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is hydrolyzed into the mineralization inhibitor PPi or the mineralization stimulator inorganic phosphate (Pi), and whether TNAP is involved. (2) Methods: Murine aortic smooth muscle cell line (MOVAS cells) were transdifferentiated into chondrocyte-like cells in calcifying medium, containing ascorbic acid and β-glycerophosphate. ATP hydrolysis rates were determined in extracellular medium extracted from MOVAS cultures during their transdifferentiation, using 31P-NMR and IR spectroscopy. (3) Results: ATP and PPi hydrolysis by MOVAS cells increased during transdifferentiation. ATP hydrolysis was sequential, yielding adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and adenosine without any detectable PPi. The addition of levamisole partially inhibited ATP hydrolysis, indicating that TNAP and other types of ectonucleoside triphoshatediphosphohydrolases contributed to ATP hydrolysis. (4) Conclusions: Our findings suggest that high ATP levels released by cells in proximity to vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in atherosclerosis plaques generate Pi and not PPi, which may exacerbate plaque calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Buchet
- Institute for Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université Lyon 1, French National Centre for Scientific Research, F-69622 Lyon, France; (C.T.); (V.R.); (B.D.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Camille Tribes
- Institute for Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université Lyon 1, French National Centre for Scientific Research, F-69622 Lyon, France; (C.T.); (V.R.); (B.D.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Valentine Rouaix
- Institute for Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université Lyon 1, French National Centre for Scientific Research, F-69622 Lyon, France; (C.T.); (V.R.); (B.D.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Bastien Doumèche
- Institute for Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université Lyon 1, French National Centre for Scientific Research, F-69622 Lyon, France; (C.T.); (V.R.); (B.D.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Michele Fiore
- Institute for Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université Lyon 1, French National Centre for Scientific Research, F-69622 Lyon, France; (C.T.); (V.R.); (B.D.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Yuqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
| | - David Magne
- Institute for Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université Lyon 1, French National Centre for Scientific Research, F-69622 Lyon, France; (C.T.); (V.R.); (B.D.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Saida Mebarek
- Institute for Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université Lyon 1, French National Centre for Scientific Research, F-69622 Lyon, France; (C.T.); (V.R.); (B.D.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (S.M.)
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Laurain A, Rubera I, Duranton C, Rutsch F, Nitschke Y, Ray E, Vido S, Sicard A, Lefthériotis G, Favre G. Alkaline Phosphatases Account for Low Plasma Levels of Inorganic Pyrophosphate in Chronic Kidney Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:586831. [PMID: 33425894 PMCID: PMC7793922 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.586831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Patients on dialysis and kidney transplant recipients (KTR) present the syndrome of mineral and bone disorders (MBD), which share common traits with monogenic calcifying diseases related to disturbances of the purinergic system. Low plasma levels of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) and ectopic vascular calcifications belong to these two conditions. This suggests that the purinergic system may be altered in chronic kidney disease with MBD. Therefore, we perform a transversal pilot study in order to compare the determinants of PPi homeostasis and the plasma levels of PPi in patients on dialysis, in KTR and in healthy people. Patients and Methods We included 10 controls, 10 patients on maintenance dialysis, 10 early KTR 3 ± 1 months after transplantation and nine late KTR 24 ± 3 months after transplantation. We measured aortic calcifications, plasma and urine levels of PPi, the renal fractional excretion of PPi (FePPi), nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase (NPP) and ALP activities in plasma. Correlations and comparisons were assessed with non-parametric tests. Results Low PPi was found in patients on dialysis [1.11 (0.88–1.35), p = 0.004], in early KTR [0.91 (0.66–0.98), p = 0.0003] and in late KTR [1.16 (1.07–1.45), p = 0.02] compared to controls [1.66 (1.31–1.72) μmol/L]. Arterial calcifications were higher in patients on dialysis than in controls [9 (1–75) vs. 399 (25–526) calcium score/cm2, p < 0.05]. ALP activity was augmented in patients on dialysis [113 (74–160), p = 0.01] and in early KTR [120 (84–142), p = 0.002] compared to controls [64 (56–70) UI/L]. The activity of NPP and FePPi were not different between groups. ALP activity was negatively correlated with PPi (r = −0.49, p = 0.001). Discussion Patients on dialysis and KTR have low plasma levels of PPi, which are partly related to high ALP activity, but neither to low NPP activity, nor to increased renal excretion of PPi. Further work is necessary to explore comprehensively the purinergic system in chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Laurain
- Faculty of Medicine, Côte d'Azur University, Nice, France.,UMR 7073, Laboratory of Physiology and Molecular Medicine (LP2M), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Nice, France.,Nephrology Department, University Hospital, Nice, France
| | - Isabelle Rubera
- UMR 7073, Laboratory of Physiology and Molecular Medicine (LP2M), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Nice, France
| | - Christophe Duranton
- UMR 7073, Laboratory of Physiology and Molecular Medicine (LP2M), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Nice, France
| | - Frank Rutsch
- Department of General Pediatrics, Muenster University Children's Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Yvonne Nitschke
- Department of General Pediatrics, Muenster University Children's Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Elodie Ray
- Department of Vascular Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital, Nice, France
| | - Sandor Vido
- Nephrology Department, University Hospital, Nice, France
| | - Antoine Sicard
- Faculty of Medicine, Côte d'Azur University, Nice, France.,Nephrology Department, University Hospital, Nice, France
| | - Georges Lefthériotis
- Faculty of Medicine, Côte d'Azur University, Nice, France.,UMR 7073, Laboratory of Physiology and Molecular Medicine (LP2M), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Nice, France.,Department of Vascular Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital, Nice, France
| | - Guillaume Favre
- Faculty of Medicine, Côte d'Azur University, Nice, France.,UMR 7073, Laboratory of Physiology and Molecular Medicine (LP2M), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Nice, France.,Nephrology Department, University Hospital, Nice, France
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12
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Synthesis and computational studies of highly selective inhibitors of human recombinant tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (h-TNAP): A therapeutic target against vascular calcification. Bioorg Chem 2020; 101:103999. [PMID: 32563966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have discovered small druglike molecules as selective inhibitors of human tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (h-TNAP), an enzyme critical for the regulation of extracellular matrix calcification. The upregulation of h-TNAP is associated with various pathologies particularly the vascular calcification (VC). Selective inhibition of h-TNAP over h-NPP1 may serve as a useful therapeutic strategy against vascular calcification. A series of novel triazolyl pyrazole derivatives (10a-y) in which thiol bearing triazole moiety as the zinc binding functional group was introduced to a pyrazole based pharmacophore was synthesized and evaluated as potent and selective inhibitors of h-TNAP over h-NPP1. The biological screening against h-TNAP, h-IAP, h-NPP1 and h-NPP3 showed that many of the synthesized compounds are selective inhibitors of TNAP. Particularly, the compounds 10a-h, 10j, 10m-q, 10u, 10w and 10x displayed high potency and complete selectivity towards h-TNAP over h-NPP1. Compound 10q emerged as a highly potent inhibitor (IC50 = 0.16 µM or 160 nM) against h-TNAP with 127-fold increased inhibition compared to levamisole. On the other hand, compound 10e was found to be most selective inhibitor against the tested APs and NPPs (IC50 = 1.59 ± 0.36 µM). Binding sites architecture analysis, molecular-docking and molecular dynamics simulations (MDS), revealed the basis for h-TNAP and h-IAP ligand selectivity as well as selectivity towards h-TNAP over h-NPP1. These newly discovered inhibitors are believed to represent valuable lead structures to further streamline the generation of candidate compounds to target VC.
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An overview of the mechanisms in vascular calcification during chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2020; 28:289-296. [PMID: 30985336 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic kidney disease (CKD) facilitates a unique environment to strongly accelerate vascular calcification - the pathological deposition of calcium-phosphate in the vasculature. These calcifications are associated with the excessive cardiovascular mortality of CKD patients. RECENT FINDINGS Vascular calcification is a multifaceted active process, mediated, at least partly, by vascular smooth muscle cells. These cells are able to transdifferentiate into cells with osteo/chondrogenic properties, which exert multiple effects to facilitate vascular tissue mineralization. As the understanding of the underlying pathophysiology increases, first therapeutic concepts begin to emerge. SUMMARY This brief review provides an overview on the so far known mechanisms involved in the initiation and progression of vascular calcification in CKD.
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Impact of acetate- or citrate-acidified bicarbonate dialysate on ex vivo aorta wall calcification. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11374. [PMID: 31388059 PMCID: PMC6684644 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is highly prevalent in patients with chronic hemodialysis. Increased acetatemia during hemodialysis sessions using acetate-acidified bicarbonate has also been associated with several abnormalities, By contrast, these abnormalities were not induced by citrate-acidified bicarbonate dialysis. Moreover, citrate is biocompatible alternative to acetate in dialysis fluid. However, the effects of citrate on vascular calcification during hemodialysis had not been studied in detail. This study analyzed herein the effects of acetate- or citrate-acidified bicarbonate dialysis on vascular calcification. Citrate has been shown to inhibit calcification in urine in hemodialysis patients. Therefore, our hypothesis is that citrate-acidified bicarbonate dialysis could reduce vascular calcification. Blood samples before and after hemodialysis from patients on acetate- or citrate-acidified bicarbonate dialysis were collected in heparin-containing tubes (n = 35 and n = 25 respectively). To explore the effect of pre- and post-dialysis plasmatic bicarbonate and citrate on vascular calcification, rats aortic rings cultured ex vivo in Minimum Essential Medium containing 0.1% FBS and 45-calcium as radiotracer were used (n = 24). After 7 days of incubation aortic rings were dried, weighed and radioactivity was measured via liquid scintillation counting. Bicarbonate levels increase calcium accumulation in rat aortic wall in a dose-response manner (pH = 7.4). Moreover, citrate prevents calcium accumulation, with a mean inhibitor concentration (IC50) value of 733 µmol/L. During acetate-acidified bicarbonate dialysis, bicarbonate and citrate levels in plasma increase (22.29 ± 3.59 versus 28.63 ± 3.56 mmol/L; p < 0.001) and decrease (133.3 ± 53.6 versus 87.49 ± 32.3 µmol/L, p < 0.001), respectively. These changes in pos-hemodialysis plasma significantly (p < 0.001) alter calcium accumulation in the aortic wall (38.9% higher). Moreover, citrate-acidified bicarbonate dialysis increases post-hemodialysis citrate levels 5-fold (145 ± 79.8 versus 771.6 ± 184.3 µmol/L), reducing calcium accumulation in the aortic wall. Citrate-acidified bicarbonate dialysis reduces plasmatic calcium and pH variations during dialysis session (Δ[Ca2+] = −0.019 ± 0.089; ΔpH = 0.098 ± 0.043) respect to acetate-acidified bicarbonate dialysis (Δ[Ca2+] = 0.115 ± 0.118; ΔpH = 0.171 ± 0.078). To our knowledge, our study is the first to show that citrate protects against calcium accumulation in rat aortic walls ex vivo. Therefore, citrate-acidified bicarbonate dialysis may be an alternative approach to reduce calcification in hemodialysis patients without additional cost.
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Azpiazu D, Gonzalo S, Villa-Bellosta R. Tissue Non-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase and Vascular Calcification: A Potential Therapeutic Target. Curr Cardiol Rev 2019; 15:91-95. [PMID: 30381085 PMCID: PMC6520574 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x14666181031141226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a pathologic phenomenon consisting of calcium phosphate crystal deposition in the vascular walls. Vascular calcification has been found to be a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, due to its correlation with cardiovascular events and mortality, and it has been associated with aging, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Studies of vascular calcification have focused on phosphate homeostasis, primarily on the important role of hyperphosphatemia. Moreover, vascular calcification has been associated with loss of plasma pyrophosphate, one of the main inhibitors of calcification, thus indicating the importance of the phosphate/pyrophosphate ratio. Extracellular pyrophosphate can be synthesized from extracellular ATP by ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/ phosphodiesterase, whereas pyrophosphate is hydrolyzed to phosphate by tissuenonspecific alkaline phosphatase, contributing to the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals. Over the last decade, vascular calcification has been the subject of numerous reviews and studies, which have revealed new agents and activities that may aid in explaining the complex physiology of this condition. This review summarizes current knowledge about alkaline phosphatase and its role in the process of vascular calcification as a key regulator of the phosphate/pyrophosphate ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Azpiazu
- Fundacion Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Avenida Reyes Catolicos 2, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Gonzalo
- Fundacion Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Avenida Reyes Catolicos 2, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Villa-Bellosta
- Fundacion Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Avenida Reyes Catolicos 2, Madrid, Spain
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