1
|
Wang J, Shen F, Liu F, Zhuang S. Histone Modifications in Acute Kidney Injury. KIDNEY DISEASES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 8:466-477. [PMID: 36590679 PMCID: PMC9798838 DOI: 10.1159/000527799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious clinical problem associated with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. The pathophysiology and pathogenesis of AKI is complex and multifactorial. In recent years, epigenetics has emerged as an important regulatory mechanism in AKI. Summary There are several types of histone modification, including methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, crotonylation, citrullination, and sumoylation. Histone modifications are associated with the transcription of many genes and activation of multiple signaling pathways that contribute to the pathogenesis of AKI. Thus, targeting histone modification may offer novel strategies to protect kidneys from AKI and enhance kidney repair and recovery. In this review, we summarize recent advances on the modification, regulation, and implication of histone modifications in AKI. Key Messages Histone modifications contribute to the pathogenesis of AKI. Understanding of epigenetic regulation in AKI will aid in establishing the utility of pharmacologic targeting of histone modification as a potential novel therapy for AKI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengchen Shen
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Effect of histone deacetylase 8 gene deletion on breast cancer cellular mechanism in vitro and in vivo study. Life Sci 2022; 311:121156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
3
|
Zhuang M, Scholz A, Walz G, Yakulov TA. Histone Deacetylases Cooperate with NF-κB to Support the Immediate Migratory Response after Zebrafish Pronephros Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179582. [PMID: 36076983 PMCID: PMC9455417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is commonly associated with severe human diseases, and often worsens the outcome in hospitalized patients. The mammalian kidney has the ability to recover spontaneously from AKI; however, little progress has been made in the development of supportive treatments. Increasing evidence suggest that histone deacetylases (HDAC) and NF-κB promote the pathogenesis of AKI, and inhibition of Hdac activity has a protective effect in murine models of AKI. However, the role of HDAC at the early stages of recovery is unknown. We used the zebrafish pronephros model to study the role of epigenetic modifiers in the immediate repair response after injury to the tubular epithelium. Using specific inhibitors, we found that the histone deacetylase Hdac2, Hdac6, and Hdac8 activities are required for the repair via collective cell migration. We found that hdac6, hdac8, and nfkbiaa expression levels were upregulated in the repairing epithelial cells shortly after injury. Depletion of hdac6, hdac8, or nfkbiaa with morpholino oligonucleotides impaired the repair process, whereas the combined depletion of all three genes synergistically suppressed the recovery process. Furthermore, time-lapse video microscopy revealed that the lamellipodia and filopodia formation in the flanking cells was strongly reduced in hdac6-depleted embryos. Our findings suggest that Hdac activity and NF-κB are synergistically required for the immediate repair response in the zebrafish pronephros model of AKI, and the timing of HDAC inhibition might be important in developing supportive protocols in the human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Zhuang
- Renal Division, University Freiburg Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Scholz
- Renal Division, University Freiburg Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Walz
- Renal Division, University Freiburg Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Signaling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Toma Antonov Yakulov
- Renal Division, University Freiburg Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim J, Lee H, Yi SJ, Kim K. Gene regulation by histone-modifying enzymes under hypoxic conditions: a focus on histone methylation and acetylation. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:878-889. [PMID: 35869366 PMCID: PMC9355978 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00812-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen, which is necessary for sustaining energy metabolism, is consumed in many biochemical reactions in eukaryotes. When the oxygen supply is insufficient for maintaining multiple homeostatic states at the cellular level, cells are subjected to hypoxic stress. Hypoxia induces adaptive cellular responses mainly through hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), which are stabilized and modulate the transcription of various hypoxia-related genes. In addition, many epigenetic regulators, such as DNA methylation, histone modification, histone variants, and adenosine triphosphate-dependent chromatin remodeling factors, play key roles in gene expression. In particular, hypoxic stress influences the activity and gene expression of histone-modifying enzymes, which controls the posttranslational modification of HIFs and histones. This review covers how histone methylation and histone acetylation enzymes modify histone and nonhistone proteins under hypoxic conditions and surveys the impact of epigenetic modifications on gene expression. In addition, future directions in this area are discussed. New sequencing technologies are revealing how cells respond to hypoxia, insufficient oxygen, by managing gene activation. In multicellular organisms, gene activation is managed by how tightly a section of DNA is wound around proteins called histones; genes in tightly packed regions are inaccessible and inactive, whereas those in looser regions can be activated. Kyunghwan Kim, Sun-Ju Yi, and co-workers at Chungbuk National University in South Korea have reviewed recent data on how cells regulate gene activity under hypoxic conditions. Advances in sequencing technology have allowed genome-wide studies of how hypoxia affects DNA structure and gene activation, revealing that gene-specific modifications may be more important than genome-wide modifications. Hypoxia is implicated in several diseases, such as cancer and chronic metabolic diseases, and a better understanding of how it affects gene activation may help identify new treatments for hypoxia-related diseases.
Collapse
|
5
|
Long K, Vaughn Z, McDaniels MD, Joyasawal S, Przepiorski A, Parasky E, Sander V, Close D, Johnston PA, Davidson AJ, de Caestecker M, Hukriede NA, Huryn DM. Validation of HDAC8 Inhibitors as Drug Discovery Starting Points to Treat Acute Kidney Injury. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:207-215. [PMID: 35434532 PMCID: PMC9003639 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI), a sudden loss of kidney function, is a common and serious condition for which there are no approved specific therapies. While there are multiple approaches to treat the underlying causes of AKI, no targets have been clinically validated. Here, we assessed a series of potent, selective competitive inhibitors of histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8), a promising therapeutic target in an AKI setting. Using biochemical assays, zebrafish AKI phenotypic assays, and human kidney organoid assays, we show that selective HDAC8 inhibitors can lead to efficacy in increasingly stringent models. One of these, PCI-34051, was efficacious in a rodent model of AKI, further supporting the potential for HDAC8 inhibitors and, in particular, this scaffold as a therapeutic approach to AKI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith Long
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Zoe Vaughn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Michael David McDaniels
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Sipak Joyasawal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Aneta Przepiorski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Emily Parasky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Veronika Sander
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand 1010
| | - David Close
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Paul A Johnston
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Alan J Davidson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand 1010
| | - Mark de Caestecker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Neil A Hukriede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Donna M Huryn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gu H, Yang K, Wu Q, Shen Z, Li X, Sun C. A link between protein acetylation and mitochondrial dynamics under energy metabolism: A comprehensive overview. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:7926-7937. [PMID: 34101176 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cells adjust mitochondrial morphologies to coordinate between the cellular demand for energy and the availability of resources. Mitochondrial morphology is regulated by the balance between two counteracting mitochondrial processes of fusion and fission. Fission and fusion are dynamic and reversible processes that depend on the coordination of a number of proteins and are primarily regulated by posttranslational modifications. In the mitochondria, more than 20% of proteins are acetylated in proteomic surveys, partly involved in the dynamic regulation of mitochondrial fusion and fission. This article focuses on the molecular mechanism of the mitochondrial dynamics of fusion and fission, and summarizes the related mechanisms and targets of mitochondrial protein acetylation to regulate the mitochondrial dynamics of fusion and fission in energy metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Gu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Zhentong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinjian Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Updating a Strategy for Histone Deacetylases and Its Inhibitors in the Potential Treatment of Cerebral Ischemic Stroke. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:8820803. [PMID: 32963637 PMCID: PMC7492879 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8820803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Cerebral ischemic stroke is one of the severe diseases with a pathological condition that leads to nerve cell dysfunction with seldom available therapy options. Currently, there are few proven effective treatments available for improving cerebral ischemic stroke outcome. However, recently, there is increasing evidence that inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity exerts a strong protective effect in in vivo and vitro models of ischemic stroke. Review Summary. HDAC is a posttranslational modification that is negatively regulated by histone acetyltransferase (HATS) and histone deacetylase. Based on function and DNA sequence similarity, histone deacetylases (HDACs) are organized into four different subclasses (I-IV). Modifications of histones play a crucial role in cerebral ischemic affair development after translation by modulating disrupted acetylation homeostasis. HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) mainly exert neuroprotective effects by enhancing histone and nonhistone acetylation levels and enhancing gene expression and protein modification functions. This article reviews HDAC and its inhibitors, hoping to find meaningful therapeutic targets. Conclusions HDAC may be a new biological target for cerebral ischemic stroke. Future drug development targeting HDAC may make it a potentially effective anticerebral ischemic stroke drug.
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang H, Peng X, Huang Y, Xiao Y, Wang Z, Zhan L. Propofol Attenuates Hypoxia/Reoxygenation-Induced Apoptosis and Autophagy in HK-2 Cells by Inhibiting JNK Activation. Yonsei Med J 2019; 60:1195-1202. [PMID: 31769251 PMCID: PMC6881709 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2019.60.12.1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate whether propofol could attenuate hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis and autophagy in human renal proximal tubular cells (HK-2) by inhibiting JNK activation. MATERIALS AND METHODS HK-2 cells were treated with or without propofol or JNK inhibitor SP600125 for 1 hour and then subjected to 15 hours of hypoxia and 2 hours of reoxygenation (H/R). Cell viability and LDH release were measured with commercial kits. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry. The expressions of p-JNK, cleaved-caspase-3, Bcl-2, and autophagy markers LC3 and p62 were measured by Western blot or immunofluorescence. RESULTS HK-2 cells exposed to H/R insult showed higher cell injury (detected by increased LDH release and decreased cell viability), increased cell apoptosis index and expression of cleaved-caspase-3, a decrease in the expression of Bcl-2 accompanied by increased expression of p-JNK and LC3II, and a decrease in expression of p62. All of these alterations were attenuated by propofol treatment. Similar effects were provoked upon treatment with the JNK inhibitor SP600125. Moreover, the protective effects were more obvious with the combination of propofol and SP600125. CONCLUSION These results suggest that propofol could attenuate hypoxia/reoxygenation induced apoptosis and autophagy in HK-2 cells, probably through inhibiting JNK activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaxin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Yayi Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Yeda Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Liying Zhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ha SD, Cho W, DeKoter RP, Kim SO. The transcription factor PU.1 mediates enhancer-promoter looping that is required for IL-1β eRNA and mRNA transcription in mouse melanoma and macrophage cell lines. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17487-17500. [PMID: 31586032 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA-binding protein PU.1 is a myeloid lineage-determining and pioneering transcription factor due to its ability to bind "closed" genomic sites and maintain "open" chromatin state for myeloid lineage-specific genes. The precise mechanism of PU.1 in cell type-specific programming is yet to be elucidated. The melanoma cell line B16BL6, although it is nonmyeloid lineage, expressed Toll-like receptors and activated the transcription factor NF-κB upon stimulation by the bacterial cell wall component lipopolysaccharide. However, it did not produce cytokines, such as IL-1β mRNA. Ectopic PU.1 expression induced remodeling of a novel distal enhancer (located ∼10 kbp upstream of the IL-1β transcription start site), marked by nucleosome depletion, enhancer-promoter looping, and histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac). PU.1 induced enhancer-promoter looping and H3K27ac through two distinct PU.1 regions. These PU.1-dependent events were independently required for subsequent signal-dependent and co-dependent events: NF-κB recruitment and further H3K27ac, both of which were required for enhancer RNA (eRNA) transcription. In murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells, these PU.1-dependent events were constitutively established and readily expressed eRNA and subsequently IL-1β mRNA by lipopolysaccharide stimulation. In summary, this study showed a sequence of epigenetic events in programming IL-1β transcription by the distal enhancer priming and eRNA production mediated by PU.1 and the signal-dependent transcription factor NF-κB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Duck Ha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Siebens-Drake Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Woohyun Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Siebens-Drake Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Rodney P DeKoter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Siebens-Drake Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Sung Ouk Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Siebens-Drake Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6G 2V4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
An P, Li J, Lu L, Wu Y, Ling Y, Du J, Chen Z, Wang H. Histone deacetylase 8 triggers the migration of triple negative breast cancer cells via regulation of YAP signals. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 845:16-23. [PMID: 30582912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) shows highly aggressive clinical behaviors and poor prognosis compared to other breast cancer subtypes. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) can regulate the progression of various cancers, but the role of HDAC8 in TNBC remains unexplored. Here, we found that HDAC8 enhanced the in vitro migration abilities of breast cancer cells. Targeted inhibition of HDAC8 via si-HDAC8 and its selective inhibitor PCI34051 could suppress the migration of cells. In TNBC cells, HDAC8 stabilized the expression and increased the nuclear localization of YAP, a major downstream effector of Hippo pathway. While silencing YAP could attenuate HDAC8 triggered migration of TNBC cells. Mechanistically, HDAC8 suppressed the phosphorylation of YAPSer127, which was related to its cytoplasmic sequestration degradation. Our data revealed that HDAC8 could trigger the migration of TNBC cells via regulation of Hippo-YAP signals, suggesting that HDAC8 might be a potential target for TNBC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panpan An
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiexin Li
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Linlin Lu
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yingmin Wu
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuyi Ling
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun Du
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhuojia Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|