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Baral B, Panigrahi B, Kar A, Tulsiyan KD, Suryakant U, Mandal D, Subudhi U. Peptide nanostructures-based delivery of DNA nanomaterial therapeutics for regulating gene expression. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 33:493-510. [PMID: 37583574 PMCID: PMC10424151 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled branched DNA (bDNA) nanomaterials have exhibited their functionality in various biomedical and diagnostic applications. However, the anionic cellular membrane has restricted the movement of bDNA nanostructures. Recently, amphiphilic peptides have been investigated as cationic delivery agents for nucleic acids. Herein, we demonstrate a strategy for delivering functional bDNA nanomaterials into mammalian cells using self-assembled linear peptides. In this study, antisense oligonucleotides of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were inserted in the overhangs of bDNAs. Novel linear peptides have been synthesized and the peptide-bound bDNA complex formation was examined using various biophysical experiments. Interestingly, the W4R4-bound bDNAs were found to be exceptionally stable against DNase I compared to other complexes. The delivery of fluorescent-labeled bDNAs into the mammalian cells confirmed the potential of peptide transporters. Furthermore, the functional efficacy of the peptide-bound bDNAs has been examined through RT-PCR and western blot analysis. The observed results revealed that W4R4 peptides exhibited excellent internalization of antisense bDNAs and significantly suppressed (3- to 4-fold) the transcripts and translated product of VEGF compared to the control. In summary, the results highlight the potential use of peptide-based nanocarrier for delivering bDNA nanostructures to regulate the gene expression in cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bineeth Baral
- DNA Nanotechnology & Application Laboratory, Environment & Sustainability Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar 751013, Odisha, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Bijayananda Panigrahi
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
- Biopioneer Private Limited, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Avishek Kar
- DNA Nanotechnology & Application Laboratory, Environment & Sustainability Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar 751013, Odisha, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Kiran D. Tulsiyan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
- Homi Bhaba National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Uday Suryakant
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Dindyal Mandal
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Umakanta Subudhi
- DNA Nanotechnology & Application Laboratory, Environment & Sustainability Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar 751013, Odisha, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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2
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Wang H, Zhou R, Xu F, Yang K, Zheng L, Zhao P, Shi G, Dai L, Xu C, Yu L, Li Z, Wang J, Wang J. Beyond canonical PROTAC: biological targeted protein degradation (bioTPD). Biomater Res 2023; 27:72. [PMID: 37480049 PMCID: PMC10362593 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) is an emerging therapeutic strategy with the potential to modulate disease-associated proteins that have previously been considered undruggable, by employing the host destruction machinery. The exploration and discovery of cellular degradation pathways, including but not limited to proteasomes and lysosome pathways as well as their degraders, is an area of active research. Since the concept of proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) was introduced in 2001, the paradigm of TPD has been greatly expanded and moved from academia to industry for clinical translation, with small-molecule TPD being particularly represented. As an indispensable part of TPD, biological TPD (bioTPD) technologies including peptide-, fusion protein-, antibody-, nucleic acid-based bioTPD and others have also emerged and undergone significant advancement in recent years, demonstrating unique and promising activities beyond those of conventional small-molecule TPD. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in bioTPD technologies, summarize their compositional features and potential applications, and briefly discuss their drawbacks. Moreover, we present some strategies to improve the delivery efficacy of bioTPD, addressing their challenges in further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Respirology, The Second Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Runhua Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Fushan Xu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Kongjun Yang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Liuhai Zheng
- Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Respirology, The Second Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Pan Zhao
- Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Respirology, The Second Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Guangwei Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Lingyun Dai
- Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Respirology, The Second Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Chengchao Xu
- Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Respirology, The Second Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, P. R. China
| | - Le Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China.
| | - Zhijie Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Respirology, The Second Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China.
| | - Jianhong Wang
- Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China.
| | - Jigang Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Respirology, The Second Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, P. R. China.
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3
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McDouall A, Zhou KQ, Bennet L, Green CR, Gunn AJ, Davidson JO. Connexins, Pannexins and Gap Junctions in Perinatal Brain Injury. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061445. [PMID: 35740466 PMCID: PMC9220888 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal brain injury secondary to hypoxia-ischemia and/or infection/inflammation remains a major cause of disability. Therapeutic hypothermia significantly improves outcomes, but in randomized controlled trials nearly half of infants still died or survived with disability, showing that additional interventions are needed. There is growing evidence that brain injury spreads over time from injured to previously uninjured regions of the brain. At least in part, this spread is related to opening of connexin hemichannels and pannexin channels, both of which are large conductance membrane channels found in many brain cells. Opening of these membrane channels releases adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and other neuroactive molecules, into the extracellular space. ATP has an important role in normal signaling, but pathologically can trigger the assembly of the multi-protein inflammasome complex. The inflammasome complex promotes activation of inflammatory caspases, and release of inflammatory cytokines. Overall, the connexin hemichannel appears to play a primary role in propagation of injury and chronic disease, and connexin hemichannel blockade has been shown to be neuroprotective in multiple animal models. Thus, there is potential for some blockers of connexin or pannexin channels to be developed into targeted interventions that could be used in conjunction with or separate to therapeutic hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice McDouall
- U1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (A.M.); (K.Q.Z.); (L.B.); (A.J.G.)
| | - Kelly Q. Zhou
- U1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (A.M.); (K.Q.Z.); (L.B.); (A.J.G.)
| | - Laura Bennet
- U1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (A.M.); (K.Q.Z.); (L.B.); (A.J.G.)
| | - Colin R. Green
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand;
| | - Alistair J. Gunn
- U1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (A.M.); (K.Q.Z.); (L.B.); (A.J.G.)
| | - Joanne O. Davidson
- U1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (A.M.); (K.Q.Z.); (L.B.); (A.J.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Hejtmánková A, Váňová J, Španielová H. Cell-penetrating peptides in the intracellular delivery of viral nanoparticles. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 117:47-76. [PMID: 34420585 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are a promising tool for the intracellular delivery of cargo. Due to their ability to cross membranes while also cotransporting various cargoes, they offer great potential for biomedical applications. Several CPPs have been derived from viral proteins with natural roles in the viral replication cycle that require them to breach or fuse to cellular membranes. Additionally, the ability of viruses to cross membranes makes viruses and virus-based particles a convenient model for research on nanoparticle delivery and nanoparticle-mediated gene therapy. In this chapter, we aim to characterize CPPs derived from both structural and nonstructural viral proteins. Their function as enhancers of viral infection and transduction by viral nanoparticles as well as the main features of viral CPPs employed in intracellular cargo delivery are summarized to emphasize their potential use in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alžběta Hejtmánková
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Váňová
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Španielová
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Wang L, Zhou MB, Zhang H. The Emerging Role of Topical Ocular Drugs to Target the Posterior Eye. Ophthalmol Ther 2021; 10:465-494. [PMID: 34218424 PMCID: PMC8319259 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-021-00365-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of chronic fundus diseases is increasing with the aging of the general population. The treatment of these intraocular diseases relies on invasive drug delivery because of the globular structure and multiple barriers of the eye. Frequent intraocular injections bring heavy burdens to the medical care system and patients. The use of topical drugs to treat retinal diseases has always been an attractive solution. The fast development of new materials and technologies brings the possibility to develop innovative topical formulations. This article reviews anatomical and physiological barriers of the eye which affect the bioavailability of topical drugs. In addition, we summarize innovative topical formulations which enhance the permeability of drugs through the ocular surface and/or extend the drug retention time in the eye. This article also reviews the differences of eyes between different laboratory animals to address the translational challenges of preclinical models. The fast development of in vitro eye models may provide more tools to increase the clinical translationality of topical formulations for intraocular diseases. Clinical successes of topical formulations rely on continuous and collaborative efforts between different disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Hui Zhang
- Yuanpu Eye Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China.
- , No. 14 Jiuxing Avenue, Gaoxin District, Chengdu, China.
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6
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Shome A, Mugisho OO, Niederer RL, Rupenthal ID. Blocking the inflammasome: A novel approach to treat uveitis. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2839-2857. [PMID: 34229084 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Uveitis is a complex ocular inflammatory disease often accompanied by bacterial or viral infections (infectious uveitis) or underlying autoimmune diseases (non-infectious uveitis). Treatment of the underlying infection along with corticosteroid-mediated suppression of acute inflammation usually resolves infectious uveitis. However, to develop more effective therapies for non-infectious uveitis and to better address acute inflammation in infectious disease, an improved understanding of the underlying inflammatory pathways is needed. In this review, we discuss the disease aetiology, preclinical in vitro and in vivo uveitis models, the role of inflammatory pathways, as well as current and future therapies. In particular, we highlight the involvement of the inflammasome in the development of non-infectious uveitis and how it could be a future target for effective treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avik Shome
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Odunayo O Mugisho
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rachael L Niederer
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ilva D Rupenthal
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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7
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Coutinho FP, Green CR, Acosta ML, Rupenthal ID. Xentry-Gap19 inhibits Connexin43 hemichannel opening especially during hypoxic injury. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 10:751-765. [PMID: 32318976 PMCID: PMC7223318 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00763-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic injury results in cell death, tissue damage and activation of inflammatory pathways. This is mediated by pathological Connexin43 (Cx43) hemichannel (HC) opening resulting in osmotic and ionic imbalances as well as cytokine production perpetuating the inflammatory environment. Gap19 is an intracellularly acting Cx43 mimetic peptide that blocks HC opening and thus promotes cell survival. However, native Gap19, which must enter the cell in order to function, exhibits low cell permeability. In this study, Gap19 was conjugated to the cell-penetrating peptide, Xentry, to investigate if cellular uptake could be improved while maintaining peptide function. Cellular uptake of Xentry-Gap19 (XG19) was much greater than that of native Gap19 even under normal cell culture conditions. Peptide function was maintained post uptake as shown by reduced ethidium homodimer influx and ATP release due to Cx43 HC block. While XG19 blocked pathologic HC opening though, normal gap junction communication required for cell repair and survival mechanisms was not affected as shown in a dye scrape-load assay. Under hypoxic conditions, increased expression of Syndecan-4, a plasma membrane proteoglycan targeted by Xentry, enabled even greater XG19 uptake leading to higher inhibition of ATP release and greater cell survival. This suggests that XG19, which is targeted specifically to hypoxic cells, can efficiently and safely block Cx43 HC and could therefore be a novel treatment for hypoxic and inflammatory diseases. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Frazer P Coutinho
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Colin R Green
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Monica L Acosta
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ilva D Rupenthal
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Liu B, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Gao S, Zhao Y, Ren L, Shi W, Yuan X. Membrane Stabilization of Poly(ethylene glycol)-b-polypeptide-g-trehalose Assists Cryopreservation of Red Blood Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:3294-3303. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lingyue Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qifa Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shuhui Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yunhui Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lixia Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wenxiong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Liu B, Zhang Q, Zhou F, Ren L, Zhao Y, Yuan X. Enhancing Membrane-Disruptive Activity via Hydrophobic Phenylalanine and Lysine Tethered to Poly(aspartic acid). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:14538-14547. [PMID: 30933470 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic polymers with pH-responsive abilities have been widely used as carriers for intracellular delivery of bioactive substances, while their membrane-disruptive activity exerted on cells is a critical characteristic that determines delivery efficiency. Herein, we present a novel method to prepare amphiphilic and pH-responsive polymers by chemically tethering l-phenylalanine methyl ester and followed by Nε-carbobenzyloxy-l-lysine benzyl ester to the side carboxylic acid groups of poly(aspartic acid). The obtained phenylalanine- and lysine-grafted polymer (PAsp- g-Phe)- g-Lys demonstrated enhanced membrane-disruptive activity at pH 7.4 in comparison with that of PAsp- g-Phe. Moreover, the pH-responsive behavior of the grafted polymers caused by the significantly intensified hydrophobicity could be modulated by the tethered amount of hydrophobic amino acids with phenyl groups. The prepared amphiphilic (PAsp- g-Phe)- g-Lys could facilitate entry of calcein into NIH/3T3 and HeLa cells at physiological pH values, possibly due to local chemical destabilization of cell membranes by the interaction between the polymer and membrane bilayers. Therefore, we have provided a feasible approach to prepare pH-responsive polymers with enhanced membrane-disruptive activity, and the phenylalanine- and lysine-grafted polymers could be a potential candidate for intracellular delivery of bioactive molecules in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Qifa Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Fang Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Lixia Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Yunhui Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Xiaoyan Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300350 , China
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