1
|
Deptuch T, Kucharczyk K, Florczak A, Dams-Kozlowska H. Endotoxin reduction from biotech silk material inhibits the production of anti-silk antibodies in mice. J Biomed Mater Res A 2024; 112:463-472. [PMID: 37941467 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Eliminating endotoxins is a common problem in the development of biotechnologically produced pharmaceuticals or biomaterials. Residual endotoxins in the final sample may hamper the properties of the product or induce severe adverse effects. Developing an effective downstream purification protocol that ensures a lack of minimal endotoxin content in the final product can be a challenging task. In our previous studies, we developed nanospheres produced from bioengineered silks. Despite their good overall biocompatibility, in vivo characterization of spheres showed mild activation of the immune system (mainly in terms of anti-silk antibody production). Herein, we examined, if the endotoxins delivered with the silk spheres might have contributed to activating the adaptive immune response. We investigated various commercially available methods for endotoxin removal that can be applied as an extra step in downstream endotoxin removal from MS1-type silk proteins. We selected a method that allowed for a 10-fold reduction of endotoxin content in soluble silk and 2-fold in the final product (silk spheres). The reduced level of endotoxins improved the biocompatibility of the silk spheres as these particles induced negligible titers of anti-silk antibodies in an in vivo immune study. Since endotoxins can enhance life-threatening immune responses, it is crucial to optimize the method of their removal before clinical use not only of silk-based products but also of other biomolecules produced biotechnologically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Deptuch
- Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Diagnostics and Cancer Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Kamil Kucharczyk
- Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Diagnostics and Cancer Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Florczak
- Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Diagnostics and Cancer Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Hanna Dams-Kozlowska
- Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Diagnostics and Cancer Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Trossmann VT, Lentz S, Scheibel T. Factors Influencing Properties of Spider Silk Coatings and Their Interactions within a Biological Environment. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:434. [PMID: 37623678 PMCID: PMC10455157 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14080434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials are an indispensable part of biomedical research. However, although many materials display suitable application-specific properties, they provide only poor biocompatibility when implanted into a human/animal body leading to inflammation and rejection reactions. Coatings made of spider silk proteins are promising alternatives for various applications since they are biocompatible, non-toxic and anti-inflammatory. Nevertheless, the biological response toward a spider silk coating cannot be generalized. The properties of spider silk coatings are influenced by many factors, including silk source, solvent, the substrate to be coated, pre- and post-treatments and the processing technique. All these factors consequently affect the biological response of the environment and the putative application of the appropriate silk coating. Here, we summarize recently identified factors to be considered before spider silk processing as well as physicochemical characterization methods. Furthermore, we highlight important results of biological evaluations to emphasize the importance of adjustability and adaption to a specific application. Finally, we provide an experimental matrix of parameters to be considered for a specific application and a guided biological response as exemplarily tested with two different fibroblast cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa T. Trossmann
- Chair of Biomaterials, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann-Straße 1, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (V.T.T.); (S.L.)
| | - Sarah Lentz
- Chair of Biomaterials, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann-Straße 1, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (V.T.T.); (S.L.)
| | - Thomas Scheibel
- Chair of Biomaterials, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann-Straße 1, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (V.T.T.); (S.L.)
- Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces (BZKG), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayreuth Center for Molecular Biosciences (BZMB), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayreuth Materials Center (BayMAT), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Salthouse D, Novakovic K, Hilkens CMU, Ferreira AM. Interplay between biomaterials and the immune system: Challenges and opportunities in regenerative medicine. Acta Biomater 2023; 155:1-18. [PMID: 36356914 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The use of biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications has increased dramatically over recent years. However, the clinical uptake of a wide variety of biomaterials remains limited due to adverse effects commonly exhibited by patients, which are caused by the host immune response. Despite this, current in vitro evaluation standards (ISO-10993) for assessing the host response to biomaterials have limitations in predicting the likelihood of in vivo biomaterial acceptance. Furthermore, endotoxin contamination of biomaterials is rarely considered, despite its ability to significantly affect the performance of biomaterials and engineered tissues. This review highlights the importance of the immune response to biomaterials and discusses existing challenges and opportunities in the development and standardised assessment of the immune response to biomaterials, including the importance of endotoxin levels. In addition, the properties of biomaterials that impact the host immune response and the exploitation of immunomodulatory biomaterials in regenerative medicine are explored. Finally, a standardised in vitro pathway of evaluating the immune response to biomaterials (hydrogels) and their regenerative potential is proposed, aiming to ensure safety and consistency, while reducing costs and the use of animals in the biomaterials research for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This review presents a critical analysis of the role of the interactions between the immune system and biomaterials in determining the therapeutic success of biomaterial-based approaches. No such review addressing the lack of understanding of biomaterial-immune system interactions during the developmental and pre-clinical stages of biomaterials, including the impact of the endotoxin levels of biomaterials on the immune response, is published. As there is a lack of in vitro regulations to evaluate the immune response to biomaterials, a standardised in vitro pathway to evaluate the immune response to biomaterials (hydrogels) and their immunomodulatory and regenerative potential for use in tissue engineering/regenerative medicine applications is presented. The aim of the proposed pathway of biomaterial evaluation is to ensure safety and consistency in the biomaterials research community, while reducing costs and animal use (through the concept of the 3R's - reduction, refinement, and replacement of animals).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Salthouse
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Katarina Novakovic
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Catharien M U Hilkens
- Translational & Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Marina Ferreira
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
In vivo study of the immune response to bioengineered spider silk spheres. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13480. [PMID: 35931709 PMCID: PMC9356052 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17637-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioengineered MS1 silk is derived from major ampullate spidroin 1 (MaSp1) from the spider Nephila clavipes. The MS1 silk was functionalized with the H2.1 peptide to target Her2-overexpressing cancer cells. The immunogenic potential of drug carriers made from MS1-type silks was investigated. The silk spheres were administered to healthy mice, and then (i) the phenotypes of the immune cells that infiltrated the Matrigel plugs containing spheres (implanted subcutaneously), (ii) the presence of silk-specific antibodies (after two intravenous injections of the spheres), (iii) the splenocyte phenotypes and their activity after restimulation ex vivo in terms of proliferation and cytokine secretion (after single intravenous injection of the spheres) were analyzed. Although the immunogenicity of MS1 particles was minor, the H2.1MS1 spheres attracted higher levels of B lymphocytes, induced a higher anti-silk antibody titer, and, after ex vivo restimulation, caused the activation of splenocytes to proliferate and express more IFN-γ and IL-10 compared with the PBS and MS1 groups. Although the H2.1MS1 spheres triggered a certain degree of an immunological response, multiple injections (up to six times) neither hampered the carrier-dependent specific drug delivery nor induced toxicity, as previously indicated in a mouse breast cancer model. Both findings indicate that a drug delivery system based on MS1-type silk has great potential for the treatment of cancer and other conditions.
Collapse
|
5
|
Heinrich MA, Mangia M, Prakash J. Impact of endotoxins on bioengineered tissues and models. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 40:532-534. [PMID: 34953616 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxins are commonly present in both naturally derived and synthetic biomaterials. This Forum highlights the consequences of endotoxin contamination in biomaterials on different engineered tissues, such as bone, skin, or cartilage, and discusses the potential effects on novel 3D immunocompetent pathophysiological models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A Heinrich
- Engineered Therapeutics Section, Department of Advanced Organ Bioengineering and Therapeutics, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Mangia
- Engineered Therapeutics Section, Department of Advanced Organ Bioengineering and Therapeutics, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jai Prakash
- Engineered Therapeutics Section, Department of Advanced Organ Bioengineering and Therapeutics, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lin C, Ekblad-Nordberg Å, Michaëlsson J, Götherström C, Hsu CC, Ye H, Johansson J, Rising A, Sundström E, Åkesson E. In Vitro Study of Human Immune Responses to Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels, Recombinant Spidroins and Human Neural Progenitor Cells of Relevance to Spinal Cord Injury Repair. Cells 2021; 10:1713. [PMID: 34359882 PMCID: PMC8303367 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Scaffolds of recombinant spider silk protein (spidroin) and hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel hold promise in combination with cell therapy for spinal cord injury. However, little is known concerning the human immune response to these biomaterials and grafted human neural stem/progenitor cells (hNPCs). Here, we analyzed short- and long-term in vitro activation of immune cells in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) cultured with/without recombinant spidroins, HA hydrogels, and/or allogeneic hNPCs to assess potential host-donor interactions. Viability, proliferation and phenotype of hPBMCs were analyzed using NucleoCounter and flow cytometry. hPBMC viability was confirmed after exposure to the different biomaterials. Short-term (15 h) co-cultures of hPBMCs with spidroins, but not with HA hydrogel, resulted in a significant increase in the proportion of activated CD69+ CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells and NK cells, which likely was caused by residual endotoxins from the Escherichia coli expression system. The observed spidroin-induced hPBMC activation was not altered by hNPCs. It is resource-effective to evaluate human compatibility of novel biomaterials early in development of the production process to, when necessary, make alterations to minimize rejection risk. Here, we present a method to evaluate biomaterials and hPBMC compatibility in conjunction with allogeneic human cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenhong Lin
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 64 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Åsa Ekblad-Nordberg
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 52 Stockholm, Sweden; (Å.E.-N.); (C.G.)
| | - Jakob Michaëlsson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Cecilia Götherström
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 52 Stockholm, Sweden; (Å.E.-N.); (C.G.)
| | - Chia-Chen Hsu
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (C.-C.H.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hua Ye
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (C.-C.H.); (H.Y.)
| | - Jan Johansson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 83 Stockholm, Sweden; (J.J.); (A.R.)
| | - Anna Rising
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 83 Stockholm, Sweden; (J.J.); (A.R.)
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Sundström
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 64 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Elisabet Åkesson
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 64 Stockholm, Sweden;
- The R&D Unit, Stockholms Sjukhem, SE-112 19 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Spider web proteins are unique materials created by nature that, considering the combination of their properties, do not have analogues among natural or human-created materials. Obtaining significant amounts of these proteins from natural sources is not feasible. Biotechnological manufacturing in heterological systems is complicated by the very high molecular weight of spidroins and their specific amino acid composition. Obtaining recombinant analogues of spidroins in heterological systems, mainly in bacteria and yeast, has become a compromise solution. Because they can self-assemble, these proteins can form various materials, such as fibers, films, 3D-foams, hydrogels, tubes, and microcapsules. The effectiveness of spidroin hydrogels in deep wound healing, as 3D scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration and as oriented fibers for axon growth and nerve tissue regeneration, was demonstrated in animal models. The possibility to use spidroin micro- and nanoparticles for drug delivery was demonstrated, including the use of modified spidroins for virus-free DNA delivery into animal cell nuclei. In the past few years, significant interest has arisen concerning the use of these materials as biocompatible and biodegradable soft optics to construct photonic crystal super lenses and fiber optics and as soft electronics to use in triboelectric nanogenerators. This review summarizes the latest achievements in the field of spidroin production, the creation of materials based on them, the study of these materials as a scaffold for the growth, proliferation, and differentiation of various types of cells, and the prospects for using these materials for medical applications (e.g., tissue engineering, drug delivery, coating medical devices), soft optics, and electronics. Accumulated data suggest the use of recombinant spidroins in medical practice in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir G Debabov
- State Research Institute for Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" (NRC "Kurchatov Institute"-GOSNIIGENETIKA), Moscow 117545, Russia
| | - Vladimir G Bogush
- State Research Institute for Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" (NRC "Kurchatov Institute"-GOSNIIGENETIKA), Moscow 117545, Russia
| |
Collapse
|