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Yin M, Kim J, Choi JI, Bom JS, Bae HB, Jeong S. AMPK reduces macrophage endotoxin tolerance through inhibition of TGF-β1 production and its signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110146. [PMID: 37037116 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is involved in suppression of the development of endotoxin tolerance, which is a driver of the immunosuppression induced by sepsis. However, the mechanism by which AMPK inhibits the development of endotoxin tolerance has not been clearly elucidated. Therefore, the present study was performed to investigate the mechanism by which the AMPK activator, metformin, inhibits the development of endotoxin tolerance. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased the production of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in macrophages, which was inhibited by metformin and resveratrol. Knockdown of AMPKα1 inhibited the suppressive effect of metformin on LPS-induced TGF-β1 production. TGF-β neutralizing antibody and TGF-β type I receptor inhibitor increased the production of TNF-α and IL-6 via LPS restimulation in tolerized macrophages. LPS increased Smad2 phosphorylation, but this was inhibited in cells treated with TGF-β neutralizing antibody or metformin. Smad2 knockdown inhibited the development of endotoxin tolerance, as evidenced by increased TNF-α production in response to LPS restimulation in tolerized macrophages. TGF-β1 expression was increased, and the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 production induced by LPS stimulation were decreased, in splenocytes of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model mice compared to sham-operated controls. However, metformin treatment suppressed the production of TGF-β1, and enhanced the production of TNF-α and IL-6 induced by LPS stimulation in splenocytes of CLP mice. These results indicated that AMPK activation inhibits LPS-induced TGF-β1 production and its signaling pathway, thus suppressing the development of endotoxin tolerance in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanamdo, South Korea
| | - Joungmin Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Il Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Joon-Suk Bom
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hong-Beom Bae
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanamdo, South Korea; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea.
| | - Seongtae Jeong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanamdo, South Korea; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea.
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Ishikawa F, Matsubara T, Koyama T, Iwamoto H, Miyaji K. Whey protein hydrolysate mitigates both inflammation and endotoxin tolerance in THP-1 human monocytic leukemia cells. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e737. [PMID: 36444621 PMCID: PMC9639455 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is important to control both inflammation and immunosuppression after severe insults, such as sepsis, trauma, and surgery. Endotoxin tolerance is one of the immunosuppressive conditions and it has been known that endotoxin tolerance relates to poorer clinical outcomes in patients with severe insults. This study investigated whether whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) mitigates inflammation and endotoxin tolerance in THP-1 human monocytic leukemia cells. METHODS Endotoxin tolerance can be experimentally reproduced by two consecutive stimulations with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). THP-1 cells were incubated with LPS and WPH (first stimulation). After collecting the culture supernatant to evaluate the effect on inflammation, the cells were washed and restimulated by 100 ng/ml LPS (second stimulation). The culture supernatant was again collected to evaluate the effect on endotoxin tolerance. Concentrations of LPS and WPH in the first stimulation were adjusted to evaluate their dose dependency. Cytokine levels in the supernatant were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analysis was performed using the student's t-test or Dunnett's test. RESULTS Five mg/ml WPH significantly decreased interleukin (IL)-6 (p = .006) and IL-10 (p < .001) levels after the first LPS stimulation (1000 ng/ml). WPH significantly increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha (p < .001) and IL-10 (p = .014) levels after the second LPS stimulation. The suppressive effect of WPH on inflammation and endotoxin tolerance was dependent on the concentrations of LPS and WPH. The effective dose of WPH for endotoxin tolerance was lower than its effective dose for inflammation. CONCLUSION WPH mitigated both inflammation and endotoxin tolerance. Therefore, WPH might be a candidate for valuable food ingredients to control both inflammation and immunosuppression after severe insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuka Ishikawa
- Health Care & Nutrition Science InstituteR&D Division, Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd.KanagawaZamaJapan
| | - Takeshi Matsubara
- Health Care & Nutrition Science InstituteR&D Division, Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd.KanagawaZamaJapan
| | - Takahiro Koyama
- Health Care & Nutrition Science InstituteR&D Division, Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd.KanagawaZamaJapan
| | - Hiroshi Iwamoto
- Health Care & Nutrition Science InstituteR&D Division, Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd.KanagawaZamaJapan
| | - Kazuhiro Miyaji
- Health Care & Nutrition Science InstituteR&D Division, Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd.KanagawaZamaJapan
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Xia D, Wang S, Yao R, Han Y, Zheng L, He P, Liu Y, Yang L. Pyroptosis in sepsis: Comprehensive analysis of research hotspots and core genes in 2022. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:955991. [PMID: 36032662 PMCID: PMC9402944 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.955991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, a life-threatening disease caused by dysregulated host response to infection, is a major public health problem with a high mortality and morbidity rate. Pyroptosis is a new type of programmed cell death discovered in recent years, which has been proved to play an important role in sepsis. Nevertheless, there is no comprehensive report, which can help researchers get a quick overview and find research hotspots. Thus, we aimed to identify the study status and knowledge structures of pyroptosis in sepsis and summarize the key mechanism of pyroptosis in sepsis. The data were retrieved and downloaded from the WOS database. Software such as VOSviewer was used to analyze these publications. Key genes were picked out by using (https://www.genecards.org) and (http://www.bioinformatics.com). Then, Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were used to performed these key genes. From 2011 to 2021, a total of 299 papers met the search criteria, and the global interest in pyroptosis in sepsis measured by the value of (RRI) has started to increase since 2016. China ranked first in the number of publications, followed by the USA. The journal Frontiers in Immunology published the most relevant articles. Through keyword co-occurrence analysis, the high-frequency subject terms were divided into three clusters like “animal research”, “cell research,” and “molecular research” clusters. “mir,” “aki,” “monocyte,” and “neutrophil” were the newest keywords that may be the hotspot. In addition, a total of 15 genes were identified as hub genes. TNF, IL-1β, AKT1, CASP1, and STAT3 were highly expressed in lung tissues, thymus tissues, and lymphocytes. KEGG analysis indicated that pyroptosis may play a vital role in sepsis via the NOD, PI3K/AKT, and MAPK/JNK pathways. Through the quantitative analysis of the literature on pyroptosis in sepsis, we revealed the current status and hotspots of research in this field and provided some guidance for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demeng Xia
- Luodian Clinical Drug Research Center, Shanghai Baoshan Luodian Hospital, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Emergency, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renqi Yao
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Fourth Medical Center and Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuexue Han
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Qing Dao University, Qing Dao, Shan Dong, China
| | - Liyu Zheng
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Fourth Medical Center and Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Pengyi He
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Fourth Medical Center and Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Liu, ; Lu Yang,
| | - Lu Yang
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Baoshan Luodian Hospital, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Liu, ; Lu Yang,
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Review of Cyanotoxicity Studies Based on Cell Cultures. J Toxicol 2022; 2022:5647178. [PMID: 35509523 PMCID: PMC9061046 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5647178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanotoxins (CTs) are a large and diverse group of toxins produced by the peculiar photosynthetic prokaryotes of the domain Cyanoprokaryota. Toxin-producing aquatic cyanoprokaryotes can develop in mass, causing “water blooms” or “cyanoblooms,” which may lead to environmental disaster—water poisoning, extinction of aquatic life, and even to human death. CT studies on single cells and cells in culture are an important stage of toxicological studies with increasing impact for their further use for scientific and clinical purposes, and for policies of environmental protection. The higher cost of animal use and continuous resistance to the use of animals for scientific and toxicological studies lead to a progressive increase of cell lines use. This review aims to present (1) the important results of the effects of CT on human and animal cell lines, (2) the methods and concentrations used to obtain these results, (3) the studied cell lines and their tissues of origin, and (4) the intracellular targets of CT. CTs reviewed are presented in alphabetical order as follows: aeruginosins, anatoxins, BMAA (β-N-methylamino-L-alanine), cylindrospermopsins, depsipeptides, lipopolysaccharides, lyngbyatoxins, microcystins, nodularins, cyanobacterial retinoids, and saxitoxins. The presence of all these data in a review allows in one look to advance the research on CT using cell cultures by facilitating the selection of the most appropriate methods, conditions, and cell lines for future toxicological, pharmacological, and physiological studies.
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Arroyo AB, Águila S, Fernández-Pérez MP, Reyes-García AMDL, Reguilón-Gallego L, Zapata-Martínez L, Vicente V, Martínez C, González-Conejero R. miR-146a in Cardiovascular Diseases and Sepsis: An Additional Burden in the Inflammatory Balance? Thromb Haemost 2020; 121:1138-1150. [PMID: 33352593 DOI: 10.1055/a-1342-3648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The new concept of thrombosis associated with an inflammatory process is called thromboinflammation. Indeed, both thrombosis and inflammation interplay one with the other in a feed forward manner amplifying the whole process. This pathological reaction in response to a wide variety of sterile or non-sterile stimuli eventually causes acute organ damage. In this context, neutrophils, mainly involved in eliminating pathogens as an early barrier to infection, form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that are antimicrobial structures responsible of deleterious side effects such as thrombotic complications. Although NETosis mechanisms are being unraveled, there are still many regulatory elements that have to be discovered. Micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are important modulators of gene expression implicated in human pathophysiology almost two decades ago. Among the different miRNAs implicated in inflammation, miR-146a is of special interest because: (1) it regulates among others, Toll-like receptors/nuclear factor-κB axis which is of paramount importance in inflammatory processes, (2) it regulates the formation of NETs by modifying their aging phenotype, and (3) it has expression levels that may decrease among individuals up to 50%, controlled in part by the presence of several polymorphisms. In this article, we will review the main characteristics of miR-146a biology. In addition, we will detail how miR-146a is implicated in the development of two paradigmatic diseases in which thrombosis and inflammation interact, cardiovascular diseases and sepsis, and their association with the presence of miR-146a polymorphisms and the use of miR-146a as a marker of cardiovascular diseases and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Arroyo
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Morales Meseguer University Hospital, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sonia Águila
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Morales Meseguer University Hospital, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - María P Fernández-Pérez
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Morales Meseguer University Hospital, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ascensión M de Los Reyes-García
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Morales Meseguer University Hospital, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Laura Reguilón-Gallego
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Morales Meseguer University Hospital, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Laura Zapata-Martínez
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Morales Meseguer University Hospital, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Vicente Vicente
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Morales Meseguer University Hospital, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Constantino Martínez
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Morales Meseguer University Hospital, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Rocío González-Conejero
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Morales Meseguer University Hospital, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
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Chaurasiya V, Kumari S, Onteru SK, Singh D. Up-regulation of miR-326 regulates pro-inflammatory cytokines targeting TLR-4 in buffalo granulosa cells. Mol Immunol 2020; 119:154-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Young BM, Ildefonso CJ. Systematic Injection of Low-Dose LPS Transiently Improves the Retina Function and Structure of a Mouse Model of Geographic Atrophy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1185:57-62. [PMID: 31884589 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27378-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Geographic atrophy (GA), the advanced form of AMD, has been linked to oxidative stress within the RPE and with low-grade inflammation. The RPE-specific Sod2 knockout mouse model of GA develops increase oxidative stress and slow retinal degeneration. Mice of the SOD2floxed::VMD2Cre+ genotype were injected subcutaneously with either saline or 3 mg/kg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at 8 weeks of age. Mice were evaluated by electroretinography (ERG) and spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Inflammatory cells within the retina were studied by CD45 immunofluorescence. Systemic low-dose LPS transiently, but significantly, improved both function and structure of RPE-specific Sod2 KO mice retina when compared to saline-injected mice. There was no difference in CD45 positive cells between saline and LPS treatment. Low-grade activation of the immune system leads to a preconditioning effect that transiently protects the retina of a mouse model of geographic atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna M Young
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cristhian J Ildefonso
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Molteni M, Bosi A, Rossetti C. The Effect of Cyanobacterial LPS Antagonist (CyP) on Cytokines and Micro-RNA Expression Induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10070290. [PMID: 30012943 PMCID: PMC6071223 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg-LPS) is a key bacterial structure involved in the maintenance of a chronic pro-inflammatory environment during periodontitis. Similar to other gram-negative LPS, Pg-LPS induces the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines through interaction with Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) and is able to stimulate negative TLR4 regulatory pathways, such as those involving microRNA (miRNA). In this work, we employed CyP, an LPS with TLR4-MD2 antagonist activity obtained from the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria planktothrix FP1, to study the effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine production and miRNA expression in human monocytic THP-1 cells stimulated with Pg-LPS or E. coli LPS (Ec-LPS). Results showed that CyP inhibited TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-8 expression more efficiently when co-incubated with Pg-LPS rather than with Ec-LPS. The inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production was maintained even when CyP was added 2 h after LPS. The analysis of the effects of CyP on miRNA expression showed that, although being an antagonist, CyP did not inhibit miR-146a induced by Pg-LPS or Ec-LPS, whereas it significantly inhibited miR-155 only in the cultures stimulated with Ec-LPS. These results suggest that CyP may modulate the pro-inflammatory response induced by Pg-LPS, not only by blocking TLR4-MD2 complex, but also by preserving miR-146a expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Molteni
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Dunant, 3-21100 Varese, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Bosi
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Dunant, 3-21100 Varese, Italy.
| | - Carlo Rossetti
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Dunant, 3-21100 Varese, Italy.
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