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Majhi S, Awasthi BP, Sharma RK, Mitra K. Buparvaquone Induces Ultrastructural and Physiological Alterations Leading to Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Caspase-Independent Apoptotic Cell Death in Leishmania donovani. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2024; 30:521-538. [PMID: 38709559 DOI: 10.1093/mam/ozae034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease (endemic in 99 countries) caused by parasitic protozoa of the genus Leishmania. As treatment options are limited, there is an unmet need for new drugs. The hydroxynaphthoquinone class of compounds demonstrates broad-spectrum activity against protozoan parasites. Buparvaquone (BPQ), a member of this class, is the only drug licensed for the treatment of theileriosis. BPQ has shown promising antileishmanial activity but its mode of action is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ultrastructural and physiological effects of BPQ for elucidating the mechanisms underlying the in vitro antiproliferative activity in Leishmania donovani. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy analyses of BPQ-treated parasites revealed ultrastructural effects characteristic of apoptosis-like cell death, which include alterations in the nucleus, mitochondrion, kinetoplast, flagella, and the flagellar pocket. Using flow cytometry, laser scanning confocal microscopy, and fluorometry, we found that BPQ induced caspase-independent apoptosis-like cell death by losing plasma membrane phospholipid asymmetry and cell cycle arrest at sub-G0/G1 phase. Depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane leads to the generation of oxidative stress and impaired ATP synthesis followed by disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis. Collectively, these findings provide valuable mechanistic insights and demonstrate BPQ's potential for development as an antileishmanial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetapadma Majhi
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility and Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Bhanu Priya Awasthi
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility and Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Sharma
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility and Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Kalyan Mitra
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility and Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
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Shmuel O, Rasti A, Zaknoun M, Astman N, Golan-Goldhirsh A, Sagi O, Gopas J. Anti- Leishmania major Properties of Nuphar lutea (Yellow Water Lily) Leaf Extracts and Purified 6,6' Dihydroxythiobinupharidine (DTBN). Pathogens 2024; 13:384. [PMID: 38787236 PMCID: PMC11124111 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a zoonotic disease, manifested as chronic ulcers, potentially leaving unattractive scars. There is no preventive vaccination or optimal medication against leishmaniasis. Chemotherapy generally depends upon a small group of compounds, each with its own efficacy, toxicity, and rate of drug resistance. To date, no standardized, simple, safe, and highly effective regimen for treating CL exists. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new optimal medication for this disease. Sesquiterpen thio-alkaloids constitute a group of plant secondary metabolites that bear great potential for medicinal uses. The nupharidines found in Nuphar lutea belong to this group of compounds. We have previously published that Nuphar lutea semi-purified extract containing major components of nupharidines has strong anti-leishmanial activity in vitro. Here, we present in vivo data on the therapeutic benefit of the extract against Leishmania major (L. major) in infected mice. We also expanded these observations by establishing the therapeutic effect of the extract-purified nupharidine 6,6'-dihydroxythiobinupharidine (DTBN) in vitro against promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes as well as in vivo in L. major-infected mice. The results suggest that this novel anti-parasitic small molecule has the potential to be further developed against Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Shmuel
- Shraga Segal Dept. of Microbiology Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (O.S.); (A.R.); (O.S.)
| | - Aviv Rasti
- Shraga Segal Dept. of Microbiology Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (O.S.); (A.R.); (O.S.)
| | - Melodie Zaknoun
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel;
| | - Nadav Astman
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Hashomer, Tel Aviv 39040, Israel;
| | - Avi Golan-Goldhirsh
- The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research (BIDR), French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel;
| | - Orly Sagi
- Shraga Segal Dept. of Microbiology Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (O.S.); (A.R.); (O.S.)
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva 84101, Israel
| | - Jacob Gopas
- Shraga Segal Dept. of Microbiology Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (O.S.); (A.R.); (O.S.)
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Ullah W, Khan A, Niaz S, Al-Garadi MA, Nasreen N, Swelum AA, Ben Said M. Epidemiological survey, molecular profiling and phylogenetic analysis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2024; 118:273-286. [PMID: 38055843 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trad086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), an emerging vector-borne ailment in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan, exhibits diverse spread patterns and outbreaks. METHODS To comprehend its epidemiology and identify parasite species, we conducted an active survey on suspected CL cases (n=8845) in KPK. RESULTS Microscopy and internal transcribed spacer-1 PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) molecular techniques detected Leishmania spp. in blood samples. Phylogenetic analysis gauged genetic affinities with other areas. District Bannu displayed the highest CL impact (14.58%), while Swat had the lowest impact (4.33%) among cases. Annual blood examination rate, parasite incidence and slide positivity rate were 4.96 per 1000 people, 0.0233 and 0.047%, respectively. CL infections were prevalent in 1- to 20-y-olds, with males (57.17%) more vulnerable than females (42.82%). Single lesions occurred in 43.73% of patients, while 31.2% people had two lesions, 17.31% had three lesions and 7.74% had more than three lesions. Most had sand-fly exposure but lacked preventive measures like repellents and bed nets. Leishmania tropica was confirmed via RFLP analysis in amplified samples. Phylogenetic analysis unveiled genetic parallels between L. tropica of KPK and isolates from China, Iran, Afghanistan, India, Syria and Morocco. CONCLUSIONS Urgent comprehensive control measures are imperative. Early detection, targeted interventions and raising awareness of CL and sand-fly vectors are vital for reducing the disease's impact. International collaboration and monitoring are crucial to tackle Leishmania spp.'s genetic diversity and curtail its cross-border spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasia Ullah
- Depart ment of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Adil Khan
- Department of Botany/Zoology, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- Department of Biology, Mountain Allison university, Sackville, new Brunswick, Canada
| | - Sadaf Niaz
- Depart ment of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Maged A Al-Garadi
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasreen Nasreen
- Depart ment of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ayman A Swelum
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mourad Ben Said
- Laboratory of Microbiology, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
- Department of Basic Sciences, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
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Lamba S, Roy A. Demystifying the potential of inhibitors targeting DNA topoisomerases in unicellular protozoan parasites. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103574. [PMID: 37003515 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
DNA topoisomerases are a group of enzymes omnipresent in all organisms. They maintain the DNA topology during replication, repair, recombination, and transcription. However, the structure of topoisomerase in protozoan parasites differs significantly from that of human topoisomerases; thus, this enzyme acts as a crucial target in drug development against parasitic diseases. Although the therapeutic potential of drugs targeting the parasitic topoisomerase is well known, to manage the shortcomings of currently available therapeutics and the emergence of drug resistance, the discovery of novel antiparasitic molecules is an urgent need. In this review, we describe various investigational and repurposed topoisomerase inhibitors developed against protozoan parasites over the past few years. Teaser: Fatal parasitic diseases are an increasing cause for concern; here, we provide a compilation of different inhibitors targeting DNA topoisomerases, enzymes that are essential for, and unique to, protozoan parasites; therefore, inhibitors are efficient and have few adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Lamba
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, India
| | - Amit Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, India.
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Chowdhury SR, Bhoumik A, Gupta VK, Majumder HK. Type II DNA Topoisomerases in trypanosomatid and apicomplexan parasites. Acta Trop 2022; 234:106613. [PMID: 35905776 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Diseases caused by trypanosomatid parasites have no commercially available vaccines for human application. Treatment modalities completely rely on chemotherapeutics strategies that often exhibit clinical drawbacks, like host toxicity, side effects and treatment failure for drug resistance. These, in many instances, are costly, making them unaffordable for certain groups of beneficiaries. To find reasonable solutions, researchers are attempting to identify and validate new drug targets that would offer parasite specificity. DNA topoisomerases in parasites present a consolidated class of drug targets due to their multiple structural and functional differences with host homologs. Type II DNA topoisomerases in these parasites, in particular, have been attracting interest of scientific community attributable to their pivotal role in the replication of the atypical DNA. In this article, we present a detailed review of structural and functional features of type II DNA topoisomerases of clinically-relevant trypanosomatid and apicomplexan parasites. Also, we provide up-to-date information on different molecules that target these enzymes. Altogether, the review will largely help in understanding the rationale for exploiting type II DNA topoisomerases in these groups of parasites as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somenath Roy Chowdhury
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 28, 48149, Münster.
| | - Arpita Bhoumik
- Infectious Diseases & Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, 700 032
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032
| | - Hemanta K Majumder
- Infectious Diseases & Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, 700 032
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Rodríguez-Expósito RL, Reyes-Batlle M, Sifaoui I, Tejedor D, García-Tellado F, Piñero JE, Lorenzo-Morales J. Isobenzofuran-1(3H)-one derivatives: Amoebicidal activity and program cell death in Acanthamoeba castellanii Neff. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:113062. [PMID: 35658232 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Acanthamoeba is characterized by being a group of ubiquitous and free-living amoebae that inhabit a variety of environments. Generally, human infections by this parasite are associated with Acanthamoeba keratitis, especially in contact lens wearers, and with chronic but fatal granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis. Current treatments used for eradication of amoeba from infection sites represent a challenge for pharmacotherapy, due to the lack of effective treatment and the amoebae highly resistant to anti-amoebic drugs. In this study, we describe the results of the assessment of the IC50 of 10 isobenzofuran-1(3H)-one derivatives (QOET) against four Acanthamoeba strains. The compounds QOET-3 and QOET-9 were the selected derivatives with the lowest IC50 in A. castellanii Neff trophozoites (73.71 ± 0.25 and 69.99 ± 15.32 µM, respectively). Interestingly, analysis of the compound effects on the cell apoptosis-like features showed that both active molecules triggered programmed cell death (PCD) in A. castellanii Neff. The results obtained in this study highlights that isobenzofuranone derivatives could represent an interesting source for developing novel antiamoebic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén L Rodríguez-Expósito
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife 38206, Spain; Departamento de Obstetricia, Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad De La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife 38203, Islas Canarias, Spain; Red de Investigación Cooperativa en Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Reyes-Batlle
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife 38206, Spain; Departamento de Obstetricia, Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad De La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife 38203, Islas Canarias, Spain; Red de Investigación Cooperativa en Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Spain
| | - Ines Sifaoui
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife 38206, Spain; Departamento de Obstetricia, Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad De La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife 38203, Islas Canarias, Spain; Red de Investigación Cooperativa en Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Spain
| | - David Tejedor
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Fco. Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain.
| | - Fernando García-Tellado
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Fco. Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain.
| | - José E Piñero
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife 38206, Spain; Departamento de Obstetricia, Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad De La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife 38203, Islas Canarias, Spain; Red de Investigación Cooperativa en Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jacob Lorenzo-Morales
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife 38206, Spain; Departamento de Obstetricia, Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad De La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife 38203, Islas Canarias, Spain; Red de Investigación Cooperativa en Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Zuma AA, Dos Santos Barrias E, de Souza W. Basic Biology of Trypanosoma cruzi. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1671-1732. [PMID: 33272165 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826999201203213527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present review addresses basic aspects of the biology of the pathogenic protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi and some comparative information of Trypanosoma brucei. Like eukaryotic cells, their cellular organization is similar to that of mammalian hosts. However, these parasites present structural particularities. That is why the following topics are emphasized in this paper: developmental stages of the life cycle in the vertebrate and invertebrate hosts; the cytoskeleton of the protozoa, especially the sub-pellicular microtubules; the flagellum and its attachment to the protozoan body through specialized junctions; the kinetoplast-mitochondrion complex, including its structural organization and DNA replication; glycosome and its role in the metabolism of the cell; acidocalcisome, describing its morphology, biochemistry, and functional role; cytostome and the endocytic pathway; the organization of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex; the nucleus, describing its structural organization during interphase and division; and the process of interaction of the parasite with host cells. The unique characteristics of these structures also make them interesting chemotherapeutic targets. Therefore, further understanding of cell biology aspects contributes to the development of drugs for chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline A Zuma
- Laboratorio de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emile Dos Santos Barrias
- Laboratorio de Metrologia Aplicada a Ciencias da Vida, Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada a Ciencias da Vida - Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (Inmetro), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratorio de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Zuma AA, Teixeira de Macedo-Silva S, Achari A, Vinayagam J, Bhattacharjee P, Chatterjee S, Gupta VK, Cristina de Sousa Leite A, Souza de Castro L, Jaisankar P, de Souza W. Furan derivatives impair proliferation and affect ultrastructural organization of Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania amazonensis. Exp Parasitol 2021; 224:108100. [PMID: 33744229 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease and leishmaniasis are neglected diseases caused by parasites of the Trypanosomatidae family and together they affect millions of people in the five continents. The treatment of Chagas disease is based on benznidazole, whereas for leishmaniasis few drugs are available, such as amphotericin B and miltefosine. In both cases, the current treatment is not entirely efficient due to toxicity or side effects. Encouraged by the need to discover valid targets and new treatment options, we evaluated 8 furan compounds against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania amazonensis, considering their effects against proliferation, infection, and ultrastructure. Many of them were able to impair T. cruzi and L. amazonensis proliferation, as well as cause ultrastructural alterations, such as Golgi apparatus disorganization, autophagosome formation, and mitochondrial swelling. Taken together, the results obtained so far make these compounds eligible for further steps of chemotherapy study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Araujo Zuma
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-902, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Sara Teixeira de Macedo-Silva
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-902, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Anushree Achari
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - Jayaraman Vinayagam
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - Pinaki Bhattacharjee
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - Sourav Chatterjee
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - Amanda Cristina de Sousa Leite
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-902, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Lucas Souza de Castro
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-902, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Parasuraman Jaisankar
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India.
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-902, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-902, Brazil.
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Abstract
The association of leishmaniasis and malignancies in human and animal models has been highlighted in recent years. The misdiagnosis of coexistence of leishmaniasis and cancer and the use of common drugs in the treatment of such diseases prompt us to further survey the molecular biology of Leishmania parasites and cancer cells. The information regarding common expressed proteins, as possible therapeutic targets, in Leishmania parasites and cancer cells is scarce. Therefore, the current study reviews proteins, and investigates the regulation and functions of several key proteins in Leishmania parasites and cancer cells. The up- and down-regulations of such proteins were mostly related to survival, development, pathogenicity, metabolic pathways and vital signalling in Leishmania parasites and cancer cells. The presence of common expressed proteins in Leishmania parasites and cancer cells reveals valuable information regarding the possible shared mechanisms of pathogenicity and opportunities for therapeutic targeting in leishmaniasis and cancers in the future.
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Reynaldo GMR. The Final Origin of Cancer: Molecular Phylogeny. Cell 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/cellbio.2020.92005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Oxymatrine protects neonatal rat against hypoxic-ischemic brain damage via PI3K/Akt/GSK3β pathway. Life Sci 2019; 254:116444. [PMID: 31102745 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In this study we aimed to explore the specific effect and mechanism of oxymatrine on neonatal rats hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hypoxia-ischemia damage model was built by ligaturing the left common carotid artery in 7-day-old rat. Rat pups in OMT group received intraperitoneal injection with oxymatrine (120 mg/kg). Oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion model was created in hippocampal neurons. Neurological behavioral, histopathological alteration, cell viability, intracellular Ca2+ concentration, MMP and cell apoptosis were used in damage evaluation. KEY FINDINGS The results shown that oxymatrine regulated brain damage and cell apoptosis by controlling NR2B-PI3K/Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway. SIGNIFICANCE Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage is a destructive injury that leading to death and detrimental neurological deficits. Oxymatrine is a natural alkaloid compound that can alleviate the ischemic cerebral infarction. In the study, 120 mg/kg oxymatrine decreased neuroethology damage and neuronal damage in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus CA3. Moreover, 0.2, 1, 5 μg/ml oxymatrine improved cell survival, decreased cell apoptosis. The utilization of LY293004 (PI3K signaling pathway inhibitor) also supported that oxymatrine ameliorated neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage and cell injury by controlling NR2B-PI3K/Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway.
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Twist and Turn-Topoisomerase Functions in Mitochondrial DNA Maintenance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20082041. [PMID: 31027213 PMCID: PMC6514783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20082041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Like any genome, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) also requires the action of topoisomerases to resolve topological problems in its maintenance, but for a long time, little was known about mitochondrial topoisomerases. The last years have brought a closer insight into the function of these fascinating enzymes in mtDNA topology regulation, replication, transcription, and segregation. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about mitochondrial topoisomerases, paying special attention to mammalian mitochondrial genome maintenance. We also discuss the open gaps in the existing knowledge of mtDNA topology control and the potential involvement of mitochondrial topoisomerases in human pathologies. While Top1mt, the only exclusively mitochondrial topoisomerase in mammals, has been studied intensively for nearly a decade, only recent studies have shed some light onto the mitochondrial function of Top2β and Top3α, enzymes that are shared between nucleus and mitochondria. Top3α mediates the segregation of freshly replicated mtDNA molecules, and its dysfunction leads to mtDNA aggregation and copy number depletion in patients. Top2β, in contrast, regulates mitochondrial DNA replication and transcription through the alteration of mtDNA topology, a fact that should be acknowledged due to the frequent use of Topoisomerase 2 inhibitors in medical therapy.
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Chowdhury SR, Majumder HK. DNA Topoisomerases in Unicellular Pathogens: Structure, Function, and Druggability. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 44:415-432. [PMID: 30609953 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
All organisms, including unicellular pathogens, compulsorily possess DNA topoisomerases for successful nucleic acid metabolism. But particular subtypes of topoisomerases exist, in all prokaryotes and in some unicellular eukaryotes, that are absent in higher eukaryotes. Moreover, topoisomerases from pathogenic members of a niche possess some unique molecular architecture and functionalities completely distinct from their nonpathogenic colleagues. This review will highlight the unique attributes associated with the structures and functions of topoisomerases from the unicellular pathogens, with special reference to bacteria and protozoan parasites. It will also summarise the progress made in the domain pertaining to the druggability of these topoisomerases, upon which a future platform for therapeutic development can be successfully constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somenath Roy Chowdhury
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Hemanta K Majumder
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032, India.
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