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Doren S, Schwab SM, Bigner K, Calvelage J, Preston K, Laughlin A, Drury C, Tincher B, Carl D, Awosika OO, Boyne P. Evaluating the Neural Underpinnings of Motivation for Walking Exercise. Phys Ther 2024; 104:pzad159. [PMID: 37980613 PMCID: PMC10939334 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzad159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Motivation is critically important for rehabilitation, exercise, and motor performance, but its neural basis is poorly understood. Recent correlational research suggests that the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) may be involved in motivation for walking activity and/or descending motor output. This study experimentally evaluated brain activity changes in periods of additional motivation during walking exercise and tested how these brain activity changes relate to self-reported exercise motivation and walking speed. METHODS Adults without disability (N = 26; 65% women; 25 [standard deviation = 5] years old) performed a vigorous exercise experiment involving 20 trials of maximal speed overground walking. Half of the trials were randomized to include "extra-motivation" stimuli (lap timer, tracked best lap time, and verbal encouragement). Wearable near-infrared spectroscopy measured oxygenated hemoglobin responses from frontal lobe regions, including the dmPFC, primary sensorimotor, dorsolateral prefrontal, anterior prefrontal, supplementary motor, and dorsal premotor cortices. RESULTS Compared with standard trials, participants walked faster during extra-motivation trials (2.43 vs 2.67 m/s; P < .0001) and had higher oxygenated hemoglobin responses in all tested brain regions, including dmPFC (+842 vs +1694 μM; P < .0001). Greater dmPFC activity was correlated with more self-determined motivation for exercise between individuals (r = 0.55; P = .004) and faster walking speed between trials (r = 0.18; P = .0002). dmPFC was the only tested brain region that showed both of these associations. CONCLUSION Simple motivational stimuli during walking exercise seem to upregulate widespread brain regions. Results suggest that dmPFC may be a key brain region linking affective signaling to motor output. IMPACT These findings provide a potential biologic basis for the benefits of motivational stimuli, elicited with clinically feasible methods during walking exercise. Future clinical studies could build on this information to develop prognostic biomarkers and test novel brain stimulation targets for enhancing exercise motivation (eg, dmPFC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Doren
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sarah M Schwab
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Bigner
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jenna Calvelage
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Katie Preston
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Abigail Laughlin
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Colin Drury
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Brady Tincher
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel Carl
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Oluwole O Awosika
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Pierce Boyne
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Hayashi R, Yamashita O, Yamada T, Kawaguchi H, Higo N. Diffuse Optical Tomography Using fNIRS Signals Measured from the Skull Surface of the Macaque Monkey. Cereb Cortex Commun 2021; 3:tgab064. [PMID: 35072075 PMCID: PMC8767783 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse optical tomography (DOT), as a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) technique, can estimate three-dimensional (3D) images of the functional hemodynamic response in brain volume from measured optical signals. In this study, we applied DOT algorithms to the fNIRS data recorded from the surface of macaque monkeys’ skulls when the animals performed food retrieval tasks using either the left- or right-hand under head-free conditions. The hemodynamic response images, reconstructed by DOT with a high sampling rate and fine voxel size, demonstrated significant activations at the upper limb regions of the primary motor area in the central sulcus and premotor, and parietal areas contralateral to the hands used in the tasks. The results were also reliable in terms of consistency across different recording dates. Time-series analyses of each brain area revealed preceding activity of premotor area to primary motor area consistent with previous physiological studies. Therefore, the fNIRS–DOT protocol demonstrated in this study provides reliable 3D functional brain images over a period of days under head-free conditions for region-of-interest–based time-series analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Hayashi
- Neurorehabilitation Research Group, Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Okito Yamashita
- Computational Brain Dynamics Team, Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, RIKEN, Nihonbashi 1-chome Mitsui Building, 15th floor, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
- Neural Information Analysis Laboratories, Department of Computational Brain Imaging, ATR, 2-2-2 Hikaridai Seika-cho, Sorakugun, Kyoto 619-0288, Japan
| | - Toru Yamada
- Neurorehabilitation Research Group, Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawaguchi
- Neurorehabilitation Research Group, Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Higo
- Neurorehabilitation Research Group, Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
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Kawaguchi H, Tanikawa Y, Yamada T. Exclusive detection of cerebral hemodynamics in functional near-infrared spectroscopy by reflectance modulation of the scalp surface. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-16. [PMID: 32762174 PMCID: PMC7403450 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.8.087001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a technique for detecting regional hemodynamic responses associated with neural activation in the cerebral cortex. The absorption changes due to hemodynamic changes in the scalp cause considerable signal contamination in the fNIRS measurement. A method for extracting hemodynamic changes in the cerebral tissue is required for reliable fNIRS measurement. AIM To exclusively detect cerebral functional hemodynamic changes, we developed an fNIRS technique using reflectance modulation of the scalp surface. APPROACH The theoretical feasibility of the proposed method was proven by a simulation calculation of light propagation. Its practical feasibility was evaluated by a phantom experiment and brain activation simulation mimicking human fNIRS experiments. RESULTS The simulation calculation revealed that the partial path length of the scalp was changed by reflectance modulation of the scalp surface. The influence of absorption change in the superficial layer was successfully reduced by the proposed method, using only measurement data, in the phantom experiment. The proposed method was applicable to human experiments of standard designs, achieving statistical significance within an acceptable experimental time-frame. CONCLUSIONS Removal of the scalp hemodynamic effect by the proposed technique will increase the quality of fNIRS data, particularly in measurements in neonates and infants that typically would require a dense optode arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kawaguchi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yukari Tanikawa
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Toru Yamada
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
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Kato J, Yamada T, Kawaguchi H, Matsuda K, Higo N. Functional near-infrared-spectroscopy-based measurement of changes in cortical activity in macaques during post-infarct recovery of manual dexterity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6458. [PMID: 32296087 PMCID: PMC7160113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63617-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Because compensatory changes in brain activity underlie functional recovery after brain damage, monitoring of these changes will help to improve rehabilitation effectiveness. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has the potential to measure brain activity in freely moving subjects. We recently established a macaque model of internal capsule infarcts and an fNIRS system for use in the monkey brain. Here, we used these systems to study motor recovery in two macaques, for which focal infarcts of different sizes were induced in the posterior limb of the internal capsule. Immediately after the injection, flaccid paralysis was observed in the hand contralateral to the injected hemisphere. Thereafter, dexterous hand movements gradually recovered over months. After movement recovery, task-evoked hemodynamic responses increased in the ventral premotor cortex (PMv). The response in the PMv of the infarcted (i.e., ipsilesional) hemisphere increased in the monkey that had received less damage. In contrast, the PMv of the non-infarcted (contralesional) hemisphere was recruited in the monkey with more damage. A pharmacological inactivation experiment with muscimol suggested the involvement of these areas in dexterous hand movements during recovery. These results indicate that fNIRS can be used to evaluate brain activity changes crucial for functional recovery after brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Kato
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Japan.,Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Toru Yamada
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawaguchi
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Japan
| | - Keiji Matsuda
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Higo
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Japan.
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