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Islam MR, Afroj S, Yin J, Novoselov KS, Chen J, Karim N. Advances in Printed Electronic Textiles. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304140. [PMID: 38009793 PMCID: PMC10853734 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Electronic textiles (e-textiles) have emerged as a revolutionary solution for personalized healthcare, enabling the continuous collection and communication of diverse physiological parameters when seamlessly integrated with the human body. Among various methods employed to create wearable e-textiles, printing offers unparalleled flexibility and comfort, seamlessly integrating wearables into garments. This has spurred growing research interest in printed e-textiles, due to their vast design versatility, material options, fabrication techniques, and wide-ranging applications. Here, a comprehensive overview of the crucial considerations in fabricating printed e-textiles is provided, encompassing the selection of conductive materials and substrates, as well as the essential pre- and post-treatments involved. Furthermore, the diverse printing techniques and the specific requirements are discussed, highlighting the advantages and limitations of each method. Additionally, the multitude of wearable applications made possible by printed e-textiles is explored, such as their integration as various sensors, supercapacitors, and heated garments. Finally, a forward-looking perspective is provided, discussing future prospects and emerging trends in the realm of printed wearable e-textiles. As advancements in materials science, printing technologies, and design innovation continue to unfold, the transformative potential of printed e-textiles in healthcare and beyond is poised to revolutionize the way wearable technology interacts and benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rashedul Islam
- Centre for Print Research (CFPR)University of the West of EnglandFrenchay CampusBristolBS16 1QYUK
| | - Shaila Afroj
- Centre for Print Research (CFPR)University of the West of EnglandFrenchay CampusBristolBS16 1QYUK
| | - Junyi Yin
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Kostya S. Novoselov
- Institute for Functional Intelligent MaterialsDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore117575Singapore
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Nazmul Karim
- Centre for Print Research (CFPR)University of the West of EnglandFrenchay CampusBristolBS16 1QYUK
- Nottingham School of Art and DesignNottingham Trent UniversityShakespeare StreetNottinghamNG1 4GGUK
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2
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de Camp NV, Bergeler J, Seifert F. Physical behavior of PEDOT polymer electrode during magnetic resonance imaging and long-term test in the climate chamber. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5826. [PMID: 37037876 PMCID: PMC10086067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The PEDOT polymer electrode is a metal-free electrode, consisting of an acrylate (dental composite) and the conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). The electrode is applied as gel onto the skin and cured with blue light for 10-20 s in order to achieve a conductive bond to the skin. The electrodes are used in combination with polymer cables consisting of a textile backbone and PEDOT:PSS. To test this new electrode and cable type under different conditions we designed two stress-tests: highly sensitive temperature recordings within a head phantom during Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and long-term stability inside a climate chamber with high humidity. To study the physical behavior inside the strong magnetic field (3 Tesla), the PEDOT polymer electrode was attached to an agarose head-phantom inside a magnetic resonance tomograph during an image sequence. MRI-safe temperature sensors were placed nearby in order to measure possible heating effects. In comparison to a metal cable, nearly no rise in temperature could be observed if the electrode was used in combination with a conductive textile cable. Furthermore, the electrode showed stable impedance values inside a climate chamber for 4 consecutive days. These results pave the way for testing the PEDOT polymer electrode as biosignal recording electrode during MRI, especially for cardio MRI and Electroencephalography in combination with functional MRI (EEG-fMRI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Vanessa de Camp
- Petesys UG Limited, Mühlenfließ, Germany.
- Institute for Biology, Behavioral Physiology, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Frank Seifert
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Brunswick, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Kaklauskas A, Abraham A, Ubarte I, Kliukas R, Luksaite V, Binkyte-Veliene A, Vetloviene I, Kaklauskiene L. A Review of AI Cloud and Edge Sensors, Methods, and Applications for the Recognition of Emotional, Affective and Physiological States. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7824. [PMID: 36298176 PMCID: PMC9611164 DOI: 10.3390/s22207824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Affective, emotional, and physiological states (AFFECT) detection and recognition by capturing human signals is a fast-growing area, which has been applied across numerous domains. The research aim is to review publications on how techniques that use brain and biometric sensors can be used for AFFECT recognition, consolidate the findings, provide a rationale for the current methods, compare the effectiveness of existing methods, and quantify how likely they are to address the issues/challenges in the field. In efforts to achieve the key goals of Society 5.0, Industry 5.0, and human-centered design better, the recognition of emotional, affective, and physiological states is progressively becoming an important matter and offers tremendous growth of knowledge and progress in these and other related fields. In this research, a review of AFFECT recognition brain and biometric sensors, methods, and applications was performed, based on Plutchik's wheel of emotions. Due to the immense variety of existing sensors and sensing systems, this study aimed to provide an analysis of the available sensors that can be used to define human AFFECT, and to classify them based on the type of sensing area and their efficiency in real implementations. Based on statistical and multiple criteria analysis across 169 nations, our outcomes introduce a connection between a nation's success, its number of Web of Science articles published, and its frequency of citation on AFFECT recognition. The principal conclusions present how this research contributes to the big picture in the field under analysis and explore forthcoming study trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturas Kaklauskas
- Department of Construction Management and Real Estate, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio Ave. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ajith Abraham
- Machine Intelligence Research Labs, Scientific Network for Innovation and Research Excellence, Auburn, WA 98071, USA
| | - Ieva Ubarte
- Institute of Sustainable Construction, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio Ave. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Romualdas Kliukas
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio Ave. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vaida Luksaite
- Department of Construction Management and Real Estate, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio Ave. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arune Binkyte-Veliene
- Institute of Sustainable Construction, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio Ave. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ingrida Vetloviene
- Department of Construction Management and Real Estate, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio Ave. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Loreta Kaklauskiene
- Department of Construction Management and Real Estate, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio Ave. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
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4
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Reicher V, Bálint A, Újváry D, Gácsi M. Non-invasive sleep EEG measurement in hand raised wolves. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9792. [PMID: 35697910 PMCID: PMC9191399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13643-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep research greatly benefits from comparative studies to understand the underlying physiological and environmental factors affecting the different features of sleep, also informing us about the possible evolutionary changes shaping them. Recently, the domestic dog became an exceedingly valuable model species in sleep studies, as the use of non-invasive polysomnography methodologies enables direct comparison with human sleep data. In this study, we applied the same polysomnography protocol to record the sleep of dog’s closest wild relative, the wolf. We measured the sleep of seven captive (six young and one senior), extensively socialized wolves using a fully non-invasive sleep EEG methodology, originally developed for family dogs. We provide the first descriptive analysis of the sleep macrostructure and NREM spectral power density of wolves using a completely non-invasive methodology. For (non-statistical) comparison, we included the same sleep data of similarly aged dogs. Although our sample size was inadequate to perform statistical analyses, we suggest that it may form the basis of an international, multi-site collection of similar samples using our methodology, allowing for generalizable, unbiased conclusions. As we managed to register both macrostructural and spectral sleep data, our procedure appears to be suitable for collecting valid data in other species too, increasing the comparability of non-invasive sleep studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Reicher
- Department of Ethology, Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary. .,MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Anna Bálint
- MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Újváry
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márta Gácsi
- MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Hsieh JC, Li Y, Wang H, Perz M, Tang Q, Tang KWK, Pyatnitskiy I, Reyes R, Ding H, Wang H. Design of hydrogel-based wearable EEG electrodes for medical applications. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:7260-7280. [PMID: 35678148 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00618a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The electroencephalogram (EEG) is considered to be a promising method for studying brain disorders. Because of its non-invasive nature, subjects take a lower risk compared to some other invasive methods, while the systems record the brain signal. With the technological advancement of neural and material engineering, we are in the process of achieving continuous monitoring of neural activity through wearable EEG. In this article, we first give a brief introduction to EEG bands, circuits, wired/wireless EEG systems, and analysis algorithms. Then, we review the most recent advances in the interfaces used for EEG recordings, focusing on hydrogel-based EEG electrodes. Specifically, the advances for important figures of merit for EEG electrodes are reviewed. Finally, we summarize the potential medical application of wearable EEG systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Chun Hsieh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C3J7, Canada
| | - Huiqian Wang
- Department of Mathematics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Matt Perz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Qiong Tang
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kai Wing Kevin Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Ilya Pyatnitskiy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Raymond Reyes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Hong Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Huiliang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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6
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Solazzo M, Hartzell L, O’Farrell C, Monaghan MG. Beyond Chemistry: Tailoring Stiffness and Microarchitecture to Engineer Highly Sensitive Biphasic Elastomeric Piezoresistive Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:19265-19277. [PMID: 35452235 PMCID: PMC9073843 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-based nanoparticles and conductive polymers are two classes of materials widely used in the production of three-dimensional (3D) piezoresistive sensors. One conductive polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) has excellent stability and conductivity yet is limited in its application as a sensor, often existing upon a base, limiting its performance and potential. Despite much progress in the field of materials chemistry and polymer synthesis, one aspect we consider worthy of exploration is the impact that microstructure and stiffness may have on the sensitivity of 3D sensors. In this study, we report a strategy for fabricating biphasic electroactive sponges (EAS) that combine 3D porous PEDOT:PSS scaffolds possessing either an isotropic or anisotropic microarchitecture, infused with insulating elastomeric fillers of varying stiffness. When characterizing the electromechanical behavior of these EAS, a higher stiffness yields a higher strain gauge factor, with values as high as 387 for an isotropic microarchitecture infused with a stiff elastomer. The approach we describe is cost-effective and extremely versatile, by which one can fabricate piezoresistive sensors with adaptable sensitivity ranges and excellent high strain gauge factor with the underlying microarchitecture and insulant stiffness dictating this performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Solazzo
- Department
of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Trinity
Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity
College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Linette Hartzell
- Department
of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Trinity
Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity
College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ciara O’Farrell
- Department
of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Trinity
Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity
College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Michael G. Monaghan
- Department
of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Trinity
Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity
College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Advance
Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Centre at Trinity College Dublin and the Royal College of Surgeons
in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
- CÚRAM,
Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland, Galway, Newcastle Road, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland
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7
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Abstract
![]()
Electronically interfacing with the
nervous system for the purposes
of health diagnostics and therapy, sports performance monitoring,
or device control has been a subject of intense academic and industrial
research for decades. This trend has only increased in recent years,
with numerous high-profile research initiatives and commercial endeavors.
An important research theme has emerged as a result, which is the
incorporation of semiconducting polymers in various devices that communicate
with the nervous system—from wearable brain-monitoring caps
to penetrating implantable microelectrodes. This has been driven by
the potential of this broad class of materials to improve the electrical
and mechanical properties of the tissue–device interface, along
with possibilities for increased biocompatibility. In this review
we first begin with a tutorial on neural interfacing, by reviewing
the basics of nervous system function, device physics, and neuroelectrophysiological
techniques and their demands, and finally we give a brief perspective
on how material improvements can address current deficiencies in this
system. The second part is a detailed review of past work on semiconducting
polymers, covering electrical properties, structure, synthesis, and
processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan B Dimov
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Maximilian Moser
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Iain McCulloch
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom.,King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Fu Y, Zhao J, Dong Y, Wang X. Dry Electrodes for Human Bioelectrical Signal Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E3651. [PMID: 32610658 PMCID: PMC7374322 DOI: 10.3390/s20133651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bioelectrical or electrophysiological signals generated by living cells or tissues during daily physiological activities are closely related to the state of the body and organ functions, and therefore are widely used in clinical diagnosis, health monitoring, intelligent control and human-computer interaction. Ag/AgCl electrodes with wet conductive gels are widely used to pick up these bioelectrical signals using electrodes and record them in the form of electroencephalograms, electrocardiograms, electromyography, electrooculograms, etc. However, the inconvenience, instability and infection problems resulting from the use of gel with Ag/AgCl wet electrodes can't meet the needs of long-term signal acquisition, especially in wearable applications. Hence, focus has shifted toward the study of dry electrodes that can work without gels or adhesives. In this paper, a retrospective overview of the development of dry electrodes used for monitoring bioelectrical signals is provided, including the sensing principles, material selection, device preparation, and measurement performance. In addition, the challenges regarding the limitations of materials, fabrication technologies and wearable performance of dry electrodes are discussed. Finally, the development obstacles and application advantages of different dry electrodes are analyzed to make a comparison and reveal research directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Fu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, University Town of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Y.F.); (X.W.)
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, University Town of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Ying Dong
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, University Town of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Y.F.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, University Town of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Y.F.); (X.W.)
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, University Town of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China;
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9
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de Camp NV, Ladwig-Wiegard M, Geitner CIE, Bergeler J, Thöne-Reineke C. EEG based assessment of stress in horses: a pilot study. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8629. [PMID: 32435527 PMCID: PMC7227666 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As has been hypothesized more than 20 years ago, data derived from Electroencephalography (EEG) measurements can be used to distinguish between behavioral states associated with animal welfare. In our current study we found a high degree of correlation between the modulation index of phase related amplitude changes in the EEG of horses (n = 6 measurements with three different horses, mare and gelding) and their facial expression, measured by the use of the horse grimace scale. Furthermore, the pattern of phase amplitude coupling (PAC) was significantly different between a rest condition and a stress condition in horses. This pilot study paves the way for a possible use of EEG derived PAC as an objective tool for the assessment of animal welfare. Beyond that, the method might be useful to assess welfare aspects in the clinical setting for human patients, as for example in the neonatal intensive care unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora V de Camp
- Behavioral Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mechthild Ladwig-Wiegard
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carola I E Geitner
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bergeler
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christa Thöne-Reineke
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Tremmel C, Herff C, Sato T, Rechowicz K, Yamani Y, Krusienski DJ. Estimating Cognitive Workload in an Interactive Virtual Reality Environment Using EEG. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:401. [PMID: 31803035 PMCID: PMC6868478 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With the recent surge of affordable, high-performance virtual reality (VR) headsets, there is unlimited potential for applications ranging from education, to training, to entertainment, to fitness and beyond. As these interfaces continue to evolve, passive user-state monitoring can play a key role in expanding the immersive VR experience, and tracking activity for user well-being. By recording physiological signals such as the electroencephalogram (EEG) during use of a VR device, the user's interactions in the virtual environment could be adapted in real-time based on the user's cognitive state. Current VR headsets provide a logical, convenient, and unobtrusive framework for mounting EEG sensors. The present study evaluates the feasibility of passively monitoring cognitive workload via EEG while performing a classical n-back task in an interactive VR environment. Data were collected from 15 participants and the spatio-spectral EEG features were analyzed with respect to task performance. The results indicate that scalp measurements of electrical activity can effectively discriminate three workload levels, even after suppression of a co-varying high-frequency activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Tremmel
- Biomedical Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Christian Herff
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Tetsuya Sato
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Krzysztof Rechowicz
- Virginia Modeling, Analysis and Simulation Center (VMASC), Suffolk, VA, United States
| | - Yusuke Yamani
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Dean J. Krusienski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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11
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Casson AJ. Wearable EEG and beyond. Biomed Eng Lett 2019; 9:53-71. [PMID: 30956880 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-018-00093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The electroencephalogram (EEG) is a widely used non-invasive method for monitoring the brain. It is based upon placing conductive electrodes on the scalp which measure the small electrical potentials that arise outside of the head due to neuronal action within the brain. Historically this has been a large and bulky technology, restricted to the monitoring of subjects in a lab or clinic while they are stationary. Over the last decade much research effort has been put into the creation of "wearable EEG" which overcomes these limitations and allows the long term non-invasive recording of brain signals while people are out of the lab and moving about. This paper reviews the recent progress in this field, with particular emphasis on the electrodes used to make connections to the head and the physical EEG hardware. The emergence of conformal "tattoo" type EEG electrodes is highlighted as a key next step for giving very small and socially discrete units. In addition, new recommendations for the performance validation of novel electrode technologies are given, with standards in this area seen as the current main bottleneck to the wider take up of wearable EEG. The paper concludes by considering the next steps in the creation of next generation wearable EEG units, showing that a wide range of research avenues are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Casson
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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