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Chen Y, Gao Y, Yuan M, Zheng Z, Yin J. Anti- Candida albicans Effects and Mechanisms of Theasaponin E1 and Assamsaponin A. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119350. [PMID: 37298302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen, and its drug resistance is becoming a serious problem. Camellia sinensis seed saponins showed inhibitory effects on resistant Candida albicans strains, but the active components and mechanisms are unclear. In this study, the effects and mechanisms of two Camellia sinensis seed saponin monomers, theasaponin E1 (TE1) and assamsaponin A (ASA), on a resistant Candida albicans strain (ATCC 10231) were explored. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration of TE1 and ASA were equivalent. The time-kill curves showed that the fungicidal efficiency of ASA was higher than that of TE1. TE1 and ASA significantly increased the cell membrane permeability and disrupted the cell membrane integrity of C. albicans cells, probably by interacting with membrane-bound sterols. Moreover, TE1 and ASA induced the accumulation of intracellular ROS and decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential. Transcriptome and qRT-PCR analyses revealed that the differentially expressed genes were concentrated in the cell wall, plasma membrane, glycolysis, and ergosterol synthesis pathways. In conclusion, the antifungal mechanisms of TE1 and ASA included the interference with the biosynthesis of ergosterol in fungal cell membranes, damage to the mitochondria, and the regulation of energy metabolism and lipid metabolism. Tea seed saponins have the potential to be novel anti-Candida albicans agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Mingan Yuan
- Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Zhaisheng Zheng
- Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Junfeng Yin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
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Dibona-Villanueva L, Fuentealba D. Protoporphyrin IX-Chitosan Oligosaccharide Conjugate with Potent Antifungal Photodynamic Activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9276-9282. [PMID: 35866700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A new chemical conjugate between protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) and chitosan oligosaccharides (CH) was prepared and evaluated in vitro as an antifungal agent against Penicillium digitatum. Chemical characterization and photophysical/photochemical studies were conducted. The antifungal effect of the CH-PPIX conjugate was compared to its components (PPIX and CH) and a physical mixture of both, under dark and illuminated conditions. The CH-PPIX conjugate was photostable and inhibited fungal growth with 100% efficiency at a dose of 0.005% w/v under visible light irradiation, while no antifungal activity was observed in the dark. Under the same conditions, CH and PPIX did not display any fungicidal activity, demonstrating the improved properties of the conjugate. Insights into the mechanism of fungal inactivation revealed an efficient spore uptake and photoinduced membrane damage through singlet oxygen generation. This new bioconjugate, which is based on natural components, represents a promising agent for fungicidal formulations based on antimicrobial photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Dibona-Villanueva
- Laboratorio de Química Supramolecular y Fotobiología, Departamento de Química Física, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Denis Fuentealba
- Laboratorio de Química Supramolecular y Fotobiología, Departamento de Química Física, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
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Díaz-Marrero AR, Rodríguez González MC, Hernández Creus A, Rodríguez Hernández A, Fernández JJ. Damages at the nanoscale on red blood cells promoted by fire corals. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14298. [PMID: 31586105 PMCID: PMC6778144 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50744-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The hydrocoral Millepora alcicornis, known as fire coral, biosynthesize protein toxins with phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity as a main defense mechanism; proteins that rapidly catalyse the hydrolysis at the sn-2 position of phosphatidylcholine-type phospholipids of cellular membranes. This hydrolysis mechanism triggers a structural damage in the outer leaflet of the red blood cells (RBC) membrane, by generating pores in the lipid bilayer that leads to a depletion of the cellular content of the damaged cell. A secondary mechanism, tentatively caused by pore-forming proteins toxins (PFTs), has been observed. The use of atomic force microscopy (AFM) has allowed to visualize the evolution of damages produced on the surface of the cells at the nanoscale level along the time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Díaz-Marrero
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (IUBO AG), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda, Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Miriam C Rodríguez González
- Departamento de Química, Área de Química Física, Instituto de Materiales y Nanotecnología (IMN), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s.n., 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Alberto Hernández Creus
- Departamento de Química, Área de Química Física, Instituto de Materiales y Nanotecnología (IMN), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s.n., 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Adriana Rodríguez Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología. UD Ciencias Marinas. Facultad de Ciencias (Sección Biología), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s.n., 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - José J Fernández
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (IUBO AG), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda, Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain. .,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s.n., 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
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