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Strafella R, Chen R, Rajji TK, Blumberger DM, Voineskos D. Resting and TMS-EEG markers of treatment response in major depressive disorder: A systematic review. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:940759. [PMID: 35992942 PMCID: PMC9387384 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.940759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG) is a non-invasive method to identify markers of treatment response in major depressive disorder (MDD). In this review, existing literature was assessed to determine how EEG markers change with different modalities of MDD treatments, and to synthesize the breadth of EEG markers used in conjunction with MDD treatments. PubMed and EMBASE were searched from 2000 to 2021 for studies reporting resting EEG (rEEG) and transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with EEG (TMS-EEG) measures in patients undergoing MDD treatments. The search yielded 966 articles, 204 underwent full-text screening, and 51 studies were included for a narrative synthesis of findings along with confidence in the evidence. In rEEG studies, non-linear quantitative algorithms such as theta cordance and theta current density show higher predictive value than traditional linear metrics. Although less abundant, TMS-EEG measures show promise for predictive markers of brain stimulation treatment response. Future focus on TMS-EEG measures may prove fruitful, given its ability to target cortical regions of interest related to MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Strafella
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Chen
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tarek K. Rajji
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Dementia Research Alliance, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel M. Blumberger
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daphne Voineskos
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Daphne Voineskos
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Jawinski P, Markett S, Sander C, Huang J, Ulke C, Hegerl U, Hensch T. The Big Five Personality Traits and Brain Arousal in the Resting State. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11101272. [PMID: 34679337 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101272/s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on Eysenck's biopsychological trait theory, brain arousal has long been considered to explain individual differences in human personality. Yet, results from empirical studies remained inconclusive. However, most published results have been derived from small samples and, despite inherent limitations, EEG alpha power has usually served as an exclusive indicator for brain arousal. To overcome these problems, we here selected N = 468 individuals of the LIFE-Adult cohort and investigated the associations between the Big Five personality traits and brain arousal by using the validated EEG- and EOG-based analysis tool VIGALL. Our analyses revealed that participants who reported higher levels of extraversion and openness to experience, respectively, exhibited lower levels of brain arousal in the resting state. Bayesian and frequentist analysis results were especially convincing for openness to experience. Among the lower-order personality traits, we obtained the strongest evidence for neuroticism facet 'impulsivity' and reduced brain arousal. In line with this, both impulsivity and openness have previously been conceptualized as aspects of extraversion. We regard our findings as well in line with the postulations of Eysenck and consistent with the recently proposed 'arousal regulation model'. Our results also agree with meta-analytically derived effect sizes in the field of individual differences research, highlighting the need for large (collaborative) studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Jawinski
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
- LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Depression Research Centre, German Depression Foundation, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Markett
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Sander
- LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Depression Research Centre, German Depression Foundation, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jue Huang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christine Ulke
- LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Depression Research Centre, German Depression Foundation, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hegerl
- LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Depression Research Centre, German Depression Foundation, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tilman Hensch
- LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychology, IU International University of Applied Science, 99084 Erfurt, Germany
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3
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Jawinski P, Markett S, Sander C, Huang J, Ulke C, Hegerl U, Hensch T. The Big Five Personality Traits and Brain Arousal in the Resting State. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11101272. [PMID: 34679337 PMCID: PMC8533901 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on Eysenck's biopsychological trait theory, brain arousal has long been considered to explain individual differences in human personality. Yet, results from empirical studies remained inconclusive. However, most published results have been derived from small samples and, despite inherent limitations, EEG alpha power has usually served as an exclusive indicator for brain arousal. To overcome these problems, we here selected N = 468 individuals of the LIFE-Adult cohort and investigated the associations between the Big Five personality traits and brain arousal by using the validated EEG- and EOG-based analysis tool VIGALL. Our analyses revealed that participants who reported higher levels of extraversion and openness to experience, respectively, exhibited lower levels of brain arousal in the resting state. Bayesian and frequentist analysis results were especially convincing for openness to experience. Among the lower-order personality traits, we obtained the strongest evidence for neuroticism facet 'impulsivity' and reduced brain arousal. In line with this, both impulsivity and openness have previously been conceptualized as aspects of extraversion. We regard our findings as well in line with the postulations of Eysenck and consistent with the recently proposed 'arousal regulation model'. Our results also agree with meta-analytically derived effect sizes in the field of individual differences research, highlighting the need for large (collaborative) studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Jawinski
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany;
- LIFE—Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (C.S.); (C.U.); (U.H.); (T.H.)
- Depression Research Centre, German Depression Foundation, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-2093-9391
| | - Sebastian Markett
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Christian Sander
- LIFE—Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (C.S.); (C.U.); (U.H.); (T.H.)
- Depression Research Centre, German Depression Foundation, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Jue Huang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Christine Ulke
- LIFE—Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (C.S.); (C.U.); (U.H.); (T.H.)
- Depression Research Centre, German Depression Foundation, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Ulrich Hegerl
- LIFE—Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (C.S.); (C.U.); (U.H.); (T.H.)
- Depression Research Centre, German Depression Foundation, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tilman Hensch
- LIFE—Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (C.S.); (C.U.); (U.H.); (T.H.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Department of Psychology, IU International University of Applied Science, 99084 Erfurt, Germany
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Berger C, Dück A, Perin F, Wunsch K, Buchmann J, Kölch M, Reis O, Marx I. Brain Arousal as Measured by EEG-Assessment Differs Between Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Depression. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:633880. [PMID: 34777030 PMCID: PMC8581225 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.633880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Disturbed regulation of vigilance in the wake state seems to play a key role in the development of mental disorders. It is assumed that hyperactivity in adult ADHD is an attempt to increase a general low vigilance level via external stimulation in order to avoid drowsiness. For depression, the avoidance of stimulation is interpreted as a reaction to a tonic increased vigilance state. Although ADHD is assumed to start during childhood, this vigilance model has been barely tested with children diagnosed for ADHD so far. Methods: Resting-state EEG (8 min) measures from two groups of children diagnosed with either ADHD [N = 76 (16 female, 60 male), age: (mean/SD) 118/33 months] or depression [N = 94 (73 female, 21 male), age: 184/23 months] were analyzed. Using the VIGALL toolbox, EEG patterns of vigilance level, and regulation were derived and compared between both groups. In correlation analysis, the relations between vigilance measures, attentional test performance (alertness and inhibition), and mental health symptoms were analyzed. Results: Children with ADHD differed from children with most prominent depressive symptoms in brain arousal regulation and level, but EEG vigilance was not related to behavior problems and not related to the attentional test performance. Brain arousal was dependent on the age of the participant in the whole sample; younger children showed lower vigilance stages than teenagers; this effect was not present when analyzed separately for each diagnostic group. EEG assessment time and received medication had no effect on the EEG vigilance. Discussion: Although based on a small sample, this explorative research revealed that EEG vigilance level is different between children with ADHD and with depression. Moreover, even the standard procedure of the clinical routine EEG (resting state) can be used to differentiate brain arousal states between participants with ADHD and depression. Because routine EEG is not specialized to vigilance assessment, it may not be sufficiently sensitive to find vigilance-symptomatology associations. Further research should address developmental changes in EEG measurements in children and use bigger samples of participants within the same age range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Berger
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy in Childhood and Adolescence, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Dück
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy in Childhood and Adolescence, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Felicitas Perin
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy in Childhood and Adolescence, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Katharina Wunsch
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy in Childhood and Adolescence, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Johannes Buchmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy in Childhood and Adolescence, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Kölch
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy in Childhood and Adolescence, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Olaf Reis
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy in Childhood and Adolescence, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ivo Marx
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy in Childhood and Adolescence, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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Wu L, Wang XQ, Yang Y, Dong TF, Lei L, Cheng QQ, Li SX. Spatio-temporal dynamics of EEG features during sleep in major depressive disorder after treatment with escitalopram: a pilot study. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:124. [PMID: 32171290 PMCID: PMC7071588 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown escitalopram is related to sleep quality. However, effects of escitalopram on dynamics of electroencephalogram (EEG) features especially during different sleep stages have not been reported. This study may help to reveal pharmacological mechanism underlying escitalopram treatment. METHODS The spatial and temporal responses of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) to escitalopram treatment were analyzed in this study. Eleven MDD patients and eleven healthy control subjects who completed eight weeks' treatment of escitalopram were included in the final statistics. Six-channel sleep EEG signals were acquired during sleep. Power spectrum and nonlinear dynamics were used to analyze the spatio-temporal dynamics features of the sleep EEG after escitalopram treatment. RESULTS For temporal dynamics: after treatment, there was a significant increase in the relative energy (RE) of δ1 band (0.5 - 2 Hz), accompanied by a significant decrease in the RE of β2 band (20 - 30 Hz). Lempel-Ziv complexity and Co - complexity values were significantly lower. EEG changes at different sleep stages also showed the same regulation as throughout the night sleep. For spatio dynamics: after treatment, the EEG response of the left and right hemisphere showed asymmetry. Regarding band-specific EEG complexity estimations, δ1 and β2 in stage-1 and δ1 in stage-2 sleep stage in frontal cortex is found to be much more sensitive to escitalopram treatment in comparison to central and occipital cortices. CONCLUSIONS The sleep quality of MDD patients improved, EEG response occurred asymmetry in left and right hemispheres due to escitalopram treatment, and frontal cortex is found to be much more sensitive to escitalopram treatment. These findings may contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the pharmacological mechanism of escitalopram in the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wu
- School of automation Hangzhou Dianzi University, HangZhou Economic Development Zone, 1158, 2# Road, BaiYang Street, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang China
| | - Xue-Qin Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Yong Yang
- School of automation Hangzhou Dianzi University, HangZhou Economic Development Zone, 1158, 2# Road, BaiYang Street, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang China
| | - Teng-Fei Dong
- School of automation Hangzhou Dianzi University, HangZhou Economic Development Zone, 1158, 2# Road, BaiYang Street, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang China
| | - Ling Lei
- School of automation Hangzhou Dianzi University, HangZhou Economic Development Zone, 1158, 2# Road, BaiYang Street, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang China
| | - Qi-Qi Cheng
- School of automation Hangzhou Dianzi University, HangZhou Economic Development Zone, 1158, 2# Road, BaiYang Street, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang China
| | - Su-Xia Li
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, 100191 China
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Minkwitz J, Sander C, Himmerich H, Thormann J, Chittka T, Hegerl U, Schmidt F, Murray M, Albayrak N, Campbell IC, Scheipl F. Reported and Recorded Sleepiness in Obesity and Depression. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:200. [PMID: 32300312 PMCID: PMC7144401 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and depression are both associated with changes in sleep/wake regulation, with potential implications for individualized treatment especially in comorbid individuals suffering from both. However, the associations between obesity, depression, and subjective, questionnaire-based and objective, EEG-based measurements of sleepiness used to assess disturbed sleep/wake regulation in clinical practice are not well known. OBJECTIVES The study investigates associations between sleep/wake regulation measures based on self-reported subjective questionnaires and EEG-derived measurements of sleep/wake regulation patterns with depression and obesity and how/whether depression and/or obesity affect associations between such self-reported subjective questionnaires and EEG-derived measurements. METHODS Healthy controls (HC, NHC = 66), normal-weighted depressed (DEP, NDEP = 16), non-depressed obese (OB, NOB = 68), and obese depressed patients (OBDEP, NOBDEP = 43) were included from the OBDEP (Obesity and Depression, University Leipzig, Germany) study. All subjects completed standardized questionnaires related to daytime sleepiness (ESS), sleep quality and sleep duration once as well as questionnaires related to situational sleepiness (KSS, SSS, VAS) before and after a 20 min resting state EEG in eyes-closed condition. EEG-based measurements of objective sleepiness were extracted by the VIGALL algorithm. Associations of subjective sleepiness with objective sleepiness and moderating effects of obesity, depression, and additional confounders were investigated by correlation analyses and regression analyses. RESULTS Depressed and non-depressed subgroups differed significantly in most subjective sleepiness measures, while obese and non-obese subgroups only differed significantly in few. Objective sleepiness measures did not differ significantly between the subgroups. Moderating effects of obesity and/or depression on the associations between subjective and objective measures of sleepiness were rarely significant, but associations between subjective and objective measures of sleepiness in the depressed subgroup were systematically weaker when patients comorbidly suffered from obesity than when they did not. CONCLUSION This study provides some evidence that both depression and obesity can affect the association between objective and subjective sleepiness. If confirmed, this insight may have implications for individualized diagnosis and treatment approaches in comorbid depression and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Minkwitz
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, München, Germany.,IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Sander
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hubertus Himmerich
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Thormann
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Chittka
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hegerl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Frank Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Monique Murray
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nihan Albayrak
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iain C Campbell
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Scheipl
- Institute for Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
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Depression biomarkers using non-invasive EEG: A review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 105:83-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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