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Cheng MJ, Rohan EMF, Rai BB, Sabeti F, Maddess T, Lane J. The experience of visual art for people living with mild-to-moderate vision loss. Arts Health 2024; 16:147-166. [PMID: 37012640 DOI: 10.1080/17533015.2023.2192741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visual art can enhance wellbeing and quality-of-life; however, the experience of visual art for people with mild-to-moderate vision loss has not been examined. METHODS Eight participants (6 females, 2 males; Mean age = 81 years, SD = 7.9, range 70-91 years; 4 with mild vision loss and 4 with moderate vision loss based on binocular visual acuity) completed a mixed-methods study comprising: a semi-structured interview on visual art experience; an eye examination; and questionnaires about visual functioning and quality-of-life. RESULTS Various themes were identified: visual perception of art (e.g. altered colours, visual distortions, etc.), viewing conditions, elements of art, personal preference, deriving meaning, appreciation of art, impact of impaired visual perception, and social aspects of art. CONCLUSIONS The overall experience of art is influenced by how an individual sees, perceives, and makes meaning from art. Even mild vision loss can impair this experience and impact emotional and social wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith J Cheng
- Australian National University Medical School, College of Health and Medicine, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Emilie M F Rohan
- Eccles Institute for Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Bhim B Rai
- Eccles Institute for Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Faran Sabeti
- Eccles Institute for Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Discipline of Optometry, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ted Maddess
- Eccles Institute for Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jo Lane
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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2
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von Eiff CI, Frühholz S, Korth D, Guntinas-Lichius O, Schweinberger SR. Crossmodal benefits to vocal emotion perception in cochlear implant users. iScience 2022; 25:105711. [PMID: 36578321 PMCID: PMC9791346 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Speech comprehension counts as a benchmark outcome of cochlear implants (CIs)-disregarding the communicative importance of efficient integration of audiovisual (AV) socio-emotional information. We investigated effects of time-synchronized facial information on vocal emotion recognition (VER). In Experiment 1, 26 CI users and normal-hearing (NH) individuals classified emotions for auditory-only, AV congruent, or AV incongruent utterances. In Experiment 2, we compared crossmodal effects between groups with adaptive testing, calibrating auditory difficulty via voice morphs from emotional caricatures to anti-caricatures. CI users performed lower than NH individuals, and VER was correlated with life quality. Importantly, they showed larger benefits to VER with congruent facial emotional information even at equal auditory-only performance levels, suggesting that their larger crossmodal benefits result from deafness-related compensation rather than degraded acoustic representations. Crucially, vocal caricatures enhanced CI users' VER. Findings advocate AV stimuli during CI rehabilitation and suggest perspectives of caricaturing for both perceptual trainings and sound processor technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Isabelle von Eiff
- Department for General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany,Voice Research Unit, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany,DFG SPP 2392 Visual Communication (ViCom), Frankfurt am Main, Germany,Corresponding author
| | - Sascha Frühholz
- Department of Psychology (Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience), Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Zurich, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373 Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniela Korth
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Robert Schweinberger
- Department for General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany,Voice Research Unit, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany,DFG SPP 2392 Visual Communication (ViCom), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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4
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Schweinberger SR, von Eiff CI. Enhancing socio-emotional communication and quality of life in young cochlear implant recipients: Perspectives from parameter-specific morphing and caricaturing. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:956917. [PMID: 36090287 PMCID: PMC9453832 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.956917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of digitally modified stimuli with enhanced diagnostic information to improve verbal communication in children with sensory or central handicaps was pioneered by Tallal and colleagues in 1996, who targeted speech comprehension in language-learning impaired children. Today, researchers are aware that successful communication cannot be reduced to linguistic information—it depends strongly on the quality of communication, including non-verbal socio-emotional communication. In children with cochlear implants (CIs), quality of life (QoL) is affected, but this can be related to the ability to recognize emotions in a voice rather than speech comprehension alone. In this manuscript, we describe a family of new methods, termed parameter-specific facial and vocal morphing. We propose that these provide novel perspectives for assessing sensory determinants of human communication, but also for enhancing socio-emotional communication and QoL in the context of sensory handicaps, via training with digitally enhanced, caricatured stimuli. Based on promising initial results with various target groups including people with age-related macular degeneration, people with low abilities to recognize faces, older people, and adult CI users, we discuss chances and challenges for perceptual training interventions for young CI users based on enhanced auditory stimuli, as well as perspectives for CI sound processing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan R. Schweinberger
- Voice Research Unit, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department for General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Research Unit Person Perception, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Stefan R. Schweinberger,
| | - Celina I. von Eiff
- Voice Research Unit, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department for General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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5
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Furl N, Begum F, Ferrarese FP, Jans S, Woolley C, Sulik J. Caricatured facial movements enhance perception of emotional facial expressions. Perception 2022; 51:313-343. [PMID: 35341407 PMCID: PMC9017061 DOI: 10.1177/03010066221086452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although faces “in the wild” constantly undergo complicated movements, humans adeptly
perceive facial identity and expression. Previous studies, focusing mainly on identity,
used photographic caricature to show that distinctive form increases perceived
dissimilarity. We tested whether distinctive facial movements showed
similar effects, and we focussed on both perception of expression and
identity. We caricatured the movements of an animated computer head,
using physical motion metrics extracted from videos. We verified that these “ground truth”
metrics showed the expected effects: Caricature increased physical dissimilarity between
faces differing in expression and those differing in identity. Like the ground truth
dissimilarity, participants’ dissimilarity perception was increased by caricature when
faces differed in expression. We found these perceived dissimilarities to reflect the
“representational geometry” of the ground truth. However, neither of these findings held
for faces differing in identity. These findings replicated across two paradigms: pairwise
ratings and multiarrangement. In a final study, motion caricature did not improve
recognition memory for identity, whether manipulated at study or test. We report several
forms of converging evidence for spatiotemporal caricature effects on dissimilarity
perception of different expressions. However, more work needs to be done to discover what
identity-specific movements can enhance face identification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sarah Jans
- Royal Holloway, 3162University of London, UK
| | | | - Justin Sulik
- Royal Holloway, 3162University of London, UK; Cognition, Values & Behavior, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany
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6
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Yan X, Goffaux V, Rossion B. Coarse-to-Fine(r) Automatic Familiar Face Recognition in the Human Brain. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:1560-1573. [PMID: 34505130 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
At what level of spatial resolution can the human brain recognize a familiar face in a crowd of strangers? Does it depend on whether one approaches or rather moves back from the crowd? To answer these questions, 16 observers viewed different unsegmented images of unfamiliar faces alternating at 6 Hz, with spatial frequency (SF) content progressively increasing (i.e., coarse-to-fine) or decreasing (fine-to-coarse) in different sequences. Variable natural images of celebrity faces every sixth stimulus generated an objective neural index of single-glanced automatic familiar face recognition (FFR) at 1 Hz in participants' electroencephalogram (EEG). For blurry images increasing in spatial resolution, the neural FFR response over occipitotemporal regions emerged abruptly with additional cues at about 6.3-8.7 cycles/head width, immediately reaching amplitude saturation. When the same images progressively decreased in resolution, the FFR response disappeared already below 12 cycles/head width, thus providing no support for a predictive coding hypothesis. Overall, these observations indicate that rapid automatic recognition of heterogenous natural views of familiar faces is achieved from coarser visual inputs than generally thought, and support a coarse-to-fine FFR dynamics in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Yan
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA.,Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, 54000 Nancy, France.,Institute of Research in Psychology (IPSY), University of Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Valérie Goffaux
- Institute of Research in Psychology (IPSY), University of Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve 1348, Belgium.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229, the Netherlands.,Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS), University of Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Bruno Rossion
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, 54000 Nancy, France.,Institute of Research in Psychology (IPSY), University of Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve 1348, Belgium.,Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Service de Neurologie, 54000 Nancy, France
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7
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Sabeti F, Lane J, Rohan EMF, Rai BB, Essex RW, McKone E, Maddess T. Correlation of Central Versus Peripheral Macular Structure-Function With Acuity in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:10. [PMID: 34003894 PMCID: PMC7881274 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Patients with advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) may have preserved visual function despite significant retinal structural changes. We aimed to evaluate the relationships among retinal thickness, macular sensitivity, and visual acuity (VA) in advanced AMD. Methods We examined 43 eyes of 22 patients with advanced AMD (ages 66–93 years), prospectively recruited from the Canberra Hospital Ophthalmology Department. Visual function was measured on participants with low and high contrast visual acuity (LCVA and HCVA) and 10-2 Matrix visual fields. Retinal structure was determined with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), and customized software mapped the 64 OCT macular thickness regions onto the 44 regions of the 10-2 test. Results Median retinal thickness at each 10-2 region was near normal. Just 7 of 88 regions from the OCT analysis that were thicker than the median had sensitivity that declined significantly with increasing thickness (r = −0.698 ± 0.082, mean ± SD), whereas 17 of 88 thinner regions showed significantly decreasing sensitivity with decreasing thickness (r = 0.723 ± 0.078). The absolute value of deviations from median optical coherence tomography thickness (aOCT) outside the central eight degrees was significantly correlated with HCVA (r = −0.34, P = 0.047). Thickness in the central eight degrees was not. Similarly, matrix sensitivities inside the central eight degrees were significantly correlated with outer aOCT (r = −0.49, P = 0.002). Conclusions Retinal thickness outside eight degrees were significantly associated with HCVA and macular sensitivity. These results suggest that outer macular thickness may be a useful prognostic indicator in AMD. Translational Relevance Retinal structure at the borders of the macula may be a surrogate marker of vision and retinal thickness near fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faran Sabeti
- Discipline of Optometry, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia.,John Curtin School of Medical Research (JCSMR), The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT Australia
| | - Jo Lane
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Emilie M F Rohan
- John Curtin School of Medical Research (JCSMR), The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT Australia
| | - Bhim B Rai
- John Curtin School of Medical Research (JCSMR), The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT Australia
| | - Rohan W Essex
- The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australia, and Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, ANU Medical School, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Elinor McKone
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ted Maddess
- John Curtin School of Medical Research (JCSMR), The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT Australia
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McKone E, Dawel A, Robbins RA, Shou Y, Chen N, Crookes K. Why the other-race effect matters: Poor recognition of other-race faces impacts everyday social interactions. Br J Psychol 2021; 114 Suppl 1:230-252. [PMID: 34010458 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
What happens to everyday social interactions when other-race recognition fails? Here, we provide the first formal investigation of this question. We gave East Asian international students (N = 89) a questionnaire concerning their experiences of the other-race effect (ORE) in Australia, and a laboratory test of their objective other-race face recognition deficit using the Cambridge Face Memory Test (CFMT). As a 'perpetrator' of the ORE, participants reported that their problems telling apart Caucasian people contributed significantly to difficulties socializing with them. Moreover, the severity of this problem correlated with their ORE on the CFMT. As a 'victim' of the ORE, participants reported that Caucasians' problems telling them apart also contributed to difficulties socializing. Further, 81% of participants had been confused with other Asians by a Caucasian authority figure (e.g., university tutor, workplace boss), resulting in varying levels of upset/difficulty. When compared to previously established contributors to international students' high rates of social isolation, ORE-related problems were perceived as equally important as the language barrier and only moderately less important than cultural differences. We conclude that the real-world impact of the ORE extends beyond previously identified specialized settings (eyewitness testimony, security), to common everyday situations experienced by all humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinor McKone
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Amy Dawel
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Rachel A Robbins
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Yiyun Shou
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Nan Chen
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Kate Crookes
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Nursing and Midwifery, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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9
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Stoney C, Robbins RA, Mckone E. A stimulus set of people famous to current generation Australian undergraduates, with recognition norms for face images and names. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ajpy.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Stoney
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia,
| | - Rachel A. Robbins
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia,
| | - Elinor Mckone
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia,
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10
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Skuk VG, Kirchen L, Oberhoffner T, Guntinas-Lichius O, Dobel C, Schweinberger SR. Parameter-Specific Morphing Reveals Contributions of Timbre and Fundamental Frequency Cues to the Perception of Voice Gender and Age in Cochlear Implant Users. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2020; 63:3155-3175. [PMID: 32881631 DOI: 10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Using naturalistic synthesized speech, we determined the relative importance of acoustic cues in voice gender and age perception in cochlear implant (CI) users. Method We investigated 28 CI users' abilities to utilize fundamental frequency (F0) and timbre in perceiving voice gender (Experiment 1) and vocal age (Experiment 2). Parameter-specific voice morphing was used to selectively control acoustic cues (F0; time; timbre, i.e., formant frequencies, spectral-level information, and aperiodicity, as defined in TANDEM-STRAIGHT) in voice stimuli. Individual differences in CI users' performance were quantified via deviations from the mean performance of 19 normal-hearing (NH) listeners. Results CI users' gender perception seemed exclusively based on F0, whereas NH listeners efficiently used timbre. For age perception, timbre was more informative than F0 for both groups, with minor contributions of temporal cues. While a few CI users performed comparable to NH listeners overall, others were at chance. Separate analyses confirmed that even high-performing CI users classified gender almost exclusively based on F0. While high performers could discriminate age in male and female voices, low performers were close to chance overall but used F0 as a misleading cue to age (classifying female voices as young and male voices as old). Satisfaction with CI generally correlated with performance in age perception. Conclusions We confirmed that CI users' gender classification is mainly based on F0. However, high performers could make reasonable usage of timbre cues in age perception. Overall, parameter-specific morphing can serve to objectively assess individual profiles of CI users' abilities to perceive nonverbal social-communicative vocal signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena G Skuk
- DFG Research Unit Person Perception, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Germany
- Department for General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Institute of Phoniatry and Pedaudiology, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - Louisa Kirchen
- Department for General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Germany
- Social-Pediatric Centre and Centre for Adults With Special Needs, Trier, Germany
| | - Tobias Oberhoffner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Institute of Phoniatry and Pedaudiology, Jena University Hospital, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, "Otto Körner," University Medical Center Rostock, Germany
| | - Orlando Guntinas-Lichius
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Institute of Phoniatry and Pedaudiology, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - Christian Dobel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Institute of Phoniatry and Pedaudiology, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - Stefan R Schweinberger
- DFG Research Unit Person Perception, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Germany
- Department for General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Germany
- Swiss Center for Affective Science, Geneva, Switzerland
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Lane J, Robbins RA, Rohan EMF, Crookes K, Essex RW, Maddess T, Sabeti F, Mazlin JL, Irons J, Gradden T, Dawel A, Barnes N, He X, Smithson M, McKone E. Caricaturing can improve facial expression recognition in low-resolution images and age-related macular degeneration. J Vis 2019; 19:18. [DOI: 10.1167/19.6.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jo Lane
- Research School of Psychology and ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Rachel A. Robbins
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Emilie M. F. Rohan
- John Curtin School of Medical Research (JCSMR), The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Kate Crookes
- Research School of Psychology and ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rohan W. Essex
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ted Maddess
- John Curtin School of Medical Research (JCSMR), The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Faran Sabeti
- John Curtin School of Medical Research (JCSMR), The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Discipline of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
- Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers (CRIBB) Group, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jamie-Lee Mazlin
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jessica Irons
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Tamara Gradden
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Amy Dawel
- Research School of Psychology and ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nick Barnes
- Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University and Data61, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Xuming He
- School of Information Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael Smithson
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Elinor McKone
- Research School of Psychology and ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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