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He X, Yang L, Liao S, Tang R, Peng Y, Wang Y, Yang G, Wei T, Yang X, Jiang X, Long J, Zhang H, Xie W. Rhodotron and rotating target: A solution towards micro-spot for high energy and high dose rate bremsstrahlung sources. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 189:110446. [PMID: 36099746 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High energy over MeV bremsstrahlung sources that employ normal conducting radio frequency linear accelerators have expanding applications in industrial computerized tomography (CT) for non-destructive inspection and evaluation. The X-ray spot size that mainly affects the imaging quality is yet limited by the electron beam width in the high resolution CT systems. In a short exposure time, high beam power is required to generate sufficient photons to improve the signal to noise ratio of imaging. However, with ∼kW level of average beam power these linear accelerators usually have a beam spot size over 1 mm since the temperature rising due to the beam energy deposition in the target should be far below its melting point. We propose a concept of using a Rhodotron-based accelerator to provide high power electron beams in a long duration pulse and a rotating target to mitigate the overheating issue, such that the gap between micro-spot and high dose rate can be bridged in the high energy bremsstrahlung sources. This article presents an in-depth simulation work to discuss and evaluate this scheme of X-ray source. The simulations of beam dynamics in the accelerator and bremsstrahlung process in the target predict the generated X-rays with a spot size as small as 68 μm at full-width half-maximum and a dose rate as high as 4700 cGy/min from a 9 MeV electron beam interacting with a 1 mm thickness tantalum target. Further thermal analysis in the rotating target indicates a significant improvement of beam power handling in comparison with the conventional stationary one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhong He
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, P.O. Box 919-106, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, P.O. Box 919-106, Mianyang, 621900, China.
| | - Shuqing Liao
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, P.O. Box 919-106, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Ruo Tang
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, P.O. Box 919-106, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Yufei Peng
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, P.O. Box 919-106, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, P.O. Box 919-106, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Guojun Yang
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, P.O. Box 919-106, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Tao Wei
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, P.O. Box 919-106, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Xinglin Yang
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, P.O. Box 919-106, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Xiaoguo Jiang
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, P.O. Box 919-106, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Jidong Long
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, P.O. Box 919-106, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Huang Zhang
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, P.O. Box 919-106, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Weiping Xie
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, P.O. Box 919-106, Mianyang, 621900, China
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Sun W, Symes DR, Brenner CM, Böhnel M, Brown S, Mavrogordato MN, Sinclair I, Salamon M. Review of high energy x-ray computed tomography for non-destructive dimensional metrology of large metallic advanced manufactured components. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2022; 85:016102. [PMID: 35138267 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac43f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Advanced manufacturing technologies, led by additive manufacturing, have undergone significant growth in recent years. These technologies enable engineers to design parts with reduced weight while maintaining structural and functional integrity. In particular, metal additive manufacturing parts are increasingly used in application areas such as aerospace, where a failure of a mission-critical part can have dire safety consequences. Therefore, the quality of these components is extremely important. A critical aspect of quality control is dimensional evaluation, where measurements provide quantitative results that are traceable to the standard unit of length, the metre. Dimensional measurements allow designers, manufacturers and users to check product conformity against engineering drawings and enable the same quality standard to be used across the supply chain nationally and internationally. However, there is a lack of development of measurement techniques that provide non-destructive dimensional measurements beyond common non-destructive evaluation focused on defect detection. X-ray computed tomography (XCT) technology has great potential to be used as a non-destructive dimensional evaluation technology. However, technology development is behind the demand and growth for advanced manufactured parts. Both the size and the value of advanced manufactured parts have grown significantly in recent years, leading to new requirements of dimensional measurement technologies. This paper is a cross-disciplinary review of state-of-the-art non-destructive dimensional measuring techniques relevant to advanced manufacturing of metallic parts at larger length scales, especially the use of high energy XCT with source energy of greater than 400 kV to address the need in measuring large advanced manufactured parts. Technologies considered as potential high energy x-ray generators include both conventional x-ray tubes, linear accelerators, and alternative technologies such as inverse Compton scattering sources, synchrotron sources and laser-driven plasma sources. Their technology advances and challenges are elaborated on. The paper also outlines the development of XCT for dimensional metrology and future needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Sun
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R Symes
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Ceri M Brenner
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Böhnel
- Fraunhofer-Entwicklungszentrum Röntgentechnik EZRT, Fraunhofer-Institut für Integrierte Schaltungen IIS, Flugplatzstraße 75, 90768 Fürth, Germany
| | - Stephen Brown
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian Sinclair
- University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Salamon
- Fraunhofer-Entwicklungszentrum Röntgentechnik EZRT, Fraunhofer-Institut für Integrierte Schaltungen IIS, Flugplatzstraße 75, 90768 Fürth, Germany
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Hu D, Zhou Z, Wang J, Xiao D, Zhou K, Li P, Li S, Shan L, Wang H, Liu Y, Shen X, Lao C, Luo X, He T, Zhang P, Yan L, Liu J, Ding Y, Cai Z, Li L, Zhang C, Liu Q, Li J, Wang Y, Yang X, Li M, Wu D, Chen M, Zhao J. High-energy high-dose microfocus X-ray computed tomography driven by high-average-current photo-injector. JOURNAL OF X-RAY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 30:1-12. [PMID: 34719471 DOI: 10.3233/xst-210960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High-energy, high-dose, microfocus X-ray computed tomography (HHM CT) is one of the most effective methods for high-resolution X-ray radiography inspection of high-density samples with fine structures. Minimizing the effective focal spot size of the X-ray source can significantly improve the spatial resolution and the quality of the sample images, which is critical and important for the performance of HHM CT. The objective of this study is to present a 9 MeV HHM CT prototype based on a high-average-current photo-injector in which X-rays with about 70μm focal spot size are produced via using tightly focused electron beams with 65/66μm beam size to hit an optimized tungsten target. In digital radiography (DR) experiment using this HHM CT, clear imaging of a standard 0.1 mm lead DR resolution phantom reveals a resolution of 6 lp/mm (line pairs per mm), while a 5 lp/mm resolution is obtained in CT mode using another resolution phantom made of 10 mm ferrum. Moreover, comparing with the common CT systems, a better turbine blade prototype image was obtained with this HHM CT system, which also indicates the promising application potentials of HHM CT in non-destructive inspection or testing for high-density fine-structure samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongcai Hu
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, China
| | - Dexin Xiao
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, China
| | - Kui Zhou
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, China
| | - Peng Li
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, China
| | - Shigen Li
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, China
| | - Lijun Shan
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, China
| | - Hanbin Wang
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, China
| | - Xuming Shen
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, China
| | - Chenglong Lao
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, China
| | - Xing Luo
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, China
| | - Tianhui He
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, China
| | - Longgang Yan
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, China
| | - Yushou Ding
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, China
| | - Zhe Cai
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, China
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, China
| | - Chengxin Zhang
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, China
| | - Xingfan Yang
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, China
| | - Dai Wu
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, China
| | - Menxue Chen
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, China
| | - Jianheng Zhao
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, China
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Effectiveness of Non-Local Means Algorithm with an Industrial 3 MeV LINAC High-Energy X-Ray System for Non-Destructive Testing. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20092634. [PMID: 32380719 PMCID: PMC7248946 DOI: 10.3390/s20092634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Industrial high-energy X-ray imaging systems are widely used for non-destructive testing (NDT) to detect defects in the internal structure of objects. Research on X-ray image noise reduction techniques using image processing has been widely conducted with the aim of improving the detection of defects in objects. In this paper, we propose a non-local means (NLM) denoising algorithm to improve the quality of images obtained using an industrial 3 MeV high-energy X-ray imaging system. We acquired X-ray images using various castings and assessed the performance visually and by obtaining the intensity profile, contrast-to-noise ratio, coefficient of variation, and normalized noise power spectrum. Overall, the quality of images processed by the proposed NLM algorithm is superior to those processed by existing algorithms for the acquired casting images. In conclusion, the NLM denoising algorithm offers an efficient and competitive approach to overcome the noise problem in high-energy X-ray imaging systems, and we expect the accompanying image processing software to facilitate and improve image restoration.
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