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Fujii Y, Okabe I, Hatori A, Sah SK, Kanaujiya J, Fisher M, Norris R, Terasaki M, Reichenberger EJ, Chen IP. Skeletal abnormalities caused by a Connexin43 R239Q mutation in a mouse model for autosomal recessive craniometaphyseal dysplasia. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3906170. [PMID: 38405920 PMCID: PMC10889043 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3906170/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Craniometaphyseal dysplasia (CMD), a rare craniotubular disorder, occurs in an autosomal dominant (AD) or autosomal recessive (AR) form. CMD is characterized by hyperostosis of craniofacial bones and flaring metaphyses of long bones. Many patients with CMD suffer from neurological symptoms. To date, the pathogenesis of CMD is not fully understood. Treatment is limited to decompression surgery. Here, we report a knock in (KI) mouse model for AR CMD carrying a R239Q mutation in CX43. Cx43KI/KI mice replicate many features of AR CMD in craniofacial and long bones. In contrast to Cx43+/+ littermates, Cx43KI/KI mice exhibit periosteal bone deposition and increased osteoclast (OC) numbers in the endosteum of long bones, leading to an expanded bone marrow cavity and increased cortical bone thickness. Although formation of Cx43+/+ and Cx43KI/KI resting OCs are comparable, on bone chips the actively resorbing Cx43KI/KI OCs resorb less bone. Cortical bones of Cx43KI/KI mice have an increase in degenerating osteocytes and empty lacunae. Osteocyte dendrite formation is decreased with reduced expression levels of Fgf23, Sost, Tnf-α, IL-1β, Esr1, Esr2, and a lower Rankl/Opg ratio. Female Cx43KI/KI mice display a more severe phenotype. Sexual dimorphism in bone becomes more evident as mice age. Our data show that the CX43R239Q mutation results in mislocalization of CX43 protein and impairment of gap junction and hemichannel activity. Different from CX43 ablation mouse models, the CX43R239Q mutation leads to the AR CMD-like phenotype in Cx43KI/KI mice not only by loss-of-function but also via a not yet revealed dominant function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Fujii
- Department of Endodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Iichiro Okabe
- Department of Endodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Ayano Hatori
- Department of Endodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Shyam Kishor Sah
- Department of Endodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Jitendra Kanaujiya
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Melanie Fisher
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Rachael Norris
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Mark Terasaki
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Ernst J. Reichenberger
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - I-Ping Chen
- Department of Endodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, United States
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, United States
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Soto Barros J, Braddock D, Carpenter TO. Hypophosphatemic rickets: An unexplained early feature of craniometaphyseal dysplasia. Bone Rep 2023; 19:101707. [PMID: 37654679 PMCID: PMC10466911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2023.101707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Craniometaphyseal dysplasia (CMD) is an infrequently occurring skeletal dysplasia often caused by a mutation in ANKH. The most common features are early and progressive hyperostosis of craniofacial bones, which may cause obstruction of cranial nerves, and metaphyseal flaring of long bones. Rarely, rickets has been associated with CMD, occurring early in the course of the disease. We report an infant with CMD who presented with elevated serum alkaline phosphatase activity and low serum phosphorus at age 1 month and radiographic changes of rickets at 3 months of age. Further biochemical investigations revealed a high tubular reabsorption of phosphate and suppressed FGF23 level congruent with a deficit of phosphorus availability. Therapy with phosphorus was started at 4 months of age; calcitriol was subsequently added upon emergence of secondary hyperparathyroidism. A heterozygous pathogenic variant in ANKH c.1124_1126del (p.Ser375del) was identified. At 19 months of age therapy was discontinued in view of the corrected biochemical profile and radiographic improvement of rickets. ©The Authors. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Soto Barros
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Concepcion, Chacabuco esquina Janequeo S/N, 4070106 Concepcion, Chile
- Las Higueras Hospital, Alto Horno 777, 4270918 Talcahuano, Chile
- Department of Pediatrics (Endocrinology), Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208064, New Haven, CT 06520-8064, USA
| | - Demetrios Braddock
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Thomas O Carpenter
- Department of Pediatrics (Endocrinology), Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208064, New Haven, CT 06520-8064, USA
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Rudinskiy M, Molinari M. ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation in a nutshell: mammalian, yeast, and plant ER-phagy as induced by misfolded proteins. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:1928-1945. [PMID: 37259628 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Conserved catabolic pathways operate to remove aberrant polypeptides from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the major biosynthetic organelle of eukaryotic cells. The best known are the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathways that control the retrotranslocation of terminally misfolded proteins across the ER membrane for clearance by the cytoplasmic ubiquitin/proteasome system. In this review, we catalog folding-defective mammalian, yeast, and plant proteins that fail to engage ERAD machineries. We describe that they rather segregate in ER subdomains that eventually vesiculate. These ER-derived vesicles are captured by double membrane autophagosomes, engulfed by endolysosomes/vacuoles, or fused with degradative organelles to clear cells from their toxic cargo. These client-specific, mechanistically diverse ER-phagy pathways are grouped under the umbrella term of ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation for description in this essay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Rudinskiy
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Molinari
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
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Regulation of biomineralization by proteoglycans: From mechanisms to application. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 294:119773. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Reggiori F, Molinari M. ER-phagy: mechanisms, regulation and diseases connected to the lysosomal clearance of the endoplasmic reticulum. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1393-1448. [PMID: 35188422 PMCID: PMC9126229 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ER-phagy (reticulo-phagy) defines the degradation of portions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) within lysosomes or vacuoles. It is part of the self-digestion (i.e., auto-phagic) programs recycling cytoplasmic material and organelles, which rapidly mobilize metabolites in cells confronted with nutrient shortage. Moreover, selective clearance of ER subdomains participates to the control of ER size and activity during ER stress, the re-establishment of ER homeostasis after ER stress resolution and the removal of ER parts, in which aberrant and potentially cytotoxic material has been segregated. ER-phagy relies on the individual and/or concerted activation of the ER-phagy receptors, ER peripheral or integral membrane proteins that share the presence of LC3/Atg8-binding motifs in their cytosolic domains. ER-phagy involves the physical separation of portions of the ER from the bulk ER network, and their delivery to the endolysosomal/vacuolar catabolic district. This last step is accomplished by a variety of mechanisms including macro-ER-phagy (in which ER fragments are sequestered by double-membrane autophagosomes that eventually fuse with lysosomes/vacuoles), micro-ER-phagy (in which ER fragments are directly engulfed by endosomes/lysosomes/vacuoles), or direct fusion of ER-derived vesicles with lysosomes/vacuoles. ER-phagy is dysfunctional in specific human diseases and its regulators are subverted by pathogens, highlighting its crucial role for cell and organism life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, grid.4830.fUniversity of Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Maurizio Molinari
- Protein Folding and Quality Control, grid.7722.0Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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He X, Dong Y. Ankylosis progressive homolog upregulation inhibits cell viability and mineralization during fibroblast ossification by regulating the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:4551-4560. [PMID: 33173993 PMCID: PMC7646822 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankylosis progressive homolog (ANKH) is associated with fibroblast ossification in ankylosing spondylitis (AS). As the human ANKH gene is poorly characterized relative to its murine counterpart, the aim of the present study was to examine ANKH expression in ligament tissue isolated from patients with AS and the role played by this gene in AS‑associated fibroblast ossification. Fibroblasts were isolated from ligament tissue collected from patients with AS and ligament tissue from individuals with spinal cord fractures, then cultured. Fibroblasts from patients with AS were subsequently transfected with an ANKH overexpression vector, while those collected from individuals with spinal cord fractures were transfected with small interfering RNA specific for ANKH. Cell viability, apoptosis and mineralization were analyzed using MTT assays, flow cytometry and Alizarin Red staining, respectively. Furthermore, ANKH mRNA and protein expression levels were analyzed using reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blotting analysis, respectively. The expression levels of osteogenesis markers, including alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, Runt‑related transcription factor 2, c‑Myc, as well as the β‑catenin signaling protein, were also determined using western blotting. The results of the present study revealed that ANKH protein expression levels were downregulated in AS total ligament tissue extract, compared with spinal fracture ligament. Moreover, the fibroblasts derived from patients with AS exhibited an increased viability and reduced apoptosis rates, compared with the fibroblasts from patients with spinal fracture. Notably, ANKH overexpression inhibited viability, mineralization and ossification, increased the phosphorylation of β‑catenin and downregulated β‑catenin and c‑Myc protein expression levels in fibroblasts from patients with AS. In addition, ANKH overexpression increased the ratio of p‑β‑catenin/β‑catenin in fibroblasts from patients with AS. By contrast, ANKH silencing in fibroblasts from patients with spinal fracture resulted in the opposite effect. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggested that ANKH may inhibit fibroblast viability, mineralization and ossification, possibly by regulating the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindong He
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The People's Hospital of Xinchang, Xinchang, Zhejiang 312500, P.R. China
| | - Yongqiang Dong
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The People's Hospital of Xinchang, Xinchang, Zhejiang 312500, P.R. China
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Fujii Y, Kozak E, Dutra E, Varadi A, Reichenberger EJ, Chen IP. Restriction of Dietary Phosphate Ameliorates Skeletal Abnormalities in a Mouse Model for Craniometaphyseal Dysplasia. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:2070-2081. [PMID: 33463757 PMCID: PMC9164311 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Craniometaphyseal dysplasia (CMD), a rare genetic bone disorder, is characterized by lifelong progressive thickening of craniofacial bones and metaphyseal flaring of long bones. The autosomal dominant form of CMD is caused by mutations in the progressive ankylosis gene ANKH (mouse ortholog Ank), encoding a pyrophosphate (PPi) transporter. We previously reported reduced formation and function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in a knockin (KI) mouse model for CMD (AnkKI/KI) and in CMD patients. We also showed rapid protein degradation of mutant ANK/ANKH. Mutant ANK protein displays reduced PPi transport, which may alter the inorganic phosphate (Pi) and PPi ratio, an important regulatory mechanism for bone mineralization. Here we investigate whether reducing dietary Pi intake can ameliorate the CMD-like skeletal phenotype by comparing male and female Ank+/+ and AnkKI/KI mice exposed to a low (0.3%) and normal (0.7%) Pi diet for 13 weeks from birth. Serum Pi and calcium (Ca) levels were not significantly changed by diet, whereas PTH and 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OHD) were decreased by low Pi diet but only in male Ank+/+ mice. Importantly, the 0.3% Pi diet significantly ameliorated mandibular hyperostosis in both sexes of AnkKI/KI mice. A tendency of decreased femoral trabeculation was observed in male and female Ank+/+ mice as well as in male AnkKI/KI mice fed with the 0.3% Pi diet. In contrast, in female AnkKI/KI mice the 0.3% Pi diet resulted in increased metaphyseal trabeculation. This was also the only group that showed increased bone formation rate. Low Pi diet led to increased osteoclast numbers and increased bone resorption in all mice. We conclude that lowering but not depleting dietary Pi delays the development of craniofacial hyperostosis in CMD mice without severely compromising serum levels of Pi, Ca, PTH, and 25-OHD. These findings may have implications for better clinical care of patients with CMD. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Fujii
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Eszter Kozak
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eliane Dutra
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Andras Varadi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ernst J Reichenberger
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - I-Ping Chen
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
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Vijen S, Hawes C, Runions J, Russell RGG, Wordsworth BP, Carr AJ, Pink RC, Zhang Y. Differences in intracellular localisation of ANKH mutants that relate to mechanisms of calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease and craniometaphyseal dysplasia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7408. [PMID: 32366894 PMCID: PMC7198517 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63911-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
ANKH mutations are associated with calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease and craniometaphyseal dysplasia. This study investigated the effects of these ANKH mutants on cellular localisation and associated biochemistry. We generated four ANKH overexpression-plasmids containing either calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease or craniometaphyseal dysplasia linked mutations: P5L, E490del and S375del, G389R. They were transfected into CH-8 articular chondrocytes and HEK293 cells. The ANKH mutants dynamic differential localisations were imaged and we investigated the interactions with the autophagy marker LC3. Extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate, mineralization, ENPP1 activity expression of ENPP1, TNAP and PIT-1 were measured. P5L delayed cell membrane localisation but once recruited into the membrane it increased extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate, mineralization, and ENPP1 activity. E490del remained mostly cytoplasmic, forming punctate co-localisations with LC3, increased mineralization, ENPP1 and ENPP1 activity with an initial but unsustained increase in TNAP and PIT-1. S375del trended to decrease extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate, increase mineralization. G389R delayed cell membrane localisation, trended to decrease extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate, increased mineralization and co-localised with LC3. Our results demonstrate a link between pathological localisation of ANKH mutants with different degrees in mineralization. Furthermore, mutant ANKH functions are related to synthesis of defective proteins, inorganic pyrophosphate transport, ENPP1 activity and expression of ENPP1, TNAP and PIT-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Vijen
- Department of Biology and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Chris Hawes
- Department of Biology and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - John Runions
- Department of Biology and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - R Graham G Russell
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Windmill Road, Oxford, OX3 7HE, UK
| | - B Paul Wordsworth
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Windmill Road, Oxford, OX3 7HE, UK
| | - Andrew J Carr
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Windmill Road, Oxford, OX3 7HE, UK
| | - Ryan C Pink
- Department of Biology and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Biology and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
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ER-Phagy: Quality Control and Turnover of Endoplasmic Reticulum. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:384-398. [PMID: 32302550 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest organelle in cells and has fundamental functions, such as folding, processing, and trafficking of proteins, cellular metabolism, and ion storage. To maintain its function, it is turned over constitutively, and even more actively under certain stress conditions. Quality control of the ER is mediated primarily by two pathways: the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy (termed 'ER-phagy'). The identification of ER-phagy adaptor molecules has shed light on the mechanisms and physiological significance of ER-phagy. Here, we describe recent findings on various types of ER-phagy and present unanswered questions related to their mechanism and regulation.
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Fregno I, Molinari M. Proteasomal and lysosomal clearance of faulty secretory proteins: ER-associated degradation (ERAD) and ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation (ERLAD) pathways. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 54:153-163. [PMID: 31084437 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2019.1610351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
About 40% of the eukaryotic cell's proteins are inserted co- or post-translationally in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where they attain the native structure under the assistance of resident molecular chaperones and folding enzymes. Subsequently, these proteins are secreted from cells or are transported to their sites of function at the plasma membrane or in organelles of the secretory and endocytic compartments. Polypeptides that are not delivered within the ER (mis-localized proteins, MLPs) are rapidly destroyed by cytosolic proteasomes, with intervention of the membrane protease ZMPSTE24 if they remained trapped in the SEC61 translocation machinery. Proteins that enter the ER, but fail to attain the native structure are rapidly degraded to prevent toxic accumulation of aberrant gene products. The ER does not contain degradative devices and the majority of misfolded proteins generated in this biosynthetic compartment are dislocated across the membrane for degradation by cytosolic 26S proteasomes by mechanisms and pathways collectively defined as ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Proteins that do not engage ERAD factors, that enter aggregates or polymers, are too large, display chimico/physical features that prevent dislocation across the ER membrane (ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins) are delivered to endo-lysosome for clearance, by mechanisms and pathways collectively defined as ER-to-lysosomes-associated degradation (ERLAD). Emerging evidences lead us to propose ERLAD as an umbrella term that includes the autophagic and non-autophagic pathways activated and engaged by ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins generated in the ER for delivery to degradative endo-lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Fregno
- a Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences , Università della Svizzera italiana (USI) , Bellinzona , Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Molinari
- a Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences , Università della Svizzera italiana (USI) , Bellinzona , Switzerland.,b School of Life Sciences , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
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