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Antiviral drug research for Japanese encephalitis: an updated review. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:273-296. [PMID: 35182390 PMCID: PMC8964565 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00355-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is one of Asia's most common viral encephalitis. JEV is a flavivirus, common in rural and sub-urban regions of Asian countries. Although only 1% of JEV-infected individuals develop JE, there is a 20-30% chance of death among these individuals and possible neurological sequelae post-infection. No licensed anti-JE drugs are currently available, despite extensive efforts to develop them. Literature search was performed using databases such as PubMed Central, Google Scholar, Wiley Online Library, etc. using keywords such as Japanese encephalitis virus, antiviral drugs, antiviral drug screening, antiviral drug targets, etc. From around 230 papers/abstracts and research reviews retrieved and reviewed for this study, approximately 180 most relevant and important ones have been cited. Different approaches in drug testing and various antiviral drug targets explored so far have been thoroughly searched from the literature and compiled, besides addressing the future perspectives of the antiviral drug development strategies. Although the development of effective anti-JE drugs is an urgent issue, only supportive care is currently available. Recent advancements in understanding the biology of infection and new drug targets have been promising improvements. Despite hindrances such as the unavailability of a proper drug delivery system or a treatment regimen irrespective of the stage of infection, several promising anti-JE candidate molecules are in different phases of clinical trials. Nonetheless, efficient therapy against JEV is expected to be achieved with drug combinations and a highly targeted drug delivery system soon.
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Zhang J, Han W, Xie C, Gao M, Wang X, Hu X, Zhang W, Cao S, Liu X, Cheng G, Gu C. Autophagy inhibitors alleviate Japanese encephalitis virus-induced cerebral inflammation in mice. Arch Virol 2022; 167:849-859. [PMID: 35119507 PMCID: PMC8814803 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05283-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a zoonotic epidemic disease caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and currently, no medicines are available to treat this disease. Autophagy modulators play an important role in the treatment of tumors, heart disease, and some viral diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of autophagy modulators on JEV infection and the host response in mice. The experimental mice were grouped as follows: DMEM (control), JEV, JEV+rapamycin (JEV+Rapa), JEV+wortmannin (JEV+Wort), JEV+chloroquine (JEV+CQ), Rapa, Wort, and CQ. The control group was treated with DMEM. The mice in other groups were infected with 105 PFU of JEV, and Rapa, Wort, and CQ were administered 2 h prior to JEV challenge and then administered daily for 10 consecutive days. All mice were monitored for neurological signs and survival. The damage of subcellular structures in the mouse brain was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. The distribution of virus in the mouse brain was determined by RNAScope staining and immunohistochemical staining. The neuroinflammatory responses in the brain were examined via quantitative real-time PCR, and the signal pathways involved in neuroinflammation were identified by Western blot. The mice in the JEV+Wort and JEV+CQ groups showed milder neurological symptoms, less damage to the mitochondria in the brain tissue, and a higher survival rate than those in the JEV+Rapa and JEV groups. Compared with the JEV+Rapa and JEV groups, the distribution of JEV in the brain of mice in the JEV+Wort and JEV+CQ groups was lower, and the inflammatory response was weaker. No significant difference was observed in the expression of the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway in mouse brain among the different groups. Our study suggests that the autophagy inhibitors Wort and CQ reduce JEV infection and weaken the inflammatory response, which does not depend on the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway in mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Changqing Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mingxing Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xugang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xueying Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wanpo Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shengbo Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guofu Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Changqin Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Baltina LA, Lai HC, Liu YC, Huang SH, Hour MJ, Baltina LA, Nugumanov TR, Borisevich SS, Khalilov LM, Petrova SF, Khursan SL, Lin CW. Glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives as Zika virus inhibitors: Synthesis and antiviral activity in vitro. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 41:116204. [PMID: 34022526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus of the Flaviviridae family (Flavivirus genus), causing serious neurological complications, such as Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) in adults and fetal microcephaly. Licensed vaccines or specific antiviral agents against ZIKV do not currently exist. Therefore, the search and development of anti-ZIKV agents are particularly relevant and necessary. Glycyrrhetinic (3β-hydroxy-11-oxo-18βH-Olean-12-en-30-oic acid) (GA) 1 is one of the well-known pentacyclic triterpenoids isolated from licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Gl. uralensis Fisher) (Leguminosae) possessing many biological features, including antiviral activity. This paper is devoted to the synthesis and studies of a number of nitrogen and sulfur-containing GA derivatives as ZIKV inhibitors. Sixteen GA and related triterpenoids (3β-hydroxy-18βH-Olean-12-en-30-oic acid and 3β-hydroxy-11-oxo-18βH-Olean-12(13),18(19)-dien-30-oic acid) derivatives were synthesized (amides, semi- and thiosemicarbazones, and 1,2,3-thiadiazoles) and antiviral activity against ZIKV was studied in vitro, including the inhibitory assays on cytopathic effect (CPE), viral protein synthesis, and replication stages. Four active compounds were found among GA derivatives tested, 13 (3-O-acetyl-30-aminopyridine GA), 16 (3-semicarbazone-30-butyl GA), 18 (1,2,3-thiadiazole-30-methyl GA), and 19 (1,2,3-thiadiazole-30-butyl GA) with IC50 < 1 μM against ZIKV replication. These compounds had a stronger inhibitory activity on ZIKV-induced CPE and viral protein translation in infected cells as compared to derivatives of 11-desoxo-GA. The most active compound was amide 13 (IC50 0.13 μM, TI ˃ 384). Time-of-addition assays indicated that 1,2,3-thiadiazole ring is important for inhibiting viral entry stage (compounds 18 and 19), while the 30-butyl ester group influenced on post-entry stage (compound 19). The molecular docking analysis demonstrated that lead compounds 13 and 19 forms a hydrogen-bond interaction with the catalytic triad (His51-Asp75-Ser135) of ZIKV NS2B-NS3 protease. Therefore, the active GA derivatives are promising for developing new antiviral agents against ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia A Baltina
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 prosp. Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russian Federation.
| | - Hsueh-Chou Lai
- Division of Hepato-gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ya-Chi Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Su-Hua Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mann-Jen Hour
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lia A Baltina
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 prosp. Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Tagir R Nugumanov
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 prosp. Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Sophia S Borisevich
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 prosp. Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Leonard M Khalilov
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 141 prosp. Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana F Petrova
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 prosp. Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey L Khursan
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 prosp. Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Cheng-Wen Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, ROC.
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Baltina LA, Hour MJ, Liu YC, Chang YS, Huang SH, Lai HC, Kondratenko RM, Petrova SF, Yunusov MS, Lin CW. Antiviral activity of glycyrrhizic acid conjugates with amino acid esters against Zika virus. Virus Res 2020; 294:198290. [PMID: 33388394 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a new pathogenic flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes Aedes spp. ZIKV infection is accompanied by serious neurological complications and is especially dangerous for pregnant women, in which it can lead to congenital malformations of the fetus and microcephaly in neonates. Currently, there are no licensed vaccines or specific post-infectious therapies for ZIKV infection. This report is devoted to the study of glycyrrhizic acid (GL) derivatives as ZIKV inhibitors. The inhibitory assays on the cytopathic effect (CPE) and viral infectivity of ZIKV in three different human cell lines revealed that the conjugation of GL with amino acids and their esters (methyl, ethyl) is influenced by the antiviral activity of the compounds. GL conjugates with Glu(OMe)-OMe 11, Glu(OH)-OMe 12, Asp(OMe)-OMe 13, TyrOMe 14, LeuOEt 15, and PheOEt 16 with free COOH groups in the triterpene moiety were active against ZIKV. The most active compounds 13 and 14 have IC50 values of 0.23 μM and 0.09 μM against low doses (MOI = 0.05) of ZIKV strain PRVABC59, 1.20 μM and 0.74 μM against high doses (MOI = 10) of ZIKV strain Natal RGN single-round infectious particles, respectively. The lead compound was 14 with a high selectivity index (SI < 500). Compound 13 showed a higher inhibitory effect on the early stage (entry) of ZIKV replication than compound 14, and was less potent than compound 14 at the post-entry stage, consistent with the docking models. Compounds 13 and 14 also had a strong interaction with the active site pocket of NS5 MTase. Compounds 13 and 14 are recommended for expanded antiviral studies against ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia A Baltina
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry, Ufa Federal Research Centre of RAS, Ufa, 450054, Russian Federation.
| | - Mann-Jen Hour
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chi Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Young-Sheng Chang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Su-Hua Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Chou Lai
- Division of Hepato-gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan
| | | | - Svetlana F Petrova
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry, Ufa Federal Research Centre of RAS, Ufa, 450054, Russian Federation
| | - Marat S Yunusov
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry, Ufa Federal Research Centre of RAS, Ufa, 450054, Russian Federation
| | - Cheng-Wen Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
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Lien JC, Lin CS, Lai HC, Tsai YC, Lin YF, Huang AC, Huang SH, Lin CW. Antiviral efficacy of bromo-anilino substituents of 4,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylate compound CW-33 against Japanese encephalitis virus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126742. [PMID: 31648857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, occasionally causes severe central nervous system disorders in the risk zone where more than 3 billion people reside. Our prior studies demonstrated antiviral potential of 4,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylate compound CW-33 (ethyl 2-(3',5'-dimethylanilino)-4-oxo-4,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylate) and its derivative CW-33A ((ethyl 2-(2-fluoroanilino)-4-oxo-4,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylate) against JEV infection ((Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17: E1386; Sci. Rep. 2018, 8: 16595). This study synthesized six new CW-33 derivatives containing chloro, or bromo groups at the C-2, C-3, or C-4 of anilino ring of CW-33, and assessed the antiviral activity and mechanisms of these chloro- and bromo-anilino substitutedderivatives. CW-33K, CW-33L and CW-33M had the bromo-substituents at the C-2, C-3, or C-4 of anilino ring of CW-33, respectively, showing the higher anti-JEV activity than CW-33 and other derivatives. CW-33K (ethyl 2-(2-bromoanilino)-4-oxo-4,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylate) exhibited the highest antiviral efficacy and therapeutic index. The IC50 value of CW-33K was less than 5 μM for reducing JEV-induced cytopathic effect, virus infectivity and virus yield. CW-33K significantly inhibited the JEV replication at the early and late stages, suppressing viral RNA synthesis and intracellular JEV particle production. The study demonstrated that the CW-33 derivative with a bromosubstitutionat the C-2 anilino ring improved the antiviral activity JEV, providing the structure-antiviral activity relationship for the development of anti-JEV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Cherng Lien
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Sheng Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Chou Lai
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Hepato-gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Tsai
- PhD Program for Health Science and Industry, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fong Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - An-Cheng Huang
- Department of Nursing, St. Mary's Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Yilan County, Taiwan
| | - Su-Hua Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wen Lin
- PhD Program for Health Science and Industry, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan; Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Baltina LA, Tasi YT, Huang SH, Lai HC, Baltina LA, Petrova SF, Yunusov MS, Lin CW. Glycyrrhizic acid derivatives as Dengue virus inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126645. [PMID: 31519375 PMCID: PMC7172207 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is the first report to display structure-anti-DENV activity relationships of Glycyrrhizic acid (GL) derivatives. GL conjugates with isoleucine 13 and 11-aminoundecanoic acid 17 have been identified as potent DENV2 inhibitors. GL derivatives 13 and 17 showed lower IC50 values (1.2–1.3 μM) against DENV2 infectivity in Vero E6 cells than GL (IC50 8.1 μM).
Dengue virus (DENV) is one of the most geographically distributed pathogenic flaviviruses transmitted by mosquitoes Aedes sps. In this study, the structure-antiviral activity relationships of Glycyrrhizic acid (GL) derivatives was evaluated by the inhibitory assays on the cytopathic effect (CPE) and viral infectivity of DENV type 2 (DENV2) in Vero E6 cells. GL (96% purity) had a low cytotoxicity to Vero E6 cells, inhibited DENV2-induced CPE, and reduced the DENV-2 infectivity with the IC50 of 8.1 μM. Conjugation of GL with amino acids or their methyl esters and the introduction of aromatic acylhydrazide residues into the carbohydrate part strongly influenced on the antiviral activity. Among compounds tested GL conjugates with isoleucine 13 and 11-aminoundecanoic acid 17 were found as potent anti-DENV2 inhibitors (IC50 1.2–1.3 μM). Therefore, modification of GL is a perspective way in the search of new antivirals against DENV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia A Baltina
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry, Ufa Federal Research Centre of RAS, 71, Prospect Oktyabrya, Ufa 450054, Russian Federation.
| | - Yan-Ting Tasi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Su-Hua Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsueh-Chou Lai
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan, ROC; Division of Hepato-gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, 2, Yude Rd., Taichung 40447, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lia A Baltina
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry, Ufa Federal Research Centre of RAS, 71, Prospect Oktyabrya, Ufa 450054, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana F Petrova
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry, Ufa Federal Research Centre of RAS, 71, Prospect Oktyabrya, Ufa 450054, Russian Federation
| | - Marat S Yunusov
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry, Ufa Federal Research Centre of RAS, 71, Prospect Oktyabrya, Ufa 450054, Russian Federation
| | - Cheng-Wen Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, ROC; Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan, ROC.
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Chen KC, Lin YF, Huang AC, Gao JY, Lin CW, Lien JC. Molecular interaction of the antiviral compound CW‑33 and its analogues with the NS2B‑NS3 protease of the Japanese encephalitis virus. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:2024-2032. [PMID: 30816489 PMCID: PMC6443346 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study from our group, a novel compound, namely CW‑33 (ethyl 2‑(3',5'‑dimethylanilino)‑4‑oxo‑4,5‑dihydrofuran‑3‑carboxylate) was identified that exhibited antiviral activity for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). The viral NS2B‑NS3 serine protease serves an important role in cytoplasmic cleavage events that occur during viral polyprotein maturation. The inhibition of viral RNA and protein syntheses was responsible for the antiviral activities of the novel furanonaphthoquinone derivatives that were discovered for the prevention of JEV infection. Consequently, the present study examined the molecular docking simulation of JEV protease with compound CW‑33 and its analogues, and developed quantitative structure‑activity relationship (QSAR) models to assess the potential antiviral activities of these compounds with regard to JEV. Molecular docking simulation indicated the potential ligand‑protein interactions associated with the antiviral activities of these compounds. According to the results of the QSAR models, the secondary amine group was an important moiety required for compound bioactivity, which enabled the formation of hydrogen bonding with the residue Glu155. Furthermore, the aromatic ring mapping of the phenyl moiety of each compound was predicted to form a π‑cation interaction with residue Arg76, whereas the hydrophobic feature represented by the ethyl moiety exhibited hydrophobic contacts with residue Glu74. Finally, the hydrophobic substituents in the meta‑position of the phenyl ring further contributed to the efficacy of the antiviral activity. These results unravel the structural characteristics that are required for binding of CW‑33 to the JEV protease and can be used for potential therapeutic and drug development purposes for JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu-Fong Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402
| | - An-Cheng Huang
- Department of Nursing, St. Mary's Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Yilan 26647
| | | | - Cheng-Wen Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354,Professor Cheng-Wen Lin, Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C., E-mail:
| | - Jin-Cherng Lien
- School of Pharmacy,Department of Medical Research, Hospital of China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C,Correspondence to: Professor Jin-Cherng Lien, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C., E-mail:
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