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Podolskiy EA, Heide-Jørgensen MP. Strange attractor of a narwhal (Monodon monoceros). PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010432. [PMID: 36136974 PMCID: PMC9498936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting structures within the continuous diving behavior of marine animals is challenging, and no universal framework is available. We captured such diverse structures using chaos theory. By applying time-delay embedding to exceptionally long dive records (83 d) from the narwhal, we reconstructed the state-space portrait. Using measures of chaos, we detected a diurnal pattern and its seasonal modulation, classified data, and found how sea-ice appearance shifts time budgets. There is more near-surface rest but deeper dives at solar noon, and more intense diving during twilight and at night but to shallower depths (likely following squid); sea-ice appearance reduces rest. The introduced geometrical approach is simple to implement and potentially helpful for mapping and labeling long-term behavioral data, identifying differences between individual animals and species, and detecting perturbations. While animal-borne ocean sensors continue to advance and collect more data, there is a lack of an adequate framework to analyze records of irregular behavior. For example, in the Arctic—there sea-ice is declining but is fundamental for the life cycle of many endemic animals—near-surface dive records are usually ignored, and continuous data are reduced to a maximum depth or similar. Here, we propose to transform our way of thinking about animal motion underwater by turning to a chaos approach and using a flowing geometrical shape to understand the full diversity of behaviors on an example of a satellite-tagged narwhal. Our method may help to assess the susceptibility of narwhal and other animals to sea-ice loss and climate warming.
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Hamilton CD, Lydersen C, Aars J, Acquarone M, Atwood T, Baylis A, Biuw M, Boltunov AN, Born EW, Boveng P, Brown TM, Cameron M, Citta J, Crawford J, Dietz R, Elias J, Ferguson SH, Fisk A, Folkow LP, Frost KJ, Glazov DM, Granquist SM, Gryba R, Harwood L, Haug T, Heide‐Jørgensen MP, Hussey NE, Kalinek J, Laidre KL, Litovka DI, London JM, Loseto LL, MacPhee S, Marcoux M, Matthews CJD, Nilssen K, Nordøy ES, O’Corry‐Crowe G, Øien N, Olsen MT, Quakenbush L, Rosing‐Asvid A, Semenova V, Shelden KEW, Shpak OV, Stenson G, Storrie L, Sveegaard S, Teilmann J, Ugarte F, Von Duyke AL, Watt C, Wiig Ø, Wilson RR, Yurkowski DJ, Kovacs KM. Marine mammal hotspots across the circumpolar Arctic. DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Stafford KM, Melling H, Moore SE, Berchok CL, Braen EK, Brewer AM, Kimber BM. Marine mammal detections on the Chukchi Plateau 2009-2020. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 151:2521. [PMID: 35461500 DOI: 10.1121/10.0010208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic Ice Monitoring (AIM) observatory has been maintained on the Chukchi Plateau at 75.1° N 168.0° W nearly continuously since 2003. The AIM site consists of a submerged mooring that, since October 2008, has been instrumented with a passive acoustic recorder to sample ambient sound, with a focus on marine mammal detections in the High Arctic. Year-long data sets for 2009, 2012, and 2014-2020 were analyzed for the presence of signals from Arctic species including bowhead and beluga whales, bearded seals, and walrus. Calls from subarctic ribbon seals were commonly detected in autumn months, suggesting they have expanded their distribution much further northward. Killer whale calls were detected in recent years providing evidence that they have moved further north into the Pacific Arctic. No other subarctic cetaceans were heard. Year-round passive acoustic sampling of sounds produced by marine mammals over a decadal timescale has enhanced our understanding of how climate-driven changes in biodiversity are affecting even the very High Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Stafford
- Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
| | - Humfrey Melling
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Victoria, British Columbia V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Sue E Moore
- Center for Ecosystem Sentinels, Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
| | - Catherine L Berchok
- Marine Mammal Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA
| | - Eric K Braen
- Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean & Ecosystem Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
| | - Arial M Brewer
- Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean & Ecosystem Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
| | - Brynn M Kimber
- Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean & Ecosystem Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
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Bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) vocalizations across seasons and habitat types in Svalbard, Norway. Polar Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-021-02874-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMale bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) use vocal displays to attract females and to compete with other males during the mating season. This makes it possible to monitor breeding populations of this species using passive acoustic monitoring (PAM). This study analysed year-round acoustic data records from AURAL instruments in Svalbard (Norway) to investigate seasonal variation in the acoustic presence of male bearded seals and the phenology of different call types (long, step and sweep trills) at three sites representing a variety of habitats with varied ice conditions. Male bearded seals vocalized for an extended period at a drift-ice site (Atwain; January–July) north of Spitsbergen, while the vocal season was shorter at a High Arctic land-fast-ice site (Rijpfjorden; February–June) and shorter yet again at a west-coast site that has undergone dramatic reductions in sea ice cover over the last 1.5 decades (Kongsfjorden; April–June). Generalized Additive Models showed marked seasonal segregation in the use of different trill types at Atwain, where call rates reached 400 per h, with long trills being the most numerous call type. Modest segregation of trill types was seen at Rijpfjorden, where call rates reached 300 per h, and no segregation occurred in Kongsfjorden (peak call rate 80 per h). Sea ice cover was available throughout the vocal season at Atwain and Rijpfjorden, while at Kongsfjorden peak vocal activity (May–June) occurred after the sea ice disappeared. Ongoing climate warming and sea ice reductions will likely increase the incidence of such mismatches and reduce breeding habitat for bearded seals.
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Auditory biology of bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus). Polar Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-020-02736-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Movement, diving, and haul-out behaviors of juvenile bearded seals in the Bering, Chukchi and Beaufort seas, 2014–2018. Polar Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-020-02710-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bird DJ, Hamid I, Fox‐Rosales L, Van Valkenburgh B. Olfaction at depth: Cribriform plate size declines with dive depth and duration in aquatic arctoid carnivorans. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:6929-6953. [PMID: 32760503 PMCID: PMC7391337 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that obligate aquatic mammals, specifically toothed whales, rely relatively little on olfaction. There is less agreement about the importance of smell among aquatic mammals with residual ties to land, such as pinnipeds and sea otters. Field observations of marine carnivorans stress their keen use of smell while on land or pack ice. Yet, one dimension of olfactory ecology is often overlooked: while underwater, aquatic carnivorans forage "noseblind," diving with nares closed, removed from airborne chemical cues. For this reason, we predicted marine carnivorans would have reduced olfactory anatomy relative to closely related terrestrial carnivorans. Moreover, because species that dive deeper and longer forage farther removed from surface scent cues, we predicted further reductions in their olfactory anatomy. To test these hypotheses, we looked to the cribriform plate (CP), a perforated bone in the posterior nasal chamber of mammals that serves as the only passageway for olfactory nerves crossing from the periphery to the olfactory bulb and thus covaries in size with relative olfactory innervation. Using CT scans and digital quantification, we compared CP morphology across Arctoidea, a clade at the interface of terrestrial and aquatic ecologies. We found that aquatic carnivoran species from two lineages that independently reinvaded marine environments (Pinnipedia and Mustelidae), have significantly reduced relative CP than terrestrial species. Furthermore, within these aquatic lineages, diving depth and duration were strongly correlated with CP loss, and the most extreme divers, elephant seals, displayed the greatest reductions. These observations suggest that CP reduction in carnivorans is an adaptive response to shifting selection pressures during secondary invasion of marine environments, particularly to foraging at great depths. Because the CP is fairly well preserved in the fossil record, using methods presented here to quantify CP morphology in extinct species could further clarify evolutionary patterns of olfactory loss across aquatic mammal lineages that have independently committed to life in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J. Bird
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Iman Hamid
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Lester Fox‐Rosales
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Blaire Van Valkenburgh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
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de Vincenzi G, Parisi I, Torri M, Papale E, Mazzola S, Nuth C, Buscaino G. Influence of environmental parameters on the use and spatiotemporal distribution of the vocalizations of bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) in Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen. Polar Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-019-02514-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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