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Bobis-Wozowicz S, Paw M, Sarna M, Kędracka-Krok S, Nit K, Błażowska N, Dobosz A, Hammad R, Cathomen T, Zuba-Surma E, Tyszka-Czochara M, Madeja Z. Hypoxic extracellular vesicles from hiPSCs protect cardiomyocytes from oxidative damage by transferring antioxidant proteins and enhancing Akt/Erk/NRF2 signaling. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:356. [PMID: 38982464 PMCID: PMC11232324 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01722-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are an emerging class of therapeutics with excellent biocompatibility, bioactivity and pro-regenerative capacity. One of the potential targets for EV-based medicines are cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In this work we used EVs derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs; hiPS-EVs) cultured under different oxygen concentrations (21, 5 and 3% O2) to dissect the molecular mechanisms responsible for cardioprotection. METHODS EVs were isolated by ultrafiltration combined with size exclusion chromatography (UF + SEC), followed by characterization by nanoparticle tracking analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Western blot methods. Liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry coupled with bioinformatic analyses were used to identify differentially enriched proteins in various oxygen conditions. We directly compared the cardioprotective effects of these EVs in an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model of cardiomyocyte (CM) injury. Using advanced molecular biology, fluorescence microscopy, atomic force spectroscopy and bioinformatics techniques, we investigated intracellular signaling pathways involved in the regulation of cell survival, apoptosis and antioxidant response. The direct effect of EVs on NRF2-regulated signaling was evaluated in CMs following NRF2 inhibition with ML385. RESULTS We demonstrate that hiPS-EVs derived from physiological hypoxia at 5% O2 (EV-H5) exert enhanced cytoprotective function towards damaged CMs compared to EVs derived from other tested oxygen conditions (normoxia; EV-N and hypoxia 3% O2; EV-H3). This resulted from higher phosphorylation rates of Akt kinase in the recipient cells after transfer, modulation of AMPK activity and reduced apoptosis. Furthermore, we provide direct evidence for improved calcium signaling and sustained contractility in CMs treated with EV-H5 using AFM measurements. Mechanistically, our mass spectrometry and bioinformatics analyses revealed differentially enriched proteins in EV-H5 associated with the antioxidant pathway regulated by NRF2. In this regard, EV-H5 increased the nuclear translocation of NRF2 protein and enhanced its transcription in CMs upon OGD/R. In contrast, inhibition of NRF2 with ML385 abolished the protective effect of EVs on CMs. CONCLUSIONS In this work, we demonstrate a superior cardioprotective function of EV-H5 compared to EV-N and EV-H3. Such EVs were most effective in restoring redox balance in stressed CMs, preserving their contractile function and preventing cell death. Our data support the potential use of hiPS-EVs derived from physiological hypoxia, as cell-free therapeutics with regenerative properties for the treatment of cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Bobis-Wozowicz
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Milena Paw
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Sarna
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sylwia Kędracka-Krok
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Physical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kinga Nit
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Natalia Błażowska
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Dobosz
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ruba Hammad
- Freiburg iPS Core Facility, Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center- University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Toni Cathomen
- Freiburg iPS Core Facility, Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center- University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ewa Zuba-Surma
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Tyszka-Czochara
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Madeja
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Herardot E, Liboz M, Lamour G, Malo M, Plancheron A, Habeler W, Geiger C, Frank E, Campillo C, Monville C, Ben M'Barek K. Biomechanical Characterization of Retinal Pigment Epitheliums Derived from hPSCs Using Atomic Force Microscopy. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:1340-1352. [PMID: 38627341 PMCID: PMC11222240 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-024-10717-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a multifunctional cell monolayer located at the back of the eye, plays a crucial role in the survival and homeostasis of photoreceptors. Dysfunction or death of RPE cells leads to retinal degeneration and subsequent vision loss, such as in Age-related macular degeneration and some forms of Retinitis Pigmentosa. Therefore, regenerative medicine that aims to replace RPE cells by new cells obtained from the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells, is the focus of intensive research. However, despite their critical interest in therapy, there is a lack of biomechanical RPE surface description. Such biomechanical properties are tightly related to their functions. Herein, we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to analyze both the structural and mechanical properties of RPEs obtained from four cell lines and at different stages of epithelial formation. To characterize epitheliums, we used apical markers in immunofluorescence and showed the increase of transepithelial resistance, as well as the ability to secrete cytokines with an apico-basal polarity. Then, we used AFM to scan the apical surface of living or fixed RPE cells. We show that RPE monolayers underwent softening of apical cell center as well as stiffening of cell borders over epithelial formation. We also observed apical protrusions that depend on actin network, suggesting the formation of microvilli at the surface of RPE epitheliums. These RPE cell characteristics are essential for their functions into the retina and AFM studies may improve the characterization of the RPE epithelium suitable for cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Herardot
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, INSERM, IStem, UMR861, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Maxime Liboz
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CY Cergy Paris Université, CNRS, LAMBE, 91025, Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Guillaume Lamour
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CY Cergy Paris Université, CNRS, LAMBE, 91025, Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Michel Malo
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CY Cergy Paris Université, CNRS, LAMBE, 91025, Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Alexandra Plancheron
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, INSERM, IStem, UMR861, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
- IStem, CECS, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Walter Habeler
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, INSERM, IStem, UMR861, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
- IStem, CECS, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Camille Geiger
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, INSERM, IStem, UMR861, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
- IStem, CECS, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Elie Frank
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, INSERM, IStem, UMR861, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Clément Campillo
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CY Cergy Paris Université, CNRS, LAMBE, 91025, Evry-Courcouronnes, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Christelle Monville
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, INSERM, IStem, UMR861, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France.
| | - Karim Ben M'Barek
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, INSERM, IStem, UMR861, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France.
- IStem, CECS, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France.
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3
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Basyal D, Lee S, Kim HJ. Antioxidants and Mechanistic Insights for Managing Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:568. [PMID: 38790673 PMCID: PMC11117704 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) severely affects central vision due to progressive macular degeneration and its staggering prevalence is rising globally, especially in the elderly population above 55 years. Increased oxidative stress with aging is considered an important contributor to AMD pathogenesis despite multifaceted risk factors including genetic predisposition and environmental agents. Wet AMD can be managed with routine intra-vitreal injection of angiogenesis inhibitors, but no satisfactory medicine has been approved for the successful management of the dry form. The toxic carbonyls due to photo-oxidative degradation of accumulated bisretinoids within lysosomes initiate a series of events including protein adduct formation, impaired autophagy flux, complement activation, and chronic inflammation, which is implicated in dry AMD. Therapy based on antioxidants has been extensively studied for its promising effect in reducing the impact of oxidative stress. This paper reviews the dry AMD pathogenesis, delineates the effectiveness of dietary and nutrition supplements in clinical studies, and explores pre-clinical studies of antioxidant molecules, extracts, and formulations with their mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hye Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Dauge 42601, Republic of Korea
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4
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Zhang Z, Liang F, Chang J, Shan X, Yin Z, Wang L, Li S. Autophagy in dry AMD: A promising therapeutic strategy for retinal pigment epithelial cell damage. Exp Eye Res 2024; 242:109889. [PMID: 38593971 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a prevalent clinical condition that leads to permanent damage to central vision and poses a significant threat to patients' visual health. Although the pathogenesis of dry AMD remains unclear, there is consensus on the role of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) damage. Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are major contributors to RPE cell damage, and the NOD-like receptor thermoprotein structural domain-associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome mediates the inflammatory response leading to apoptosis in RPE cells. Furthermore, lipofuscin accumulation results in oxidative stress, NLRP3 activation, and the development of vitelliform lesions, a hallmark of dry AMD, all of which may contribute to RPE dysfunction. The process of autophagy, involving the encapsulation, recognition, and transport of accumulated proteins and dead cells to the lysosome for degradation, is recognized as a significant pathway for cellular self-protection and homeostasis maintenance. Recently, RPE cell autophagy has been discovered to be closely linked to the development of macular degeneration, positioning autophagy as a cutting-edge research area in the realm of dry AMD. In this review, we present an overview of how lipofuscin, oxidative stress, and the NLRP3 inflammasome damage the RPE through their respective causal mechanisms. We summarized the connection between autophagy, oxidative stress, and NLRP3 inflammatory cytokines. Our findings suggest that targeting autophagy improves RPE function and sustains visual health, offering new perspectives for understanding the pathogenesis and clinical management of dry AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- Tianjin University of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Fengming Liang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China.
| | - Jun Chang
- Tianjin University of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Xiaoqian Shan
- Tianjin University of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Zhixian Yin
- Hebei University of Technology, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tianjin, 300401, China
| | - Li Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Shujiao Li
- Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100040, China
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5
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Orzechowska A, Szymańska R, Sarna M, Żądło A, Trtílek M, Kruk J. The interaction between titanium dioxide nanoparticles and light can have dualistic effects on the physiological responses of plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:13706-13721. [PMID: 38265580 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-31970-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana was exposed to combined stress factors, i.e., titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiNPs) and high light. The concentrations of TiNPs used for irrigation were 250, 500, and 1000 μg/mL. This study shows that TiNPs alter the morphology and nanomechanical properties of chloroplasts in A. thaliana, which leads to a decrease in membrane elasticity. We found that TiNPs contributed to a delay in the thermal response of A. thaliana under dynamic light conditions, as revealed by non-invasive thermal imaging. The thermal time constants of TiNP-treated plants under excessive light are determined, showing a shortening in comparison to control plants. The results indicate that TiNPs may contribute to an alleviation of temperature stress experienced by plants under exposure to high light. In this research, we observed a decline in photosystem II photochemical efficiency accompanied by an increase in energy dissipation upon exposure to TiNPs. Interestingly, concentrations exceeding 250 µg/mL TiNPs appeared to mitigate the effects of high light, as shown by reduced differences in the values of specific OJIP parameters (FV/FM, ABS/RC, DI0/RC, and Pi_Abs) before and after light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Orzechowska
- AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Renata Szymańska
- AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Żądło
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Biophysics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Św. Łazarza 16, 31-530, Kraków, Poland
| | - Martin Trtílek
- Photon Systems Instruments, Průmyslova 470, 664 24, Drásov, Czech Republic
| | - Jerzy Kruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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6
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Mokrzyński K, Krzysztyńska-Kuleta O, Wojtala M, Wnuk D, Sarna M, Sarna T. Can l-ascorbic acid and trans-resveratrol protect HaCaT cells from fine particulate matter toxicity? Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:172-189. [PMID: 37365883 DOI: 10.1111/php.13829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Continuous exposure of human skin to air pollution can result in a range of undesirable skin conditions. In our recent study, UV and visible light were found to increase cytotoxicity of fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ) against human keratinocytes. Since it is impossible to avoid exposure of human skin to PM2.5 , effective strategies are needed to reduce their damaging effects. l-ascorbic acid and resveratrol were tested as potential topical agents against pollution-related skin impairment. Although these agents were previously found to ameliorate PM-dependent damage, the effect of light and seasonal variation of particles were not previously studied. EPR spin-trapping, DPPH assay, and singlet oxygen phosphorescence were used to determine the scavenging activities of the antioxidants. MTT, JC-10 and iodometric assays were used to analyze the effect on PM2.5 -induced cytotoxicity, mitochondrial damage and oxidation of lipids. Live-cell imaging was employed to examine wound-healing properties of cells. Light-induced, PM2.5 -mediated oxidative damage was examined by immunofluorescent staining. Both antioxidants effectively scavenged free radicals and singlet oxygen produced by PM2.5 , reduced cell death and prevented oxidative damage to HaCaT cells. l-ascorbic acid and resveratrol, especially when applied in combination, can protect HaCaT cells against the dark and light induced toxicity of PM2.5 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystian Mokrzyński
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Biophysics and Cancer Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Olga Krzysztyńska-Kuleta
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wojtala
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dawid Wnuk
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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7
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Różanowska MB. Lipofuscin, Its Origin, Properties, and Contribution to Retinal Fluorescence as a Potential Biomarker of Oxidative Damage to the Retina. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2111. [PMID: 38136230 PMCID: PMC10740933 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipofuscin accumulates with age as intracellular fluorescent granules originating from incomplete lysosomal digestion of phagocytosed and autophagocytosed material. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the current understanding of the role of oxidative stress and/or lysosomal dysfunction in lipofuscin accumulation and its consequences, particularly for retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Next, the fluorescence of lipofuscin, spectral changes induced by oxidation, and its contribution to retinal fluorescence are discussed. This is followed by reviewing recent developments in fluorescence imaging of the retina and the current evidence on the prognostic value of retinal fluorescence for the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the major blinding disease affecting elderly people in developed countries. The evidence of lipofuscin oxidation in vivo and the evidence of increased oxidative damage in AMD retina ex vivo lead to the conclusion that imaging of spectral characteristics of lipofuscin fluorescence may serve as a useful biomarker of oxidative damage, which can be helpful in assessing the efficacy of potential antioxidant therapies in retinal degenerations associated with accumulation of lipofuscin and increased oxidative stress. Finally, amendments to currently used fluorescence imaging instruments are suggested to be more sensitive and specific for imaging spectral characteristics of lipofuscin fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata B. Różanowska
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK;
- Cardiff Institute for Tissue Engineering and Repair (CITER), Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, Wales, UK
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8
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Paw M, Kusiak AA, Nit K, Litewka JJ, Piejko M, Wnuk D, Sarna M, Fic K, Stopa KB, Hammad R, Barczyk-Woznicka O, Cathomen T, Zuba-Surma E, Madeja Z, Ferdek PE, Bobis-Wozowicz S. Hypoxia enhances anti-fibrotic properties of extracellular vesicles derived from hiPSCs via the miR302b-3p/TGFβ/SMAD2 axis. BMC Med 2023; 21:412. [PMID: 37904135 PMCID: PMC10617123 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03117-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac fibrosis is one of the top killers among fibrotic diseases and continues to be a global unaddressed health problem. The lack of effective treatment combined with the considerable socioeconomic burden highlights the urgent need for innovative therapeutic options. Here, we evaluated the anti-fibrotic properties of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) that were cultured under various oxygen concentrations. METHODS EVs were isolated from three hiPSC lines cultured under normoxia (21% O2; EV-N) or reduced oxygen concentration (hypoxia): 3% O2 (EV-H3) or 5% O2 (EV-H5). The anti-fibrotic activity of EVs was tested in an in vitro model of cardiac fibrosis, followed by a detailed investigation of the underlying molecular mechanisms. Sequencing of EV miRNAs combined with bioinformatics analysis was conducted and a selected miRNA was validated using a miRNA mimic and inhibitor. Finally, EVs were tested in a mouse model of angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrosis. RESULTS We provide evidence that an oxygen concentration of 5% enhances the anti-fibrotic effects of hiPS-EVs. These EVs were more effective in reducing pro-fibrotic markers in activated human cardiac fibroblasts, when compared to EV-N or EV-H3. We show that EV-H5 act through the canonical TGFβ/SMAD pathway, primarily via miR-302b-3p, which is the most abundant miRNA in EV-H5. Our results show that EV-H5 not only target transcripts of several profibrotic genes, including SMAD2 and TGFBR2, but also reduce the stiffness of activated fibroblasts. In a mouse model of heart fibrosis, EV-H5 outperformed EV-N in suppressing the inflammatory response in the host and by attenuating collagen deposition and reducing pro-fibrotic markers in cardiac tissue. CONCLUSIONS In this work, we provide evidence of superior anti-fibrotic properties of EV-H5 over EV-N or EV-H3. Our study uncovers that fine regulation of oxygen concentration in the cellular environment may enhance the anti-fibrotic effects of hiPS-EVs, which has great potential to be applied for heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Paw
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka A Kusiak
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga Nit
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jacek J Litewka
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Piejko
- 3Rd Department of General Surgery, Jagiellonian University - Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dawid Wnuk
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Sarna
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga Fic
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga B Stopa
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ruba Hammad
- Freiburg iPS Core Facility, Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olga Barczyk-Woznicka
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Toni Cathomen
- Freiburg iPS Core Facility, Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ewa Zuba-Surma
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Madeja
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł E Ferdek
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Sylwia Bobis-Wozowicz
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
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Feldman T, Ostrovskiy D, Yakovleva M, Dontsov A, Borzenok S, Ostrovsky M. Lipofuscin-Mediated Photic Stress Induces a Dark Toxic Effect on ARPE-19 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12234. [PMID: 36293088 PMCID: PMC9602730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipofuscin granules from retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells contain bisretinoid fluorophores, which are photosensitizers and are phototoxic to cells. In the presence of oxygen, bisretinoids are oxidized to form various products, containing aldehydes and ketones, which are also potentially cytotoxic. In a prior study, we identified that bisretinoid oxidation and degradation products have both hydrophilic and amphiphilic properties, allowing their diffusion through the lipofuscin granule membrane into the RPE cell cytoplasm, and are thiobarbituric acid (TBA)-active. The purpose of the present study was to determine if these products exhibit a toxic effect to the RPE cell also in the absence of light. The experiments were performed using the lipofuscin-fed ARPE-19 cell culture. The RPE cell viability analysis was performed with the use of flow cytofluorimetry and laser scanning confocal microscopy. The results obtained indicated that the cell viability of the lipofuscin-fed ARPE-19 sample was clearly reduced not immediately after visible light irradiation for 18 h, but after 4 days maintaining in the dark. Consequently, we could conclude that bisretinoid oxidation products have a damaging effect on the RPE cell in the dark and can be considered as an aggravating factor in age-related macular degeneration progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Feldman
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Ostrovskiy
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Sv. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex, 59a Beskudnikovsky bld., 127486 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Yakovleva
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Dontsov
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Borzenok
- Sv. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex, 59a Beskudnikovsky bld., 127486 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Ostrovsky
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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10
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Feldman TB, Dontsov AE, Yakovleva MA, Ostrovsky MA. Photobiology of lipofuscin granules in the retinal pigment epithelium cells of the eye: norm, pathology, age. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:1051-1065. [PMID: 36124271 PMCID: PMC9481861 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-022-00989-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipofuscin granules (LGs) are accumulated in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. The progressive LG accumulation can somehow lead to pathology and accelerate the aging process. The review examines composition, spectral properties and photoactivity of LGs isolated from the human cadaver eyes. By use of atomic force microscopy and near-field microscopy, we have revealed the fluorescent heterogeneity of LGs. We have discovered the generation of reactive oxygen species by LGs, and found that LGs and melanolipofuscin granules are capable of photoinduced oxidation of lipids. It was shown that A2E, as the main fluorophore (bisretinoid) of LGs, is much less active as an oxidation photosensitizer than other fluorophores (bisretinoids) of LGs. Photooxidized products of bisretinoids pose a much greater danger to the cell than non-oxidized one. Our studies of the fluorescent properties of LGs and their fluorophores (bisretinoids) showed for the first time that their spectral characteristics change (shift to the short-wavelength region) in pathology and after exposure to ionizing radiation. By recording the fluorescence spectra and fluorescence decay kinetics of oxidized products of LG fluorophores, it is possible to improve the methods of early diagnosis of degenerative diseases. Lipofuscin ("aging pigment") is not an inert "slag". The photoactivity of LGs can pose a significant danger to the RPE cells. Fluorescence characteristics of LGs are a tool to detect early stages of degeneration in the retina and RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. B. Feldman
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. E. Dontsov
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - M. A. Yakovleva
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - M. A. Ostrovsky
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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11
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Dontsov A, Yakovleva M, Trofimova N, Sakina N, Gulin A, Aybush A, Gostev F, Vasin A, Feldman T, Ostrovsky M. Water-Soluble Products of Photooxidative Destruction of the Bisretinoid A2E Cause Proteins Modification in the Dark. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031534. [PMID: 35163454 PMCID: PMC8836230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging of the retina is accompanied by a sharp increase in the content of lipofuscin granules and bisretinoid A2E in the cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the human eye. It is known that A2E can have a toxic effect on RPE cells. However, the specific mechanisms of the toxic effect of A2E are poorly understood. We investigated the effect of the products of photooxidative destruction of A2E on the modification of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and hemoglobin from bovine erythrocytes. A2E was irradiated with a blue light-emitting diode (LED) source (450 nm) or full visible light (400–700 nm) of a halogen lamp, and the resulting water-soluble products of photooxidative destruction were investigated for the content of carbonyl compounds by mass spectrometry and reaction with thiobarbituric acid. It has been shown that water-soluble products formed during A2E photooxidation and containing carbonyl compounds cause modification of serum albumin and hemoglobin, measured by an increase in fluorescence intensity at 440–455 nm. The antiglycation agent aminoguanidine inhibited the process of modification of proteins. It is assumed that water-soluble carbonyl products formed as a result of A2E photodestruction led to the formation of modified proteins, activation of the inflammation process, and, as a consequence, to the progression of various senile eye pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dontsov
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.Y.); (N.T.); (N.S.); (T.F.); (M.O.)
- Correspondence: ; +7-495-939-7422
| | - Marina Yakovleva
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.Y.); (N.T.); (N.S.); (T.F.); (M.O.)
| | - Natalia Trofimova
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.Y.); (N.T.); (N.S.); (T.F.); (M.O.)
| | - Natalia Sakina
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.Y.); (N.T.); (N.S.); (T.F.); (M.O.)
| | - Alexander Gulin
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.); (A.A.); (F.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Arseny Aybush
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.); (A.A.); (F.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Fedor Gostev
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.); (A.A.); (F.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Alexander Vasin
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.); (A.A.); (F.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Tatiana Feldman
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.Y.); (N.T.); (N.S.); (T.F.); (M.O.)
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Ostrovsky
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.Y.); (N.T.); (N.S.); (T.F.); (M.O.)
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, 119234 Moscow, Russia
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12
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Różanowska MB, Różanowski B. Photodegradation of Lipofuscin in Suspension and in ARPE-19 Cells and the Similarity of Fluorescence of the Photodegradation Product with Oxidized Docosahexaenoate. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020922. [PMID: 35055111 PMCID: PMC8778276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal lipofuscin accumulates with age in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), where its fluorescence properties are used to assess retinal health. It was observed that there is a decrease in lipofuscin fluorescence above the age of 75 years and in the early stages of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the response of lipofuscin isolated from human RPE and lipofuscin-laden cells to visible light, and to determine whether an abundant component of lipofuscin, docosahexaenoate (DHA), can contribute to lipofuscin fluorescence upon oxidation. Exposure of lipofuscin to visible light leads to a decrease in its long-wavelength fluorescence at about 610 nm, with a concomitant increase in the short-wavelength fluorescence. The emission spectrum of photodegraded lipofuscin exhibits similarity with that of oxidized DHA. Exposure of lipofuscin-laden cells to light leads to a loss of lipofuscin granules from cells, while retaining cell viability. The spectral changes in fluorescence in lipofuscin-laden cells resemble those seen during photodegradation of isolated lipofuscin. Our results demonstrate that fluorescence emission spectra, together with quantitation of the intensity of long-wavelength fluorescence, can serve as a marker useful for lipofuscin quantification and for monitoring its oxidation, and hence useful for screening the retina for increased oxidative damage and early AMD-related changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata B. Różanowska
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
- Cardiff Institute for Tissue Engineering and Repair (CITER), Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-2920875057
| | - Bartosz Różanowski
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Kraków, 30-084 Kraków, Poland;
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13
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Kim HJ, Montenegro D, Zhao J, Sparrow JR. Bisretinoids of the Retina: Photo-Oxidation, Iron-Catalyzed Oxidation, and Disease Consequences. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091382. [PMID: 34573014 PMCID: PMC8467448 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The retina and, in particular, retinal pigment epithelial cells are unusual for being encumbered by exposure to visible light, while being oxygen-rich, and also amassing photoreactive molecules. These fluorophores (bisretinoids) are generated as a byproduct of the activity of vitamin A aldehyde-the chromophore necessary for vision. Bisretinoids form in photoreceptor cells due to random reactions of two molecules of vitamin A aldehyde with phosphatidylethanolamine; bisretinoids are subsequently transferred to retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, where they accumulate in the lysosomal compartment with age. Bisretinoids can generate reactive oxygen species by both energy and electron transfer, and they become photo-oxidized and photolyzed in the process. While these fluorescent molecules are accrued by RPE cells of all healthy eyes, they are also implicated in retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, 635 W., 165th Str., New York, NY 10032, USA; (H.J.K.); (D.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Diego Montenegro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, 635 W., 165th Str., New York, NY 10032, USA; (H.J.K.); (D.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, 635 W., 165th Str., New York, NY 10032, USA; (H.J.K.); (D.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Janet R. Sparrow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, 635 W., 165th Str., New York, NY 10032, USA; (H.J.K.); (D.M.); (J.Z.)
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 635 W., 165th Str., New York, NY 10032, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-212-305-9944
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14
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Furso J, Zadlo A, Szewczyk G, Sarna TJ. Photoreactivity of Bis-retinoid A2E Complexed with a Model Protein in Selected Model Systems. Cell Biochem Biophys 2020; 78:415-427. [PMID: 32920760 PMCID: PMC7567710 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-020-00942-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The bis-retinoid N-retinyl-N-retinylidene ethanolamine (A2E) is formed as a byproduct of visual cycle in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). It contributes to golden-yellow fluorescence of the age pigment lipofuscin, which accumulates in RPE. Lipofuscin can generate a variety of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon blue-light excitation. Although in model systems photoreactivity of A2E has been determined to be low, this bis-retinoid exhibited significant phototoxicity in RPE cells in vitro. Although the mechanism of A2E-mediated phototoxicity remains mostly unknown, we hypothesize that formation of A2E-adducts with different biomolecules may play an important role. In this study, we investigated the photochemical reactivity of A2E and its complex with bovine serum albumin (BSA) using UV-Vis absorption and emission spectroscopy, EPR-spin trapping, EPR-oximetry, time-resolved singlet oxygen phosphorescence, and the fluorogenic CBA probe. Our data show that A2E after complexation with this model protein photogenerated an increased level of ROS, particularly singlet oxygen. We also demonstrated the ability of A2E to oxidize BSA upon excitation with blue light in aqueous model systems. The data suggest that pyridinium bis-retinoid could oxidatively modify cellular proteins under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Furso
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Zadlo
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Szewczyk
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tadeusz J Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
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15
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The Effect of Antioxidants on Photoreactivity and Phototoxic Potential of RPE Melanolipofuscin Granules from Human Donors of Different Age. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111044. [PMID: 33114498 PMCID: PMC7693403 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most prominent age-related changes of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is the accumulation of melanolipofuscin granules, which could contribute to oxidative stress in the retina. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of melanolipofuscin granules from younger and older donors to photogenerate reactive oxygen species, and to examine if natural antioxidants could modify the phototoxic potential of this age pigment. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry, EPR-spin trapping, and time-resolved detection of near-infrared phosphorescence were employed for measuring photogeneration of superoxide anion and singlet oxygen by melanolipofuscin isolated from younger and older human donors. Phototoxicity mediated by internalized melanolipofuscin granules with and without supplementation with zeaxanthin and α-tocopherol was analyzed in ARPE-19 cells by determining cell survival, oxidation of cellular proteins, organization of the cell cytoskeleton, and the cell specific phagocytic activity. Supplementation with antioxidants reduced aerobic photoreactivity and phototoxicity of melanolipofuscin granules. The effect was particularly noticeable for melanolipofuscin mediated inhibition of the cell phagocytic activity. Antioxidants decreased the extent of melanolipofuscin-dependent oxidation of cellular proteins and disruption of the cell cytoskeleton. Although melanolipofuscin might be involved in chronic phototoxicity of the aging RPE, natural antioxidants could partially ameliorate these harmful effects.
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16
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An In-Vitro Cell Model of Intracellular Protein Aggregation Provides Insights into RPE Stress Associated with Retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186647. [PMID: 32932802 PMCID: PMC7555953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired cargo trafficking and the aggregation of intracellular macromolecules are key features of neurodegeneration, and a hallmark of aged as well as diseased retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in the eye. Here, photoreceptor outer segments (POS), which are internalized daily by RPE cells, were modified by UV-irradiation to create oxidatively modified POS (OxPOS). Oxidative modification was quantified by a protein carbonyl content assay. Human ARPE-19 cells were synchronously pulsed with POS or OxPOS to study whether oxidatively modified cargos can recapitulate features of RPE pathology associated with blinding diseases. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy analysis showed that OxPOS was trafficked to LAMP1, LAMP2 lysosomes and to LC3b autophagy vacuoles. Whilst POS were eventually degraded, OxPOS cargos were sequestered in late compartments. Co-localization of OxPOS was also associated with swollen autolysosomes. Ultrastructural analysis revealed the presence of electron-dense OxPOS aggregates in RPE cells, which appeared to be largely resistant to degradation. Measurement of cellular autofluorescence, using parameters used to assess fundus autofluorescence (FAF) in age-related macular disease (AMD) patients, revealed that OxPOS contributed significantly to a key feature of aged and diseased RPE. This in vitro cell model therefore represents a versatile tool to study disease pathways linked with RPE damage and sight-loss.
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17
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Olchawa MM, Szewczyk GM, Zadlo AC, Krzysztynska-Kuleta OI, Sarna TJ. The effect of aging and antioxidants on photoreactivity and phototoxicity of human melanosomes: An in vitro study. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 34:670-682. [PMID: 32702137 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aging may significantly modify antioxidant and photoprotective properties of melanin in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Here, photoreactivity of melanosomes (MS), isolated from younger and older human donors with and without added zeaxanthin and α-tocopherol, was analyzed by electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry, time-resolved singlet oxygen phosphorescence, and protein oxidation assay. The phototoxic potential of ingested melanosomes was examined in ARPE-19 cells exposed to blue light. Phagocytosis of FITC-labeled photoreceptor outer segments (POS) isolated from bovine retinas was determined by flow cytometry. Irradiation of cells fed MS induced significant inhibition of the specific phagocytosis with the effect being stronger for melanosomes from older than from younger human cohorts, and enrichment of the melanosomes with antioxidants reduced the inhibitory effect. Cellular protein photooxidation was more pronounced in samples containing older melanosomes, and it was diminished by antioxidants. This study suggests that blue light irradiated RPE melanosomes could induce substantial inhibition of the key function of the cells-their specific phagocytosis. The data indicate that while photoreactivity of MS and their phototoxic potential increase with age, they could be reduced by selected natural antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Olchawa
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz M Szewczyk
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej C Zadlo
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Olga I Krzysztynska-Kuleta
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tadeusz J Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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18
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Donato L, D’Angelo R, Alibrandi S, Rinaldi C, Sidoti A, Scimone C. Effects of A2E-Induced Oxidative Stress on Retinal Epithelial Cells: New Insights on Differential Gene Response and Retinal Dystrophies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E307. [PMID: 32290199 PMCID: PMC7222197 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress represents one of the principal inductors of lifestyle-related and genetic diseases. Among them, inherited retinal dystrophies, such as age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa, are well known to be susceptible to oxidative stress. To better understand how high reactive oxygen species levels may be involved in retinal dystrophies onset and progression, we performed a whole RNA-Seq experiment. It consisted of a comparison of transcriptomes' profiles among human retinal pigment epithelium cells exposed to the oxidant agent N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (A2E), considering two time points (3h and 6h) after the basal one. The treatment with A2E determined relevant differences in gene expression and splicing events, involving several new pathways probably related to retinal degeneration. We found 10 different clusters of pathways involving differentially expressed and differentially alternative spliced genes and highlighted the sub- pathways which could depict a more detailed scenario determined by the oxidative-stress-induced condition. In particular, regulation and/or alterations of angiogenesis, extracellular matrix integrity, isoprenoid-mediated reactions, physiological or pathological autophagy, cell-death induction and retinal cell rescue represented the most dysregulated pathways. Our results could represent an important step towards discovery of unclear molecular mechanisms linking oxidative stress and etiopathogenesis of retinal dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Donato
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.D.); (S.A.); (C.R.); (C.S.)
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics and Avant-Garde Therapies, I.E.ME.S.T., 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosalia D’Angelo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.D.); (S.A.); (C.R.); (C.S.)
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics and Avant-Garde Therapies, I.E.ME.S.T., 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona Alibrandi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.D.); (S.A.); (C.R.); (C.S.)
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Carmela Rinaldi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.D.); (S.A.); (C.R.); (C.S.)
| | - Antonina Sidoti
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.D.); (S.A.); (C.R.); (C.S.)
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics and Avant-Garde Therapies, I.E.ME.S.T., 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Concetta Scimone
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.D.); (S.A.); (C.R.); (C.S.)
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics and Avant-Garde Therapies, I.E.ME.S.T., 90139 Palermo, Italy
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19
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Melanin presence inhibits melanoma cell spread in mice in a unique mechanical fashion. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9280. [PMID: 31243305 PMCID: PMC6594928 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45643-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly aggressive cancer that exhibits metastasis to various critical organs. Unlike any other cancer cells, melanoma cells can synthesize melanin in large amounts, becoming heavily pigmented. Until now the role of melanin in melanoma, particularly the effect of melanin presence on the abilities of melanoma cells to spread and metastasize remains unknown. Recently, we have shown that melanin dramatically modified elastic properties of melanoma cells and inhibited the cells invasive abilities in vitro. Here, we inoculated human melanoma cells with different melanin content into nude mice and tested the hypothesis that cell elasticity is an important property of cancer cells for their efficient spread in vivo. The obtained results clearly showed that cells containing melanin were less capable to spread in mice than cells without the pigment. Our findings indicate that the presence of melanin inhibits melanoma metastasis, emphasizing possible clinical implications of such an inhibitory effect.
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20
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Olchawa M, Krzysztynska-Kuleta O, Duda M, Pawlak A, Pabisz P, Czuba-Pelech B, Sarna T. In vitro phototoxicity of rhodopsin photobleaching products in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Free Radic Res 2019; 53:456-471. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1603377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Olchawa
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Olga Krzysztynska-Kuleta
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Laboratory of Imaging and Atomic Force Spectroscopy, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mariusz Duda
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Laboratory of Imaging and Atomic Force Spectroscopy, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Pawlak
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Pawel Pabisz
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Czuba-Pelech
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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