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Beck A, Newton MA, van de Water LGA, van Bokhoven JA. The Enigma of Methanol Synthesis by Cu/ZnO/Al 2O 3-Based Catalysts. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4543-4678. [PMID: 38564235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The activity and durability of the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 (CZA) catalyst formulation for methanol synthesis from CO/CO2/H2 feeds far exceed the sum of its individual components. As such, this ternary catalytic system is a prime example of synergy in catalysis, one that has been employed for the large scale commercial production of methanol since its inception in the mid 1960s with precious little alteration to its original formulation. Methanol is a key building block of the chemical industry. It is also an attractive energy storage molecule, which can also be produced from CO2 and H2 alone, making efficient use of sequestered CO2. As such, this somewhat unusual catalyst formulation has an enormous role to play in the modern chemical industry and the world of global economics, to which the correspondingly voluminous and ongoing research, which began in the 1920s, attests. Yet, despite this commercial success, and while research aimed at understanding how this formulation functions has continued throughout the decades, a comprehensive and universally agreed upon understanding of how this material achieves what it does has yet to be realized. After nigh on a century of research into CZA catalysts, the purpose of this Review is to appraise what has been achieved to date, and to show how, and how far, the field has evolved. To do so, this Review evaluates the research regarding this catalyst formulation in a chronological order and critically assesses the validity and novelty of various hypotheses and claims that have been made over the years. Ultimately, the Review attempts to derive a holistic summary of what the current body of literature tells us about the fundamental sources of the synergies at work within the CZA catalyst and, from this, suggest ways in which the field may yet be further advanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Beck
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mark A Newton
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jeroen A van Bokhoven
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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Dong ZL, Wang Z, Yiu YM, Fu J, Lin BH, Chang LY, Sham TK. Synthesis and optical properties of phosphorus doped ZnO: X-ray absorption, X-ray emission, and X-ray excited optical luminescence studies. PURE APPL CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2022-1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Over the past decades, zinc oxide semiconductor and its derivatives have been extensively developed because of its optoelectronic properties. Since ZnO is an intrinsic n-type semiconductor, how to synthesize high-quality p-type ZnO semiconductors and investigate their optoelectronic properties and local chemical structures are important and necessary. In this article, two studies of synthesizing both undoped and phosphorus-doped ZnO nanostructures by hydrothermal method and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique are presented. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laboratory X-ray diffraction (XRD) are used to track the surface morphology and the crystalline structure of both undoped and phosphorus doped ZnO nanostructures, respectively. X-ray absorption near edge structures (XANES), X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and X-ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL) are also used to determine the local chemical information of both undoped and phosphorus-doped ZnO nano/microstructures such as local symmetry and optical properties. It is found that the phosphorus is successfully doped into the surface of ZnO and substituted the Zn. The phosphorus-doped ZnO products have better crystallinity and less oxygen vacancies on the surface. These two are correlated as one leads to the other. The XEOL results suggest that the average bandgap for undoped and phosphorus doped ZnO is the same, 3.24 eV. The second derivative of the absorption-emission spectra yields the fundamental bandgap for undoped ZnO and phosphorus-doped ZnO is 3.25 eV. The implication of this observation is discussed.
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Plass CT, Bonino V, Ritzer M, Jäger LR, Rey‐Bakaikoa V, Hafermann M, Segura‐Ruiz J, Martínez‐Criado G, Ronning C. Spatially Resolved Dynamics of Cobalt Color Centers in ZnO Nanowires. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 10:e2205304. [PMID: 36403227 PMCID: PMC9811436 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of color centers, being a promising quantum technology, is strongly dependent on the local environment. A synergistic approach of X-ray fluorescence analysis and X-ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL) using a hard X-ray nanoprobe is applied. The simultaneous acquisition provides insights into compositional and functional variations at the nanoscale demonstrating the extraordinary capabilities of these combined techniques. The findings on cobalt doped zinc oxide nanowires show an anticorrelation between the band edge emission of the zinc oxide host and the intra-3d cobalt luminescence, indicating two competing recombination paths. Moreover, time-resolved XEOL measurements reveal two exponential decays of the cobalt luminescence. The fast and newly observed one can be attributed to a recombination cascade within the cobalt atom, resulting from direct excitation. Thus, this opens a new fast timescale for potential devices based on cobalt color centers in ZnO nanowires in photonic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian T. Plass
- Institut für FestkörperphysikFriedrich‐Schiller‐Universität JenaMax‐Wien‐Platz 107743JenaGermany
| | - Valentina Bonino
- ESRF – The European Synchrotron71 Avenue des MartyrsGrenoble38043France
| | - Maurizio Ritzer
- Institut für FestkörperphysikFriedrich‐Schiller‐Universität JenaMax‐Wien‐Platz 107743JenaGermany
| | - Lukas R. Jäger
- Institut für FestkörperphysikFriedrich‐Schiller‐Universität JenaMax‐Wien‐Platz 107743JenaGermany
| | | | - Martin Hafermann
- Institut für FestkörperphysikFriedrich‐Schiller‐Universität JenaMax‐Wien‐Platz 107743JenaGermany
| | - Jaime Segura‐Ruiz
- ESRF – The European Synchrotron71 Avenue des MartyrsGrenoble38043France
| | - Gema Martínez‐Criado
- ESRF – The European Synchrotron71 Avenue des MartyrsGrenoble38043France
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (CSIC)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasCalle Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, CantoblancoMadrid28049Spain
| | - Carsten Ronning
- Institut für FestkörperphysikFriedrich‐Schiller‐Universität JenaMax‐Wien‐Platz 107743JenaGermany
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Young LH, Chen WY, Wang CC, Tang MT, Tseng SC, Lin BH, Lai CW, Chen YH, Yang TT, Lin YT. Insights to the 3D internal morphology and metal oxidation states of single atmospheric aerosol particles by synchrotron-based methodology. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135799. [PMID: 35931251 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The morphology and metal oxidation states of atmospheric aerosols are pertinent to their formation processes and ensuing interactions with surrounding gases, vapors and other environments upon deposition, such as human respiratory tract, soil and water. Although much progress has been made in recent years through single-particle techniques, considerably less is known with respect to the three-dimensional (3D) internal morphology of single atmospheric aerosol particles due to the limited penetration depth of electron microscopy. In this study, for the first time, a novel synchrotron-based transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM) methodology has been developed to visualize the 3D internal chemical mixing state and structure of single particles. The results show that the TXM is more applicable to the imaging of solid particles containing high-density elements, e.g., iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), silicone (Si), carbon (C) and sulfur (S), and/or solid particles of sizes larger than about 100 nm. In addition, the TXM is capable to reveal the fine 3D topographic features of single particles. The derived 3D internal and external information would be difficult to discern in the 2D images from electron microscopy. The TXM 3D images illustrate that aerosol particles exhibit complex internal mixing state and structure, e.g., homogeneously-, heterogeneously-mixed, multiple inclusions, fibrous, porous, and core-shell configuration. When coupled with the synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) of an X-ray nanoprobe in the energy range of 4-15 keV, the 3D morphology of single particles is further supplemented with the spatial distribution and oxidation sates of selected elements, including Fe, vanadium (V), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr) and arsenic (As). The presented cross-platform, synchrotron-based methodology shows promise in complementing existing single-particle techniques and providing new insights to the heterogeneity of single-particle micro-physicochemical states relevant to the aerosol chemistry, optical properties, and their environmental and health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hao Young
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, 100, Sec. 1, Jingmao Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung, 406040, Taiwan.
| | - Wan-Yi Chen
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, 100, Sec. 1, Jingmao Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung, 406040, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101, Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Mau-Tsu Tang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101, Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chin Tseng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101, Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Bi-Hsuan Lin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101, Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Wei Lai
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, 100, Sec. 1, Jingmao Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung, 406040, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Han Chen
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, 100, Sec. 1, Jingmao Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung, 406040, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ting Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, 306, Yuanpei Street, Hsinchu, 30015, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Tung Lin
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, 145, Xingda Rd., South District, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
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Tsai YW, Lin JM, Chen CY, Chen Y, Lin BH, Yin GC, Tang MT, Huang YS. Hard X-ray ptychography at Taiwan Photon Source at 11-20 nm spatial resolution. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:1921-1926. [PMID: 34738947 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521008638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
X-ray ptychography, a technique based on scanning and processing of coherent diffraction patterns, is a non-destructive imaging technique with a high spatial resolution far beyond the focused beam size. Earlier demonstrations of hard X-ray ptychography at Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) using an in-house program successfully recorded the ptychographic diffraction patterns from a gold-made Siemens star as a test sample and retrieved the finest inner features of 25 nm. Ptychography was performed at two beamlines with different focusing optics: a pair of Kirkpatrick-Baez mirrors and a pair of nested Montel mirrors, for which the beam sizes on the focal planes were 3 µm and 200 nm and the photon energies were from 5.1 keV to 9 keV. The retrieved spatial resolutions are 20 nm to 11 nm determined by the 10-90% line-cut method and half-bit threshold of Fourier shell correlation. This article describes the experimental conditions and compensation methods, including position correction, mixture state-of-probe, and probe extension methods, of the aforementioned experiments. The discussions will highlight the criteria of ptychographic experiments at TPS as well as the opportunity to characterize beamlines by measuring factors such as the drift or instability of beams or stages and the coherence of beams. Besides, probe functions, the full complex fields illuminated on samples, can be recovered simultaneously using ptychography. Theoretically, the wavefield at any arbitrary position can be estimated from one recovered probe function undergoing wave-propagating. The verification of probe-propagating has been carried out by comparing the probe functions obtained by ptychography and undergoing wave-propagating located at 0, 500 and 1000 µm relative to the focal plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wei Tsai
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Jhih Min Lin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chun Yu Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Bi Hsuan Lin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Gung Chian Yin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Mau Tsu Tang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yu Shan Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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Muslimov AE, Kanevsky VM, Venevtsev ID, Ismailov AM. Optical Properties of Thick Zinc Oxide Films Doped with Gallium and Gold. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774520050144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lin BH, Wu YH, Li XY, Hsu HC, Chiu YC, Lee CY, Chen BY, Yin GC, Tseng SC, Chang SH, Tang MT, Hsieh WF. Capabilities of time-resolved X-ray excited optical luminescence of the Taiwan Photon Source 23A X-ray nanoprobe beamline. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:217-221. [PMID: 31868755 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519013675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved X-ray excited optical luminescence (TR-XEOL) was developed successfully for the 23A X-ray nanoprobe beamline located at the Taiwan Photon Source (TPS). The advantages of the TR-XEOL facility include (i) a nano-focused X-ray beam (<60 nm) with excellent spatial resolution and (ii) a streak camera that can simultaneously record the XEOL spectrum and decay time. Three time spans, including normal (30 ps to 2 ns), hybrid (30 ps to 310 ns) and single (30 ps to 1.72 µs) bunch modes, are available at the TPS, which can fulfil different experimental conditions involving samples with various lifetimes. It is anticipated that TR-XEOL at the TPS X-ray nanoprobe could provide great characterization capabilities for investigating the dynamics of photonic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Hsuan Lin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Yu Hao Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Xiao Yun Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Hsu Cheng Hsu
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yu Cheng Chiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Chien Yu Lee
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Bo Yi Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Gung Chian Yin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Shao Chin Tseng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Shih Hung Chang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Mau Tsu Tang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Wen Feng Hsieh
- Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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Element Effects on High-Entropy Alloy Vacancy and Heterogeneous Lattice Distortion Subjected to Quasi-equilibrium Heating. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14788. [PMID: 31616021 PMCID: PMC6794270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51297-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We applied Simmons–Balluffi methods, positron measurements, and neutron diffraction to estimate the vacancy of CoCrFeNi and CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloys (HEAs) using Cu as a benchmark. The corresponding formation enthalpies and associated entropies of the HEAs and Cu were calculated. The vacancy-dependent effective free volumes in both CoCrFeNi and CoCrFeMnNi alloys are greater than those in Cu, implying the easier formation of vacancies by lattice structure relaxation of HEAs at elevated temperatures. Spatially resolved synchrotron X-ray measurements revealed different characteristics of CoCrFeNi and CoCrFeMnNi HEAs subjected to quasi-equilibrium conditions at high temperatures. Element-dependent behavior revealed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) mapping indicates the effect of Mn on the Cantor Alloy.
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