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Tomoiaga RB, Ágoston G, Boros K, Nagy LC, Toşa MI, Paizs C, Bencze LC. The Biocatalytic Potential of Aromatic Ammonia-Lyase from Loktanella atrilutea. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400011. [PMID: 38415939 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Characterization of the aromatic ammonia-lyase from Loktanella atrilutea (LaAAL) revealed reduced activity towards canonical AAL substrates: l-Phe, l-Tyr, and l-His, contrasted by its pronounced efficiency towards 3,4-dimethoxy-l-phenylalanine. Assessing the optimal conditions, LaAAL exhibited maximal activity at pH 9.5 in the ammonia elimination reaction route, distinct from the typical pH ranges of most PALs and TALs. Within the exploration of the ammonia source for the opposite, synthetically valuable ammonia addition reaction, the stability of LaAAL exhibited a positive correlation with the ammonia concentration, with the highest stability in 4 M ammonium carbamate of unadjusted pH of ~9.5. While the enzyme activity increased with rising temperatures yet, the highest operational stability and highest stationary conversions of LaAAL were observed at 30 °C. The substrate scope analysis highlighted the catalytic adaptability of LaAAL in the hydroamination of diverse cinnamic acids, especially of meta-substituted and di-/multi-substituted analogues, with structural modelling exposing steric clashes between the substrates' ortho-substituents and catalytic site residues. LaAAL showed a predilection for ammonia elimination, while classifying as a tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL) among the natural AAL classes. However, its distinctive attributes, such as genomic context, unique substrate specificity and catalytic fingerprint, suggest a potential natural role beyond those of known AAL classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Tomoiaga
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş Bolyai University, Arany János Str. 11, RO-400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - G Ágoston
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş Bolyai University, Arany János Str. 11, RO-400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - K Boros
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş Bolyai University, Arany János Str. 11, RO-400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - L C Nagy
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş Bolyai University, Arany János Str. 11, RO-400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - M I Toşa
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş Bolyai University, Arany János Str. 11, RO-400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - C Paizs
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş Bolyai University, Arany János Str. 11, RO-400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - L C Bencze
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş Bolyai University, Arany János Str. 11, RO-400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Zhao Y, Wang Y, Li H, Zhou Z, Wu Z, Zhang W. Integrating metabolomics and metatranscriptomics to explore the formation pathway of aroma-active volatile phenolics and metabolic profile during industrial radish paocai fermentation. Food Res Int 2023; 167:112719. [PMID: 37087217 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
The aroma profile of industrial Sichuan paocai is formed and regulated by complex physiological and biochemical reactions and microbial metabolism, but little is known so far. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the changes of metabolic profile and gene expression profile, mainly explored the formation pathways of two skeleton aroma-active compounds, 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol, and verified the pathways at multiple levels. The results showed that a total of 136 volatile metabolites and 560 non-volatile metabolites were identified in the whole fermentation process. The types and concentrations of metabolites in paocai were higher than those in brine, and gradually converged with fermentation. Differential analysis of metabolism and transcription levels were both enriched in three pathways: amino acid metabolism, phenylpropanoid metabolism and lipid metabolism. Among them, 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol, the products of the phenylpropanoid metabolism, were converted from p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid in plant cell walls, respectively. Under the action of decarboxylase produced by yeast (such as Debaryomyces Hansenii) and lactic acid bacteria (such as Lactobacillus versmoldensis), intermediate metabolites vinylphenols were produced, and the intermediate metabolites further produce the final products under the action of vinylphenol reductase. The key gene copy number, enzyme activity, and metabolite concentration in the pathways were detected to provide stronger evidence for the formation pathways. This study provided meaningful new insights for the development of aroma-producing enzymes and further guidance for the flavor improvement of industrial paocai.
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Bierbaumer S, Nattermann M, Schulz L, Zschoche R, Erb TJ, Winkler CK, Tinzl M, Glueck SM. Enzymatic Conversion of CO 2: From Natural to Artificial Utilization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5702-5754. [PMID: 36692850 PMCID: PMC10176493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic carbon dioxide fixation is one of the most important metabolic reactions as it allows the capture of inorganic carbon from the atmosphere and its conversion into organic biomass. However, due to the often unfavorable thermodynamics and the difficulties associated with the utilization of CO2, a gaseous substrate that is found in comparatively low concentrations in the atmosphere, such reactions remain challenging for biotechnological applications. Nature has tackled these problems by evolution of dedicated CO2-fixing enzymes, i.e., carboxylases, and embedding them in complex metabolic pathways. Biotechnology employs such carboxylating and decarboxylating enzymes for the carboxylation of aromatic and aliphatic substrates either by embedding them into more complex reaction cascades or by shifting the reaction equilibrium via reaction engineering. This review aims to provide an overview of natural CO2-fixing enzymes and their mechanistic similarities. We also discuss biocatalytic applications of carboxylases and decarboxylases for the synthesis of valuable products and provide a separate summary of strategies to improve the efficiency of such processes. We briefly summarize natural CO2 fixation pathways, provide a roadmap for the design and implementation of artificial carbon fixation pathways, and highlight examples of biocatalytic cascades involving carboxylases. Additionally, we suggest that biochemical utilization of reduced CO2 derivates, such as formate or methanol, represents a suitable alternative to direct use of CO2 and provide several examples. Our discussion closes with a techno-economic perspective on enzymatic CO2 fixation and its potential to reduce CO2 emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bierbaumer
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Maren Nattermann
- Department of Biochemistry and Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch Straße 10, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Luca Schulz
- Department of Biochemistry and Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch Straße 10, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Tobias J Erb
- Department of Biochemistry and Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch Straße 10, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Christoph K Winkler
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Matthias Tinzl
- Department of Biochemistry and Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch Straße 10, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Silvia M Glueck
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Toolbox for the structure-guided evolution of ferulic acid decarboxylase (FDC). Sci Rep 2022; 12:3347. [PMID: 35232989 PMCID: PMC8888657 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07110-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest towards ferulic acid decarboxylase (FDC), piqued by the enzyme's unique 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition mechanism and its atypic prFMN cofactor, provided several applications of the FDC mediated decarboxylations, such as the synthesis of styrenes, or its diverse derivatives, including 1,3-butadiene and the enzymatic activation of C-H bonds through the reverse carboligation reactions. While rational design-based protein engineering was successfully employed for tailoring FDC towards diverse substrates of interest, the lack of high-throughput FDC-activity assay hinders its directed evolution-based protein engineering. Herein we report a toolbox, useful for the directed evolution based and/or structure-guided protein engineering of FDC, which was validated representatively on the well described FDC, originary from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScFDC). Accordingly, the developed fluorescent plate-assay allows in premiere the FDC-activity screens of a mutant library in a high-throughput manner. Moreover, using the plate-assay for the activity screens of a rationally designed 23-membered ScFDC variant library against a substrate panel comprising of 16, diversely substituted cinnamic acids, revealed several variants of improved activity. The superior catalytic properties of the hits revealed by the plate-assay, were also supported by the conversion values from their analytical scale biotransformations. The computational results further endorsed the experimental findings, showing inactive binding poses of several non-transformed substrate analogues within the active site of the wild-type ScFDC, but favorable ones within the catalytic site of the variants of improved activity. The results highlight several 'hot-spot' residues involved in substrate specificity modulation of FDC, such as I189, I330, F397, I398 or Q192, of which mutations to sterically less demanding residues increased the volume of the active site, thus facilitated proper binding and increased conversions of diverse non-natural substrates. Upon revealing which mutations improve the FDC activity towards specific substrate analogues, we also provide key for the rational substrate-tailoring of FDC.
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Lai Y, Chen H, Liu L, Fu B, Wu P, Li W, Hu J, Yuan J. Engineering a Synthetic Pathway for Tyrosol Synthesis in Escherichia coli. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:441-447. [PMID: 34985865 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosol is an aromatic compound with great value that is widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industry. In this study, we reported a synthetic pathway for converting p-coumaric acid (p-CA) into tyrosol in Escherichia coli. We found that the enzyme cascade comprising ferulic acid decarboxylase (FDC1) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, styrene monooxygenase (SMO), styrene oxide isomerase (SOI) from Pseudomonas putida, and phenylacetaldehyde reductase (PAR) from Solanum lycopersicum could efficiently synthesize tyrosol from p-CA with a conversion rate over 90%. To further expand the range of substrates, we also introduced tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL) from Flavobacterium johnsoniae to connect the synthetic pathway with the endogenous l-tyrosine metabolism. We found that tyrosol could be efficiently produced from glycerol, reaching 545.51 mg/L tyrosol in a tyrosine-overproducing strain under shake flasks. In summary, we have established alternative routes for tyrosol synthesis from p-CA (a potential lignin-derived biomass), glucose, and glycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Haofeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Lingrui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Bixia Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Peiling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Wanrong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Junyan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Jifeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361102, China
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Rezić T, Vrsalović Presečki A, Kurtanjek Ž. New approach to the evaluation of lignocellulose derived by-products impact on lytic-polysaccharide monooxygenase activity by using molecular descriptor structural causality model. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 342:125990. [PMID: 34582984 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lytic-polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) is one of the most important enzyme involved in biocatalytic lignocellulose degradation, and therefore inhibition of LPMO has significant effects on all related processes. Structural causality model (SCM) were established to evaluate impact of phenolic by-products in lignocellulose hydrolysates on LPMO activity. The molecular descriptors GATS4c, ATS2m, BIC3 and VR2_Dzs were found to be significant in describing inhibition. The causalities of the molecular descriptors and LPMO activity are determined by evaluating the directed acyclic graph (DAG) and the d-separation algorithm. The maximum causality for LPMO activation is β = 0.79 by BIC3 and the maximum causality of inhibition is β = -0.56 for the GATS4c descriptor. The model has the potential to predict the inhibition of LPMO and its application could be useful in selecting an appropriate lignocellulose pretreatment method to minimise the production of a potent inhibitor. This will subsequently lead to more efficient lignocellulose degradation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonči Rezić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ana Vrsalović Presečki
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Želimir Kurtanjek
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Aleku GA, Roberts GW, Titchiner GR, Leys D. Synthetic Enzyme-Catalyzed CO 2 Fixation Reactions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:1781-1804. [PMID: 33631048 PMCID: PMC8252502 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, (de)carboxylases that catalyze reversible (de)carboxylation have been targeted for application as carboxylation catalysts. This has led to the development of proof-of-concept (bio)synthetic CO2 fixation routes for chemical production. However, further progress towards industrial application has been hampered by the thermodynamic constraint that accompanies fixing CO2 to organic molecules. In this Review, biocatalytic carboxylation methods are discussed with emphases on the diverse strategies devised to alleviate the inherent thermodynamic constraints and their application in synthetic CO2 -fixation cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin A. Aleku
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Cambridge80 Tennis Court RoadCambridgeCB2 1GAUK
| | - George W. Roberts
- Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Gabriel R. Titchiner
- Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - David Leys
- Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
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Detering T, Mundry K, Berger RG. Generation of 4-vinylguaiacol through a novel high-affinity ferulic acid decarboxylase to obtain smoke flavours without carcinogenic contaminants. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244290. [PMID: 33347481 PMCID: PMC7751879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional smoke flavours bear the risk of containing a multitude of contaminating carcinogenic side-products. Enzymatic decarboxylation of ferulic acid released from agro-industrial side-streams by ferulic acid esterases (FAE) enables the sustainable generation of pure, food grade 4-vinylguaiacol (4-VG), the impact compound of smoke flavour. The first basidiomycetous ferulic acid decarboxylase (FAD) was isolated from Schizophyllum commune (ScoFAD) and heterologously produced by Komagataella phaffii. It showed a molecular mass of 21 kDa, catalytic optima at pH 5.5 and 35°C, and a sequence identity of 63.6% to its next relative, a FAD from the ascomycete Cordyceps farinosa. The ScoFAD exhibited a high affinity to its only known substrate ferulic acid (FA) of 0.16 mmol L-1 and a turnover number of 750 s-1. The resulting catalytic efficiency kcat KM-1 of 4,779 L s-1 mmol-1 exceeded the next best known enzyme by more than a factor of 50. Immobilised on AminoLink Plus Agarose, ScoFAD maintained its activity for several days. The combination with FAEs and agro-industrial side-streams paves the way for a new generation of sustainable, clean, and safe smoke flavours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Detering
- Institut of Food Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hanover, Lower Saxony, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Katharina Mundry
- Institut of Food Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hanover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Ralf G. Berger
- Institut of Food Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hanover, Lower Saxony, Germany
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Moisă ME, Amariei DA, Nagy EZA, Szarvas N, Toșa MI, Paizs C, Bencze LC. Fluorescent enzyme-coupled activity assay for phenylalanine ammonia-lyases. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18418. [PMID: 33116226 PMCID: PMC7595223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75474-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyases (PALs) catalyse the non-oxidative deamination of l-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid, while in the presence of high ammonia concentration the reverse reaction occurs. PALs have been intensively studied, however, their industrial applications for amino acids synthesis remained limited, mainly due to their decreased operational stability or limited substrate specificity. The application of extensive directed evolution procedures to improve their stability, activity or selectivity, is hindered by the lack of reliable activity assays allowing facile screening of PAL-activity within large-sized mutant libraries. Herein, we describe the development of an enzyme-coupled fluorescent assay applicable for PAL-activity screens at whole cell level, involving decarboxylation of trans-cinnamic acid (the product of the PAL reaction) by ferulic acid decarboxylase (FDC1) and a photochemical reaction of the produced styrene with a diaryltetrazole, that generates a detectable, fluorescent pyrazoline product. The general applicability of the fluorescent assay for PALs of different origin, as well as its versatility for the detection of tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL) activity have been also demonstrated. Accordingly, the developed procedure provides a facile tool for the efficient activity screens of large mutant libraries of PALs in presence of non-natural substrates of interest, being essential for the substrate-specificity modifications/tailoring of PALs through directed evolution-based protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mădălina E Moisă
- Biocatalysis and Biotransformations Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Arany János Str. 11, 400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana A Amariei
- Biocatalysis and Biotransformations Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Arany János Str. 11, 400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Emma Z A Nagy
- Biocatalysis and Biotransformations Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Arany János Str. 11, 400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Nóra Szarvas
- Biocatalysis and Biotransformations Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Arany János Str. 11, 400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Monica I Toșa
- Biocatalysis and Biotransformations Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Arany János Str. 11, 400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Csaba Paizs
- Biocatalysis and Biotransformations Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Arany János Str. 11, 400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - László C Bencze
- Biocatalysis and Biotransformations Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Arany János Str. 11, 400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Abstract
Flavoenzymes are broadly employed as biocatalysts for a large variety of reactions, owing to the chemical versatility of the flavin cofactor. Oxidases set aside, many flavoenzymes require a source of electrons in form of the biological reductant nicotinamide NAD(P)H in order to initiate catalysis via the reduced flavin. Chemists can take advantage of the reactivity of reduced flavins with oxygen to carry out monooxygenation reactions, while the reduced flavin can also be used for formal hydrogenation reactions. The main advantage of these reactions compared to chemical approaches is the frequent regio-, chemo- and stereo-selectivity of the biocatalysts, which allows the synthesis of chiral molecules in optically active form. This chapter provides an overview of the variety of biocatalytic processes that have been developed with flavoenzymes, with a particular focus on nicotinamide-dependent enzymes. The diversity of molecules obtained is highlighted and in several cases, strategies that allow control of the stereochemical outcome of the reactions are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Hall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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11
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Abstract
The reversible (de)carboxylation of unsaturated carboxylic acids is carried out by the UbiX-UbiD system, ubiquitously present in microbes. The biochemical basis of this challenging reaction has recently been uncovered by the discovery of the UbiD cofactor, prenylated FMN (prFMN). This heavily modified flavin is synthesized by the flavin prenyltransferase UbiX, which catalyzes the non-metal dependent prenyl transfer from dimethylallyl(pyro)phosphate (DMAP(P)) to the flavin N5 and C6 positions, creating a fourth non-aromatic ring. Following prenylation, prFMN undergoes oxidative maturation to form the iminium species required for UbiD activity. prFMNiminium acts as a prostethic group and is bound via metal ion mediated interactions between UbiD and the prFMNiminium phosphate moiety. The modified isoalloxazine ring is place adjacent to the E(D)-R-E UbiD signature sequent motif. The fungal ferulic acid decarboxylase Fdc from Aspergillus niger has emerged as a UbiD-model system, and has yielded atomic level insight into the prFMNiminium mediated (de)carboxylation. A wealth of data now supports a mechanism reliant on reversible 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition between substrate and cofactor for this enzyme. This poses the intriguing question whether a similar mechanism is used by all UbiD enzymes, especially those that act as carboxylases on inherently more difficult substrates such as phenylphosphate or benzene/naphthalene. Indeed, considerable variability in terms of oligomerization, domain motion and active site structure is now reported for the UbiD family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annica Saaret
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Arune Balaikaite
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David Leys
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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12
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Payer SE, Faber K, Glueck SM. Non-Oxidative Enzymatic (De)Carboxylation of (Hetero)Aromatics and Acrylic Acid Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2019; 361:2402-2420. [PMID: 31379472 PMCID: PMC6644310 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of carbon dioxide as a C1-building block for the production of valuable chemicals has recently attracted much interest. Whereas chemical CO2 fixation is dominated by C-O and C-N bond forming reactions, the development of novel concepts for the carboxylation of C-nucleophiles, which leads to the formation of carboxylic acids, is highly desired. Beside transition metal catalysis, biocatalysis has emerged as an attractive method for the highly regioselective (de)carboxylation of electron-rich (hetero)aromatics, which has been recently further expanded to include conjugated α,β-unsaturated (acrylic) acid derivatives. Depending on the type of substrate, different classes of enzymes have been explored for (i) the ortho-carboxylation of phenols catalyzed by metal-dependent ortho-benzoic acid decarboxylases and (ii) the side-chain carboxylation of para-hydroxystyrenes mediated by metal-independent phenolic acid decarboxylases. Just recently, the portfolio of bio-carboxylation reactions was complemented by (iii) the para-carboxylation of phenols and the decarboxylation of electron-rich heterocyclic and acrylic acid derivatives mediated by prenylated FMN-dependent decarboxylases, which is the main focus of this review. Bio(de)carboxylation processes proceed under physiological reaction conditions employing bicarbonate or (pressurized) CO2 when running in the energetically uphill carboxylation direction. Aiming to facilitate the application of these enzymes in preparative-scale biotransformations, their catalytic mechanism and substrate scope are analyzed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan E. Payer
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Kurt Faber
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Silvia M. Glueck
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
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13
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Mertens MAS, Sauer DF, Markel U, Schiffels J, Okuda J, Schwaneberg U. Chemoenzymatic cascade for stilbene production from cinnamic acid catalyzed by ferulic acid decarboxylase and an artificial metathease. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01412h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We report a chemoenzymatic cascade reaction for stilbene production combining decarboxylation and olefin metathesis with efficient removal of metal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel F. Sauer
- Institute of Biotechnology
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Ulrich Markel
- Institute of Biotechnology
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | | | - Jun Okuda
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
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