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Yang L, Yu P, Wang J, Zhao T, Zhao Y, Pan Y, Chen L. Genomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal Multiple Strategies for Vibrio parahaemolyticus to Tolerate Sub-Lethal Concentrations of Three Antibiotics. Foods 2024; 13:1674. [PMID: 38890902 PMCID: PMC11171697 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus can cause acute gastroenteritis, wound infections, and septicemia in humans. The overuse of antibiotics in aquaculture may lead to a high incidence of the multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogen. Nevertheless, the genome evolution of V. parahaemolyticus in aquatic animals and the mechanism of its antibiotic tolerance remain to be further deciphered. Here, we investigated the molecular basis of the antibiotic tolerance of V. parahaemolyticus isolates (n = 3) originated from shellfish and crustaceans using comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses. The genome sequences of the V. parahaemolyticus isolates were determined (5.0-5.3 Mb), and they contained 4709-5610 predicted protein-encoding genes, of which 823-1099 genes were of unknown functions. Comparative genomic analyses revealed a number of mobile genetic elements (MGEs, n = 69), antibiotic resistance-related genes (n = 7-9), and heavy metal tolerance-related genes (n = 2-4). The V. parahaemolyticus isolates were resistant to sub-lethal concentrations (sub-LCs) of ampicillin (AMP, 512 μg/mL), kanamycin (KAN, 64 μg/mL), and streptomycin (STR, 16 μg/mL) (p < 0.05). Comparative transcriptomic analyses revealed that there were significantly altered metabolic pathways elicited by the sub-LCs of the antibiotics (p < 0.05), suggesting the existence of multiple strategies for antibiotic tolerance in V. parahaemolyticus. The results of this study enriched the V. parahaemolyticus genome database and should be useful for controlling the MDR pathogen worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianzhi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Shanghai 201306, China; (L.Y.); (P.Y.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Pan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Shanghai 201306, China; (L.Y.); (P.Y.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Juanjuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Shanghai 201306, China; (L.Y.); (P.Y.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Taixia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Shanghai 201306, China; (L.Y.); (P.Y.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- College of Tea and Food Science, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Shanghai 201306, China; (L.Y.); (P.Y.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yingjie Pan
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Shanghai 201306, China; (L.Y.); (P.Y.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Lanming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Shanghai 201306, China; (L.Y.); (P.Y.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
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Acharya A, Prajapati JD, Kleinekathöfer U. Atomistic Simulation of Molecules Interacting with Biological Nanopores: From Current Understanding to Future Directions. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:3995-4008. [PMID: 35616602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c01173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biological nanopores have been at the focus of numerous studies due to their role in many biological processes as well as their (prospective) technological applications. Among many other topics, recent studies on nanopores have addressed two key areas: antibiotic permeation through bacterial channels and sensing of analytes. Although the two areas are quite far apart in terms of their objectives, in both cases atomistic simulations attempt to understand the solute dynamics and the solute-protein interactions within the channel lumen. While decades of studies on various channels have culminated in an improved understanding of the key molecular factors and led to practical applications in some cases, successful utilization is limited. In this Perspective we summarize recent progress in understanding key issues in molecular simulations of antibiotic translocation and in the development of nanopore sensors. Moreover, we comment on possible advancements in computational algorithms that can potentially resolve some of the issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Acharya
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Kleinekathöfer
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
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3
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Prajapati JD, Pangeni S, Aksoyoglu MA, Winterhalter M, Kleinekathöfer U. Changes in Salt Concentration Modify the Translocation of Neutral Molecules through a ΔCymA Nanopore in a Non-monotonic Manner. ACS NANO 2022; 16:7701-7712. [PMID: 35435659 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The voltage-dependent transport through biological and artificial nanopores is being used in many applications such as DNA or protein sequencing and sensing. The primary approach to determine the transport has been to measure the temporal ion current fluctuations caused by solutes when applying external voltages. Crossing the nanoscale confinement in the presence of an applied electric field primarily relies on two factors, i.e., the electrophoretic drag and electroosmosis. The electroosmotic flow (EOF) is a voltage-dependent ion-associated flow of solvent molecules, i.e., usually water, and depends on many factors, such as pH, temperature, pore diameter, and also the concentration of ions. The exact interplay between these factors is so far poorly understood. In this joint experimental and computational study, we have investigated the dependence of the EOF on the concentration of the buffer salt by probing the transport of α-cyclodextrin molecules through the ΔCymA channel. For five different KCl concentrations in the range between 0.125 and 2 M, we performed applied-field molecular dynamics simulations and analyzed the ionic flow and the EOF across the ΔCymA pore. To our surprise, the concentration-dependent net ionic flux changes non-monotonically and nonlinearly and the EOF is seen to follow the same pattern. On the basis of these findings, we were able to correlate the concentration-dependent EOF with experimental kinetic constants for the translocation of α-cyclodextrin through the ΔCymA nanopore. Overall, the results further improve our understanding of the EOF-mediated transport through nanopores and show that the EOF needs to seriously be taken into consideration when analyzing the permeation of (neutral) substrates through nanopores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sushil Pangeni
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Mathias Winterhalter
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kleinekathöfer
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
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Bartsch A, Ives CM, Kattner C, Pein F, Diehn M, Tanabe M, Munk A, Zachariae U, Steinem C, Llabrés S. An antibiotic-resistance conferring mutation in a neisserial porin: Structure, ion flux, and ampicillin binding. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183601. [PMID: 33675718 PMCID: PMC8047873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria cause the majority of highly drug-resistant bacterial infections. To cross the outer membrane of the complex Gram-negative cell envelope, antibiotics permeate through porins, trimeric channel proteins that enable the exchange of small polar molecules. Mutations in porins contribute to the development of drug-resistant phenotypes. In this work, we show that a single point mutation in the porin PorB from Neisseria meningitidis, the causative agent of bacterial meningitis, can strongly affect the binding and permeation of beta-lactam antibiotics. Using X-ray crystallography, high-resolution electrophysiology, atomistic biomolecular simulation, and liposome swelling experiments, we demonstrate differences in drug binding affinity, ion selectivity and drug permeability of PorB. Our work further reveals distinct interactions between the transversal electric field in the porin eyelet and the zwitterionic drugs, which manifest themselves under applied electric fields in electrophysiology and are altered by the mutation. These observations may apply more broadly to drug-porin interactions in other channels. Our results improve the molecular understanding of porin-based drug-resistance in Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Bartsch
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Callum M Ives
- Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Christof Kattner
- ZIK HALOmem, Membrane Protein Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Straße 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Florian Pein
- Institute for Mathematical Stochastics, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstraße 7, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Diehn
- Institute for Mathematical Stochastics, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstraße 7, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mikio Tanabe
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, Structural Biology Research Center, KEK/High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Axel Munk
- Institute for Mathematical Stochastics, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstraße 7, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Zachariae
- Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK; Physics, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Nethergate, Dundee DD1 4NH, UK.
| | - Claudia Steinem
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Fassberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Salomé Llabrés
- Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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Analysis of patchclamp recordings: model-free multiscale methods and software. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2021; 50:187-209. [PMID: 33837454 PMCID: PMC8071803 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-021-01506-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of patchclamp recordings is often a challenging issue. We give practical guidance how such recordings can be analyzed using the model-free multiscale idealization methodology JSMURF, JULES, and HILDE. We provide an operational manual how to use the accompanying software available as an R-package and as a graphical user interface. This includes selection of the right approach and tuning of parameters. We also discuss advantages and disadvantages of model-free approaches in comparison to hidden Markov model approaches and explain how they complement each other.
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Prajapati JD, Kleinekathöfer U, Winterhalter M. How to Enter a Bacterium: Bacterial Porins and the Permeation of Antibiotics. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5158-5192. [PMID: 33724823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite tremendous successes in the field of antibiotic discovery seen in the previous century, infectious diseases have remained a leading cause of death. More specifically, pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria have become a global threat due to their extraordinary ability to acquire resistance against any clinically available antibiotic, thus urging for the discovery of novel antibacterial agents. One major challenge is to design new antibiotics molecules able to rapidly penetrate Gram-negative bacteria in order to achieve a lethal intracellular drug accumulation. Protein channels in the outer membrane are known to form an entry route for many antibiotics into bacterial cells. Up until today, there has been a lack of simple experimental techniques to measure the antibiotic uptake and the local concentration in subcellular compartments. Hence, rules for translocation directly into the various Gram-negative bacteria via the outer membrane or via channels have remained elusive, hindering the design of new or the improvement of existing antibiotics. In this review, we will discuss the recent progress, both experimentally as well as computationally, in understanding the structure-function relationship of outer-membrane channels of Gram-negative pathogens, mainly focusing on the transport of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mathias Winterhalter
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen 28759, Germany
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Cetuk H, Anishkin A, Scott AJ, Rempe SB, Ernst RK, Sukharev S. Partitioning of Seven Different Classes of Antibiotics into LPS Monolayers Supports Three Different Permeation Mechanisms through the Outer Bacterial Membrane. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:1372-1385. [PMID: 33449700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative (G-) bacteria presents a barrier for many classes of antibacterial agents. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), present in the outer leaflet of the OM, is stabilized by divalent cations and is considered to be the major impediment for antibacterial agent permeation. However, the actual affinities of major antibiotic classes toward LPS have not yet been determined. In the present work, we use Langmuir monolayers formed from E. coli Re and Rd types of LPS to record pressure-area isotherms in the presence of antimicrobial agents. Our observations suggest three general types of interactions. First, some antimicrobials demonstrated no measurable interactions with LPS. This lack of interaction in the case of cefsulodin, a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, correlates with its low efficacy against G- bacteria. Ampicillin and ciprofloxacin also show no interactions with LPS, but in contrast to cefsulodin, both exhibit good efficacy against G- bacteria, indicating permeation through common porins. Second, we observe substantial intercalation of the more hydrophobic antibiotics, novobiocin, rifampicin, azithromycin, and telithromycin, into relaxed LPS monolayers. These largely repartition back to the subphase with monolayer compression. We find that the hydrophobic area, charge, and dipole all show correlations with both the mole fraction of antibiotic retained in the monolayer at the monolayer-bilayer equivalence pressure and the efficacies of these antibiotics against G- bacteria. Third, amine-rich gentamicin and the cationic antimicrobial peptides polymyxin B and colistin show no hydrophobic insertion but are instead strongly driven into the polar LPS layer by electrostatic interactions in a pressure-independent manner. Their intercalation stably increases the area per molecule (by up to 20%), which indicates massive formation of defects in the LPS layer. These defects support a self-promoted permeation mechanism of these antibiotics through the OM, which explains the high efficacy and specificity of these antimicrobials against G- bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Cetuk
- Biology Department, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Andriy Anishkin
- Biology Department, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Alison J Scott
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Susan B Rempe
- Center for Chemical, Biological, Radiation, and Nuclear Defense and Energy Technology, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Robert K Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Sergei Sukharev
- Biology Department, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Pein F, Bartsch A, Steinem C, Munk A. Heterogeneous Idealization of Ion Channel Recordings - Open Channel Noise. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2020; 20:57-78. [PMID: 33052850 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2020.3031202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We propose a new model-free segmentation method for idealizing ion channel recordings. This method is designed to deal with heterogeneity of measurement errors. This in particular applies to open channel noise which, in general, is particularly difficult to cope with for model-free approaches. Our methodology is able to deal with lowpass filtered data which provides a further computational challenge. To this end we propose a multiresolution testing approach, combined with local deconvolution to resolve the lowpass filter. Simulations and statistical theory confirm that the proposed idealization recovers the underlying signal very accurately at presence of heterogeneous noise, even when events are shorter than the filter length. The method is compared to existing approaches in computer experiments and on real data. We find that it is the only one which allows to identify openings of the PorB porine at two different temporal scales. An implementation is available as an R package.
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9
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Pira A, Scorciapino MA, Bodrenko IV, Bosin A, Acosta-Gutiérrez S, Ceccarelli M. Permeation of β-Lactamase Inhibitors through the General Porins of Gram-Negative Bacteria. Molecules 2020; 25:E5747. [PMID: 33291474 PMCID: PMC7730927 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern medicine relies upon antibiotics, but we have arrived to the point where our inability to come up with new effective molecules against resistant pathogens, together with the declining private investment, is resulting in the number of untreatable infections increasing worldwide at worrying pace. Among other pathogens, widely recognized institutions have indicated Gram-negative bacteria as particularly challenging, due to the presence of the outer membrane. The very first step in the action of every antibiotic or adjuvant is the permeation through this membrane, with small hydrophilic drugs usually crossing through protein channels. Thus, a detailed understanding of their properties at a molecular level is crucial. By making use of Molecular Dynamics simulations, we compared the two main porins of four members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, and, in this paper, we show their shared geometrical and electrostatic characteristics. Then, we used metadynamics simulations to reconstruct the free energy for permeation of selected diazobicyclooctans through OmpF. We demonstrate how porins features are coupled to those of the translocating species, modulating their passive permeation. In particular, we show that the minimal projection area of a molecule is a better descriptor than its molecular mass or the volume. Together with the magnitude and orientation of the electric dipole moment, these are the crucial parameters to gain an efficient compensation between the entropic and enthalpic contributions to the free energy barrier required for permeation. Our results confirm the possibility to predict the permeability of molecules through porins by using a few molecular parameters and bolster the general model according to which the free energy increase is mostly due to the decrease of conformational entropy, and this can be compensated by a favorable alignment of the electric dipole with respect to the channel intrinsic electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pira
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (A.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Mariano Andrea Scorciapino
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy;
| | - Igor V. Bodrenko
- CNR/IOM Sezione di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy;
| | - Andrea Bosin
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (A.P.); (A.B.)
| | | | - Matteo Ceccarelli
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (A.P.); (A.B.)
- CNR/IOM Sezione di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy;
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Prajapati JD, Kleinekathöfer U. Voltage-Dependent Transport of Neutral Solutes through Nanopores: A Molecular View. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:10718-10731. [PMID: 33175522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c08401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The permeation of (neutral) molecules through nanopores in the presence of external voltages depends on several factors including pore electrostatics, electrophoretic force, and electro-osmotic drag. In earlier single-channel electrophysiology experiments, voltage-dependent asymmetric transport of neutral α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) molecules through the biological nanopore ΔCymA was observed. The voltage-dependent ion-associated flow of water, the so-called electro-osmotic flow, has been suggested to be the key factor behind the observed asymmetric behavior. The influence of pore electrostatics and electrophoretic force and their interplay with the electro-osmotic drag with varying buffers and voltages has not yet been analyzed at the molecular level. Hence, the detailed physical mechanism behind this intriguing permeation process is in part still unclear. In the present study, we have performed 36 μs all-atom free energy calculations by combining applied-field molecular dynamics simulations with metadynamics techniques. The influence of several ionic conditions as well as external voltages on the permeation of α-CD molecules across the ΔCymA pore has been investigated. To decipher the thermodynamic and kinetic details, the lowest energy paths and the permeation times for α-CD translocation have been estimated. In the presence of KCl or MgCl2 salts, the charge of the cations is found to control the direction and magnitude of the electro-osmotic flow, which in turn strongly affects α-CD permeation. Overall, the present findings significantly improve the fundamental understanding of the voltage-dependent transport of neutral solutes across nanopores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrich Kleinekathöfer
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
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Physicochemical Properties of Zwitterionic Drugs in Therapy. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1102-1110. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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