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Sequeira SO, Pasnak E, Viegas C, Gomes B, Dias M, Cervantes R, Pena P, Twarużek M, Kosicki R, Viegas S, Caetano LA, Penetra MJ, Silva I, Caldeira AT, Pinheiro C. Microbial Assessment in A Rare Norwegian Book Collection: A One Health Approach to Cultural Heritage. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1215. [PMID: 38930597 PMCID: PMC11206040 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial contamination poses a threat to both the preservation of library and archival collections and the health of staff and users. This study investigated the microbial communities and potential health risks associated with the UNESCO-classified Norwegian Sea Trade Archive (NST Archive) collection exhibiting visible microbial colonization and staff health concerns. Dust samples from book surfaces and the storage environment were analysed using culturing methods, qPCR, Next Generation Sequencing, and mycotoxin, cytotoxicity, and azole resistance assays. Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., and Cladosporium sp. were the most common fungi identified, with some potentially toxic species like Stachybotrys sp., Toxicladosporium sp., and Aspergillus section Fumigati. Fungal resistance to azoles was not detected. Only one mycotoxin, sterigmatocystin, was found in a heavily contaminated book. Dust extracts from books exhibited moderate to high cytotoxicity on human lung cells, suggesting a potential respiratory risk. The collection had higher contamination levels compared to the storage environment, likely due to improved storage conditions. Even though overall low contamination levels were obtained, these might be underestimated due to the presence of salt (from cod preservation) that could have interfered with the analyses. This study underlines the importance of monitoring microbial communities and implementing proper storage measures to safeguard cultural heritage and staff well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia O. Sequeira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Conservation and Restoration, NOVA School of Sciences and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
- Laboratório José de Figueiredo, Museus e Monumentos de Portugal, Rua das Janelas Verdes, 1249-018 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Ekaterina Pasnak
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Conservation and Restoration, NOVA School of Sciences and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Carla Viegas
- H&TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal; (B.G.); (M.D.); (R.C.); (P.P.); (L.A.C.)
- Public Health Research Centre, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, REAL, CCAL, NOVA National School of Public Health, NOVA University Lisbon, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Bianca Gomes
- H&TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal; (B.G.); (M.D.); (R.C.); (P.P.); (L.A.C.)
- CE3C—Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Change, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Dias
- H&TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal; (B.G.); (M.D.); (R.C.); (P.P.); (L.A.C.)
- Public Health Research Centre, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, REAL, CCAL, NOVA National School of Public Health, NOVA University Lisbon, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Renata Cervantes
- H&TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal; (B.G.); (M.D.); (R.C.); (P.P.); (L.A.C.)
- Public Health Research Centre, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, REAL, CCAL, NOVA National School of Public Health, NOVA University Lisbon, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Pedro Pena
- H&TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal; (B.G.); (M.D.); (R.C.); (P.P.); (L.A.C.)
- Public Health Research Centre, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, REAL, CCAL, NOVA National School of Public Health, NOVA University Lisbon, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Magdalena Twarużek
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.T.); (R.K.)
| | - Robert Kosicki
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.T.); (R.K.)
| | - Susana Viegas
- Public Health Research Centre, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, REAL, CCAL, NOVA National School of Public Health, NOVA University Lisbon, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Liliana Aranha Caetano
- H&TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal; (B.G.); (M.D.); (R.C.); (P.P.); (L.A.C.)
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.uLisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria João Penetra
- HERCULES Laboratory, Évora University, Palácio do Vimioso, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809 Évora, Portugal; (M.J.P.); (I.S.); (A.T.C.)
| | - Inês Silva
- HERCULES Laboratory, Évora University, Palácio do Vimioso, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809 Évora, Portugal; (M.J.P.); (I.S.); (A.T.C.)
- IN2PAST—Associate Laboratory for Research and Innovation in Heritage, Arts, Sustainability and Territory, University of Évora, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809 Évora, Portugal
| | - Ana Teresa Caldeira
- HERCULES Laboratory, Évora University, Palácio do Vimioso, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809 Évora, Portugal; (M.J.P.); (I.S.); (A.T.C.)
- IN2PAST—Associate Laboratory for Research and Innovation in Heritage, Arts, Sustainability and Territory, University of Évora, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809 Évora, Portugal
| | - Catarina Pinheiro
- Laboratório José de Figueiredo, Museus e Monumentos de Portugal, Rua das Janelas Verdes, 1249-018 Lisbon, Portugal;
- HERCULES Laboratory, Évora University, Palácio do Vimioso, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809 Évora, Portugal; (M.J.P.); (I.S.); (A.T.C.)
- IN2PAST—Associate Laboratory for Research and Innovation in Heritage, Arts, Sustainability and Territory, University of Évora, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809 Évora, Portugal
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2
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Gadd GM, Fomina M, Pinzari F. Fungal biodeterioration and preservation of cultural heritage, artwork, and historical artifacts: extremophily and adaptation. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0020022. [PMID: 38179930 PMCID: PMC10966957 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00200-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYFungi are ubiquitous and important biosphere inhabitants, and their abilities to decompose, degrade, and otherwise transform a massive range of organic and inorganic substances, including plant organic matter, rocks, and minerals, underpin their major significance as biodeteriogens in the built environment and of cultural heritage. Fungi are often the most obvious agents of cultural heritage biodeterioration with effects ranging from discoloration, staining, and biofouling to destruction of building components, historical artifacts, and artwork. Sporulation, morphological adaptations, and the explorative penetrative lifestyle of filamentous fungi enable efficient dispersal and colonization of solid substrates, while many species are able to withstand environmental stress factors such as desiccation, ultra-violet radiation, salinity, and potentially toxic organic and inorganic substances. Many can grow under nutrient-limited conditions, and many produce resistant cell forms that can survive through long periods of adverse conditions. The fungal lifestyle and chemoorganotrophic metabolism therefore enable adaptation and success in the frequently encountered extremophilic conditions that are associated with indoor and outdoor cultural heritage. Apart from free-living fungi, lichens are a fungal growth form and ubiquitous pioneer colonizers and biodeteriogens of outdoor materials, especially stone- and mineral-based building components. This article surveys the roles and significance of fungi in the biodeterioration of cultural heritage, with reference to the mechanisms involved and in relation to the range of substances encountered, as well as the methods by which fungal biodeterioration can be assessed and combated, and how certain fungal processes may be utilized in bioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Michael Gadd
- Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
| | - Marina Fomina
- Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
- National Reserve “Sophia of Kyiv”, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Flavia Pinzari
- Institute for Biological Systems (ISB), Council of National Research of Italy (CNR), Monterotondo (RM), Italy
- Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Stratigaki M, Armirotti A, Ottonello G, Manente S, Traviglia A. Fungal and bacterial species richness in biodeteriorated seventeenth century Venetian manuscripts. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7003. [PMID: 38523163 PMCID: PMC10961312 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Historical paper documents are susceptible to complex degradation processes, including biodeterioration, which can progressively compromise their aesthetic and structural integrity. This study analyses seventeenth century handwritten historical letters stored at the Correr Museum Library in Venice, Italy, exhibiting pronounced signs of biodeterioration. The techniques used encompassed traditional colony isolation on agar plates and proteomics analyses, employing nanoscale liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (nano-LC-MS). Fluorescence microscopy was used for the first time in the historical paper biodeterioration context to supplement the conventional stereoscopic, optical, and scanning electron microscopic imaging techniques. This method enables the visualisation of microorganisms beyond and beneath the paper's surface through their natural intrinsic autofluorescence in a non-invasive and non-destructive way. The results demonstrate a diverse, complex, and abundant microbiota composed of coexisting fungal and bacterial species (Ascomycota, Mucoromycota, Basidiomycota, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria), along with mite carcasses, insects, parasites, and possibly protists. Furthermore, this study reveals certain species that were not previously documented in the biodeterioration of historical paper, including human pathogens, such as Histoplasma capsulatum, Brucella, Candida albicans, and species of Aspergillus (A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. oryzae, A. terreus, A. niger) known to cause infections or produce mycotoxins, posing substantial risk to both artefacts and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stratigaki
- Center for Cultural Heritage Technology (CCHT), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy.
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Analytical Chemistry Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giuliana Ottonello
- Analytical Chemistry Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Manente
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Arianna Traviglia
- Center for Cultural Heritage Technology (CCHT), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
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4
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Zhou Y, Shi Y, Huang Y, Zhong J. Microbes on the "peachy spots" of ancient Kaihua paper: microbial community and functional analysis. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1326835. [PMID: 38274746 PMCID: PMC10808800 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1326835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Kaihua paper is a type of precious hand-made paper in China that has been used throughout Chinese history. Due to its extraordinary whiteness and fine texture, it was adopted by the imperial palace in the reign of Emperor Kang Xi and Yong Zheng of the Qing Dynasty of China in the 17th and 18th century. It is stained by a special type of yellowish-brown spot after years of storage, which is called a "peachy spot." The formation of such spots remains unclear, although complicated physicochemical processes or microbial activities might be involved. We performed nondestructive sampling and high-throughput sequencing on peachy spot surfaces, unstained areas, and air samples in the stack room to analysis the the bacterial and fungal communities, and performed prediction of functional genes of the bacterial communities. The results showed that peachy spot formation was mainly related to bacterial communities rather than fungal communities. Significantly more potential acid- producing, acidophilic or cellulase-producing bacteria, such as, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Lysinibacillus, and pigment-producing bacteria, such as Methylobacterium and Rubrobacter, were identified in the peachy spot samples. Prediction of the functional genes of the bacterial community also suggested the production of acidic substance pigments. These findings provide new insights into the pigment formation mechanism in ancient paper and open an opportunity to develop new strategies to preserve the ancient paper documents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Huang
- Institute for Preservation and Conservation of Chinese Ancient Books, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute for Preservation and Conservation of Chinese Ancient Books, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Pellerito C, Presentato A, Lazzara G, Cavallaro G, Alduina R, Fiore T. New Biocide Based on Tributyltin(IV) Ferulate-Loaded Halloysite Nanotubes for Preserving Historical Paper Artworks. Molecules 2023; 28:7953. [PMID: 38138442 PMCID: PMC10745945 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28247953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Combining biologically active compounds with nanocarriers is an emerging and promising strategy for enhancing the activities of molecules while reducing their levels of toxicity. Green nanomaterials have recently gained momentum in developing protocols for treating and preserving artifacts. In this study, we designed a functional biohybrid material by incorporating tributyltin(IV) ferulate (TBT-F) into halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), generating a new formulation called HNT/TBT-F. The primary objective was to develop a formulation with robust antimicrobial properties and reinforcing features for treating paper with artistic and historical value. To characterize HNT/TBT-F, assess the HNT's loading capacity, and investigate the TBT-F release kinetics from the nanotubes, various analytical techniques, including UV-Vis and infrared spectroscopies, thermogravimetry, and microscopy analysis, were employed. Furthermore, we evaluated the antimicrobial potential of TBT-F and HNT/TBT-F against Kocuria rhizophila, a bacterial strain known for its opportunistic behavior and a cause of artifact biodeterioration. HNT/TBT-F exhibited a significantly stronger bactericidal effect than TBT-F alone against K. rhizophila cells growing planktonically or those forming a biofilm. This enhanced performance could relate to the confinement of TBT-F within the nanotubes, which likely improved its physical-chemical stability and increased the local concentration of TBT-F upon contact with the bacterial cells. Additionally, we evaluated the mechanical properties of a paper treated with HNT/TBT-F, assessing any potential alterations in its color. The findings of this study highlight the favorable attributes of the HNT/TBT-F formulation and its potential for developing protocols aimed at consolidating and preserving culturally significant paper objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pellerito
- Dipartimento di Fisica Chimica-Emilio Segrè (DiFC), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (C.P.); (G.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Alessandro Presentato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (A.P.); (R.A.)
| | - Giuseppe Lazzara
- Dipartimento di Fisica Chimica-Emilio Segrè (DiFC), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (C.P.); (G.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Cavallaro
- Dipartimento di Fisica Chimica-Emilio Segrè (DiFC), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (C.P.); (G.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Rosa Alduina
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (A.P.); (R.A.)
| | - Tiziana Fiore
- Dipartimento di Fisica Chimica-Emilio Segrè (DiFC), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (C.P.); (G.L.); (G.C.)
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6
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Nadal-Molero F, Campos-Lopez A, Tur-Moya J, Martin-Cuadrado AB. Microbial community on industrial salty bovine hides: From the slaughterhouse to the salting. Syst Appl Microbiol 2023; 46:126421. [PMID: 37229965 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2023.126421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The leather-making industry is an age-old industry and desiccation with salt has been one of the most used methodologies for obtaining valuable skins. However, halophiles may proliferate and affect the integrity of the hide-collagen structure, as well as leading to undesirable red colorations or less-frequent purple stains. To understand the basis of these industrial hide contaminations, the microbial community from raw hide samples, salt-cured samples and four different industrial salts, was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding together with standard cultivation methods. Comparison of raw hides and correctly cured hides revealed a core microbiome that was absent from contaminated hides. In addition, archaea were missing from well-cured hides, whereas Psychrobacter and Acinetobacter were highly represented (23 % and 17.4 %, respectively). In damaged hides, only a few operational taxonomic units (OTUs), from among the hundreds detected, were able to proliferate and, remarkably, a single Halomonas OTU represented 57.66 % of the reads. Halobacteria, mainly Halovenus, Halorubrum and Halovivax, increased by up to 36.24-39.5 % in the red- and purple-affected hides. The major contaminants were isolated and hide infections, together with collagenase activity, were evaluated. The results showed that hides enriched with the non-pigmented isolate Halomonas utahensis COIN160 damaged the collagen fibers similarly to Halorubrum, and together they were considered to be one of the major causes. Putative degrading inhibitors were also identified from among the Alkalibacillus isolates. It was concluded that hide contaminations were driven by clonal outbreaks of a few specific microbes, which may have been non-pigmented collagen degraders. Acinetobacter and Alkalibacillus, members of the core microbiome of raw and well-cured salted hides, are suggested as hide contaminant inhibitors that need further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juan Tur-Moya
- Hide Consultant, Dpt. Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, Spain
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7
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Cappa F, Sterflinger K. Non-Invasive Physico-Chemical and Biological Analysis of Parchment Manuscripts – An Overview. RESTAURATOR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE PRESERVATION OF LIBRARY AND ARCHIVAL MATERIAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/res-2022-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This work will give an overview of the scientific approach used for the study of written heritage on parchment. Elemental analysis using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) together with compound-specific analytical methods such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy can be applied in a non-invasive way, without the need for sampling and without inducing changes to the object. Physico-chemical investigations are complemented and further deepened by DNA- and biological analyses for the identification of the biological origin of materials and the identification of microorganisms, insects and viruses that might be present on the object which may add valuable information about its history and conservation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cappa
- Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, Institute for Natural Sciences and Technology in the Arts , Schillerplatz 3, 1010 , Vienna , Austria
| | - Katja Sterflinger
- Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, Institute for Natural Sciences and Technology in the Arts , Schillerplatz 3, 1010, Vienna , Austria
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8
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Factors Influencing the Fungal Diversity on Audio-Visual Materials. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122497. [PMID: 34946099 PMCID: PMC8709410 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The biodeterioration of audio–visual materials is a huge problem, as it can cause incalculable losses. To preserve these cultural heritage objects for future generations, it is necessary to determine the main agents of biodeterioration. This study focuses on identifying fungi, both from the air and smears from photographs and cinematographic films that differ in the type of carrier and binder, using high-throughput sequencing approaches. The alpha diversity measures of communities present on all types of carriers were compared, and a significant difference between cellulose acetate and baryta paper was observed. Next, the locality, type of carrier, and audio–visual material seem to affect the structure of fungal communities. Additionally, a link between the occurrence of the most abundant classes and species on audio–visual materials and air contamination in the archives was proven. In both cases, the most abundant classes were Agariomycetes, Dothideomycetes, and Eurotiomycetes, and approximately half of the 50 most abundant species detected on the audio–visual materials and in the air were identical.
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9
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Rybitwa D, Wawrzyk A, Rahnama M. Corrigendum: Application of a Medical Diode Laser (810 nm) for Disinfecting Small Microbiologically Contaminated Spots on Degraded Collagenous Materials for Improved Biosafety in Objects of Exceptional Historical Value From the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum and Protection of Human Health. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:673867. [PMID: 33828544 PMCID: PMC8019965 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.673867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.596852.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Rybitwa
- Preservation Department, Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, Oświecim, Poland
| | - Anna Wawrzyk
- Preservation Department, Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, Oświecim, Poland.,Sanitary-Epidemiological Station, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mansur Rahnama
- The Chair and Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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10
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Tintner J. Recent developments in using the molecular decay dating method: a review. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1493:29-40. [PMID: 33442875 PMCID: PMC8247969 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The dating of organic findings is a fundamental task for many scientific fields. Radiocarbon dating is currently the most commonly used method. For wood, dendrochronology is another state‐of‐the‐art method. Both methods suffer from systematic restrictions, leading to samples that have not yet been able to be dated. Molecular changes over time are reported for many materials under different preservation conditions. Many of them are intrinsically monotonous. These monotonous molecular decay (MD) patterns can be understood as clocks that start at the time when a given molecule was formed. Factors that influence these clocks include input material composition and preservation conditions. Different wood species, degrees of pyrolysis, and pretreatments lead to different prediction models. Preservation conditions might change the speed of a given clock and lead to different prediction models. Currently published models for predicting the age of wood, paper, and parchment depend on infrared spectroscopy. In contrast to radiocarbon dating, dating via MD does not comprise a single methodology. Some clocks may deliver less precise results than the others. Ultimately, developing a completely different, new dating strategy‐such as MD dating–will help to bring to light a treasure trove of information hidden in the darkness of organic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Tintner
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Physics and Materials Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Perini N, Mercuri F, Orlanducci S, Thaller MC, Migliore L. The Integration of Metagenomics and Chemical Physical Techniques Biodecoded the Buried Traces of the Biodeteriogens of Parchment Purple Spots. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:598945. [PMID: 33408706 PMCID: PMC7779469 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.598945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ancient parchments record an immense part of our cultural heritage, having been used as the main written support material for centuries. Parchment easily undergoes biodeterioration, whose main signs are the so-called purple spots, which often lead to detachment of the superficial written layer. Up to recent years, several studies have been analyzing damaged parchments from different world’s archives, trying to trace back the culprit of the purple spots. However, standard cultivation and early molecular techniques have been demonstrated to be unsuccessful, leading the parchment damage issue remaining unsolved for many years. Nowadays, some studies have explored the parchment biodeterioration dynamics by adopting a multidisciplinary approach combining standard microbiological methods with high-throughput molecular, chemical and physical techniques. This approach allowed an unprecedented level of knowledge on the complex dynamics of parchment biodeterioration. This mini review discusses the application of the combination of basic and high-throughput techniques to study historical parchments, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of this approach. In particular, it focuses on how metagenomics has been paramount for the unequivocal identification of the microbial main actors of parchment biodeterioration and their dynamics, but also on how metagenomics may suffer the distortion inflict by the historical perspective on the analysis of ancient specimens. As a whole, this mini review aims to describe the scenario of information on parchment biodeterioration obtained so far by using the integration of metagenomic with recent chemical (Raman spectroscopy) and physical (Light Transmission Analysis) approaches, which might have key implications in the preservation of many ancient documents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fulvio Mercuri
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Orlanducci
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
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Rybitwa D, Wawrzyk A, Rahnama M. Application of a Medical Diode Laser (810 nm) for Disinfecting Small Microbiologically Contaminated Spots on Degraded Collagenous Materials for Improved Biosafety in Objects of Exceptional Historical Value From the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum and Protection of Human Health. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:596852. [PMID: 33391215 PMCID: PMC7775414 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.596852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The research aim was to optimize the operating parameters of a diode laser irradiation for the effective disinfection of degraded collagenous materials. Historical leather shoes stored at the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Oświęcim (Poland) were the main study objects. Surfaces of contaminated small spots occurring on the degraded materials were sampled with moistened swabs and microbiologically examined using the molecular techniques MALDI-TOF MS, 16S rRNA, and NGS sequencing. The surfaces were colonized by bacteria with 106 CFU/100 cm2 and 104 CFU/100 cm2 by fungi, on average. Microorganisms of the genera Bacillus and Penicillium were predominant. The effectiveness of the laser treatment was assessed for the new and degraded collagenous materials against isolated environmental strains using four variants of exposure time and number of repetitions. 0.3 W/CW 2 × 2 min variant was the most effective and also did not noticeably change the color of the treated samples. The variant caused a reduction in the numbers of microorganisms by 96–100%. After 1 month, four types of leather were subjected to comprehensive physico-chemical analyses. SEM and FTIR techniques confirmed that laser irradiation in the selected optimal variant did not affect the surface morphology and collagen structure, while XPS technique enabled detection of subtle changes in non-historical protective coatings on the surfaces of tested degraded historical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Rybitwa
- Preservation Department, Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, Oświęcim, Poland
| | - Anna Wawrzyk
- Preservation Department, Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, Oświęcim, Poland.,Sanitary-Epidemiological Station, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mansur Rahnama
- The Chair and Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Zhao L, Zhou Y, Li J, Xia Y, Wang W, Luo X, Yin J, Zhong J. Transcriptional response of Bacillus megaterium FDU301 to PEG200-mediated arid stress. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:351. [PMID: 33198631 PMCID: PMC7670681 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-02039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For microorganisms on a paper surface, the lack of water is one of the most important stress factors. A strain of Bacillus megaterium FDU301 was isolated from plaques on a paper surface using culture medium with polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG200) to simulate an arid condition. Global transcriptomic analysis of B. megaterium FDU301 grown under normal and simulated arid conditions was performed via RNA-seq technology to identify genes involved in arid stress adaptation. Results The transcriptome of B. megaterium FDU301 grown in LB medium under arid (15% PEG200 (w/w)) and normal conditions were compared. A total of 2941 genes were differentially expressed, including 1422 genes upregulated and 1519 genes downregulated under arid conditions. Oxidative stress-responsive regulatory genes perR, fur, and tipA were significantly upregulated, along with DNA protecting protein (dps), and catalase (katE). Genes related to Fe2+ uptake (feoB), sporulation stage II (spoIIB, spoIIE, spoIIGA), small acid-soluble spore protein (sspD), and biosynthesis of compatible solute ectoine (ectB, ectA) were also highly expressed to various degrees. Oxidative phosphorylation-related genes (atpB, atpE, atpF, atpH, atpA, atpG, atpD, atpC) and glycolysis-related genes (pgk, tpiA, frmA) were significantly downregulated. Conclusion This is the first report about transcriptomic analysis of a B. megaterium to explore the mechanism of arid resistance. Major changes in transcription were seen in the arid condition simulated by PEG200 (15%), with the most important one being genes related to oxidative stress. The results showed a complex mechanism for the bacteria to adapt to arid stress. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-020-02039-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.,Institute for Preservation and Conservation of Chinese Ancient Books, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yanjun Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jianbei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yucheng Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Weiyun Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiuqi Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Juan Yin
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jiang Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China. .,Institute for Preservation and Conservation of Chinese Ancient Books, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Piñar G, Tafer H, Schreiner M, Miklas H, Sterflinger K. Decoding the biological information contained in two ancient Slavonic parchment codices: an added historical value. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:3218-3233. [PMID: 32400083 PMCID: PMC7687136 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study provides an example in the emerging field of biocodicology showing how metagenomics can help answer relevant questions that may contribute to a better understanding of the history of ancient manuscripts. To this end, two Slavonic codices dating from the 11th century were investigated through shotgun metagenomics. Endogenous DNA enabled to infer the animal origin of the skins used in the manufacture of the two codices, while nucleic sequences recovered from viruses were investigated for the first time in this material, opening up new possibilities in the field of biocodicology. In addition, the microbiomes colonizing the surface of the parchments served to determine their conservation status and their latent risk of deterioration. The saline environment provided by the parchments selected halophilic and halotolerant microorganisms, which are known to be responsible for the biodegradation of parchment. Species of Nocardiopsis, Gracilibacillus and Saccharopolyspora, but also members of the Aspergillaceae family were detected in this study, all possessing enzymatic capabilities for the biodeterioration of this material. Finally, a relative abundance of microorganisms originating from the human skin microbiome were identified, most probably related to the intensive manipulation of the manuscripts throughout the centuries, which should be taken with caution as they can be potential pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Piñar
- Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, A‐1190ViennaAustria
| | - Hakim Tafer
- Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, A‐1190ViennaAustria
| | - Manfred Schreiner
- Institute of Science and Technology in Art (ISTA)Academy of Fine Arts ViennaSchillerplatz 3, A‐1010 ViennaAustria
| | - Heinz Miklas
- Department of Slavonic StudiesUniversity of ViennaSpitalgasse 2‐4, Hof 3, A‐1090 ViennaAustria
| | - Katja Sterflinger
- Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, A‐1190ViennaAustria
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Vadrucci M, Cicero C, Parisse P, Casalis L, De Bellis G. Surface evaluation of the effect of X-rays irradiation on parchment artefacts through AFM and SEM. APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.145881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Perini N, Mercuri F, Thaller MC, Orlanducci S, Castiello D, Talarico V, Migliore L. The Stain of the Original Salt: Red Heats on Chrome Tanned Leathers and Purple Spots on Ancient Parchments Are Two Sides of the Same Ecological Coin. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2459. [PMID: 31736905 PMCID: PMC6828845 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal hides are one of man's earliest and mostly used materials; many rawhide products, primarily leather, have for centuries been used for several purposes. The peculiar mechanical properties of leather depend on the hide composition, a dense collagen feltwork. Unfortunately, due to their proteic composition, rawhides may undergo microbial attack and biodeterioration. Over centuries, different processes and treatments (brining, vegetal or chrome tanning, tawing, etc.) were set up to face the biological attack and modify/stabilise the hide's mechanical properties. Nevertheless, even present-day rawhides are subjected to biological colonisation, and traces of this colonisation are clearly shown in Chrome(III) tanned leathers (in the wet blue stage), with obvious economic damages. The colonisation traces on tanned leathers consist of isolated or coalescent red patches, known as red heat deterioration. Parchments are rawhide products, too; they derive from another manufacturing procedure. Even parchments undergo microbial attack; the parchment biodeterioration seems comparable to leather red heat deterioration and is known as purple spots. Recently, an ecological succession model explained the process of historical parchment purple spot deterioration; the haloarchaea Halobacterium salinarum is the pioneer organism triggering this attack. The marine salt used to prevent rawhide rotting is the carrier of haloarchaea colonisers (Migliore et al., 2019). The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of biodeterioration on Chrome(III) tanned leathers and its effects on the stability/integrity of collagen structure. To this end, standard cultivation methods were integrated with three updated technologies, Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), Raman spectroscopy, and Light Transmitted Analysis (LTA). A bioinformatic comparison between chrome tanned leather vs. historical parchment colonisers was performed to evaluate if leather and parchment share common culprits; furthermore, the effect of the biodeterioration on the physical properties of the hide product was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Perini
- Department of Biology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fulvio Mercuri
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Orlanducci
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Luciana Migliore
- Department of Biology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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