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Clark PM, Brunell AB, Buelow MT. The effect of false cognitive feedback on subsequent cognitive task performance. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38814262 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2024.2360229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous research has found beliefs about oneself and one's own abilities may have the potential to affect subsequent performance on a particular task. Additionally, providing false feedback about a particular characteristic or even about overall cognitive abilities may also affect performance on later tasks. However, it is unclear to what extent false positive or negative feedback about cognition will affect subsequent executive function task performance. In the present series of studies, we examined whether receiving negative false feedback about cognition would affect subsequent decision making and other executive function task performance. METHOD In Study 1, the participants (n = 115) received false feedback that they were either high or low in creative intelligence before completing a series of decision making tasks. In Study 2, the participants (n = 146) completed a similar false feedback paradigm before completing assessments of a range of executive functions. RESULTS Across studies, we found limited evidence of a consistent pattern of how false feedback affects subsequent cognitive task performance, although receiving positive and negative feedback affected specific tasks. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the influence of false feedback on task performance is variable and may depend on factors such as the specific task or executive function assessed. In clinical work, it is important to consider how patients may internalize feedback about their cognitive abilities, as the feedback, coupled with other factors such as level of insight, apathy, disinhibition, or prior perceptions regarding a diagnosis, may influence interpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piper M Clark
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Newark, OH, USA
| | - Amy B Brunell
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Mansfield, OH, USA
| | - Melissa T Buelow
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Newark, OH, USA
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Mata-Marín D, Redgrave P, Obeso I. The Impact of Emotions on Habitual Inhibition. J Cogn Neurosci 2023; 35:1868-1878. [PMID: 37677064 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Emotional information prioritizes human behavior. How much emotions influence ongoing behavior critically depends on the extent of executive control functions in a given context. One form of executive control is based on stimulus-stop associations (i.e., habitual inhibition) that rapidly and effortlessly elicits control over the interruption of ongoing behavior. So far, no behavioral accounts have explored the emotional impact on habitual inhibition. We aimed to examine the emotional modulation on habitual inhibition and associated psycho-physiological changes. A go/no-go association task asked participants to learn stimulus-stop and stimulus-response associations during 10-day training to form habitual inhibition (without emotional interference). Probabilistic feedback guided learning with varying probabilities of congruent feedback, generating stronger versus weaker pairings. A reversal test measured habitual inhibition strength counteracted by emotional cues (high-arousal positive and negative stimuli compared with neutral ones). Our training protocol induced stable behavioral and psycho-physiological responses compatible with habitual behavior. At reversal, habitual inhibition was evident as marked by significant speed costs of reversed no-go trials for strongly associated stimuli. Positive and negative emotional cues produced larger impact on habitual inhibition. We report first evidence on a cognitive control mechanism that is vulnerable to emotional stimuli and suggest alternative explanations on how emotions may boost or counteract certain behavioral abnormalities mediated by habitual inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mata-Marín
- Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Spain
- Autonoma de Madrid University-Cajal Institute, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio Obeso
- Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Spain
- Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
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Xia LL, Li JD, Duan F, Zhang J, Mu LL, Wang LJ, Jiao CY, Song X, Wang Z, Chen JX, Wang JJ, Wang Y, Zhang XC, Jiao DL. Effects of Online Game and Short Video Behavior on Academic Delay of Gratification - Mediating Effects of Anxiety, Depression and Retrospective Memory. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:4353-4365. [PMID: 37908679 PMCID: PMC10615256 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s432196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Learner dependence on short videos has many pitfalls for learning outcomes, but the negative effects of excessive short video use have been little discussed in the learning psychology literature. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of excessive short video use on anxiety, depression, prospective memory, and academically delayed gratification (ADOG) in relation to online gaming-related behaviours, and explored the possible mechanisms by which excessive online gaming and short video use may lead to decreased ADOG, to expand our understanding of excessive short video use. Methods Based on the whole class random sampling method, a questionnaire survey was conducted among college students in Northern Anhui, China from May 7 to July 27, 2022. The questionnaires included the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire Scale (PHQ-9), Prospective and Retrospective Memory (PRM) Questionnaire, and ADOG Scale. Results A total of 1016 participants completed the survey. The study found that of all the internet behaviors, 20.8% of the college students mainly played online games, 43.9% mainly played short videos, and 35.3% conducted other online behaviors. When compared with other internet behaviors, online gaming and short video behaviors can cause more serious anxiety/depression and worse PRM and ADOG scores. As time spent playing online games and short videos increased, anxiety and depression became worse, and the scores for PRM and ADOG also declined. Anxiety, depression, and PRM mediate the relationship between time spent on online gaming/short videos and ADOG. Conclusion Excessive short videos behaviour may produce the same psychological problems and learning problems as online gaming disorder. Excessive short video and online gaming behaviors may affect ADOG performance through anxiety, depression, and prospective memory. These findings could be used as a basis for future studies on the improvement of ADOG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Xia
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun-Da Li
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Duan
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin-Lin Mu
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Jin Wang
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen-Yang Jiao
- School of Medical Imaging, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xun Song
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ze Wang
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-Xuan Chen
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Jing Wang
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Chu Zhang
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People’s Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong-Liang Jiao
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People’s Republic of China
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Zablocki-Thomas PB, Savidge LE, Witczak LR, Ferrer E, Hobson BA, Chaudhari AJ, Freeman SM, Bales KL. Neural correlates and effect of jealousy on cognitive flexibility in the female titi monkey (Plecturocebus cupreus). Horm Behav 2023; 152:105352. [PMID: 37018894 PMCID: PMC10957291 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Jealousy is a social emotion that manifests as behavioral reactions from an individual toward a threat to a valuable relationship. Monogamous species exhibit jealousy-type behaviors as an adaptive response to preserve the relationship. Jealousy is also a complex, negatively-valenced emotion which may include fear of loss, anxiety, suspiciousness, and anger. Negative emotion may impair cognitive processes such as cognitive flexibility, an ability important for coping with new situations. However, little is known about how complex social emotions influence cognitive flexibility. To understand the interaction between jealousy and cognitive flexibility, we examined the neural, physiological, and behavioral factors involved in jealousy and cognitive flexibility in female titi monkeys. We presented subjects with a jealousy provoking scenario, followed by a reversal learning task and a PET scan with a glucose-analog radiotracer. We found that female titi monkeys reacted to a jealousy provoking scenario with increased locomotor behavior and higher glucose uptake in the cerebellum; however, hormone measures and were not affected. As only two females demonstrated cognitive flexibility, the effects of jealousy were difficult to interpret. Locomotion behavior was also negatively correlated with glucose uptake in brain areas linked with motivation, sociality, and cognitive flexibility. Surprisingly, glucose uptake in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) was significantly decreased during jealousy scenarios, while uptake in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was decreased during reversal tasks. Our findings suggest that the presence of an intruder produces less visible behavioral reactions in female titis than in males, while still reducing activity in the OFC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Logan E Savidge
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA, United States; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Lynea R Witczak
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA, United States; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Emilio Ferrer
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Brad A Hobson
- Center for Molecular and Genomic Imaging, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Abhijit J Chaudhari
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA, United States; Center for Molecular and Genomic Imaging, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Department of Radiology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sara M Freeman
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States of America
| | - Karen L Bales
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA, United States; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
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Jiao CY, Song X, Shao WY, Feng LP, Jiao DL. The chain-mediation pathway of gender regarding academic delay of gratification in college students is regulated by anxiety/depressive mood and prospective memory. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1015331. [PMID: 36570991 PMCID: PMC9773976 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1015331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study investigated the relationship between gender and academic delay of gratification (ADOG) in college students and explored the mediating roles of anxiety/depressive mood and prospective memory to provide a theoretical intervention approach based on internal mechanisms. Methods Random cluster sampling was conducted on 609 students from three universities situated in the Province of Anhui, China with the use of data from several questionnaires: the general information questionnaire, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire, Prospective and Retrospective Memory (PRM) Questionnaire, and ADOG Scale. Results The females' anxiety and depression levels were lower than that of the males, while the female PRM and ADOG performance improved when compared to that of the males. Anxiety and depression were negatively correlated with PRM and ADOG, respectively, whereas the PRM and ADOG data demonstrated a positive correlation. Depression/anxiety and prospective memory also played a chain intermediary role between gender and ADOG. Conclusion Gender not only directly affects college students' ADOG, but it also has indirect effects through depression/anxiety and prospective memory. Therefore, it is very important to treat students' mental health differently according to gender to improve prospective memory and delayed academic satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yang Jiao
- School of Medical Imaging, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Xun Song
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Wen-Yi Shao
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Lin-Pu Feng
- School of Medical Imaging, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Dong-Liang Jiao
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China,*Correspondence: Dong-Liang Jiao,
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Age Differences in the Tradeoff between Proactive and Reactive Cognitive Control in Emotional Information Processing. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12081043. [PMID: 36009106 PMCID: PMC9406201 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12081043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Greater well-being in older adults stems from more effective emotion regulation strategies, highlighting the role of cognitive control. However, cognitive control involves different subsystems, and it is still unclear whether different subsystems have different effects on different emotional information processing. The Dual Mechanisms of Control (DMC) theory postulates that cognitive control can operate in two distinct modes, namely proactive control (a "proactive" preparatory mode) and reactive control (a "reactive" wait-and-see mode). This study created an emotional AX-CPT task to explore differences in cognitive control tradeoff between youth and older adults when processing emotional information. The results found that youth had significantly higher error rates on the emotional-neutral sequence than older adults regardless of the valence of emotional information; only in the negative condition did older adults have higher error rates on both the sad-sad and neutral-sad sequences than youth; this phenomenon was not found in the positive condition. The study showed that, in emotional information processing, youth preferred proactive control over older adults; in negative information processing, older adults preferred reactive control strategies over youth; in positive information processing, older adults showed a similar cognitive control pattern to youth, and proactive control was enhanced.
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Yu D, Geldhof GJ, Buckingham M, Gonçalves C, Yang PJ, Michaelson LE, Berg J, Ni Y, Lerner RM. “Today, I cared about how a classmate felt”: Fluctuations in empathy are linked to daily mood in adolescence. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2021.101386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bambrah V, Cameron CD, Inzlicht M. Outrage fatigue? Cognitive costs and decisions to blame. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-021-09917-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cognitive Control in Young and Older Adults: Does Mood Matter? Brain Sci 2021; 12:brainsci12010050. [PMID: 35053793 PMCID: PMC8773748 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dual mechanisms of control framework (DMC) proposes two modes of cognitive control: proactive and reactive control. In anticipation of an interference event, young adults primarily use a more proactive control mode, whereas older adults tend to use a more reactive one during the event, due to age-related deficits in working memory. The current study aimed to examine the effects of mood induction on cognitive control mode in older (ages 65+) compared to young adults (ages 18–30) with a standard letter-cue (Experiment 1) and a modified face-cue AX-CPT (Experiment 2). Mood induction into negative and/or positive mood versus neutral mood was conducted prior to the cognitive control task. Experiment 1 replicated the typical pattern of proactive control use in young adults and reactive control use in older adults. In Experiment 2, older adults showed comparable proactive control to young adults in their response time (RT). Mood induction showed little effect on cognitive control across the two experiments. These results did not reveal consistent effects of mood (negative or positive) on cognitive control mode in young and older adults, but discovered (or demonstrated) that older adults can engage proactive control when dichotomous face cues (female or male) are used in AX-CPT.
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