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da Silva NS, Lombardi J, Kirchhoff F, Ferreira RS, Barraviera B, de Oliveira ALR, Cartarozzi LP. Effects of local and systemic treatment with human natural killer-1 mimetic peptide (HNK-1) after ventral root avulsion and reimplantation in mice. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2024; 30:e20230065. [PMID: 38770186 PMCID: PMC11105159 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2023-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal ventral root injuries generate significant motoneuron degeneration, which hinders full functional recovery. The poor prognosis of functional recovery can be attributed to the use or combination of different therapeutic approaches. Several molecules have been screened as potential treatments in combination with surgical reimplantation of the avulsed roots, the gold standard approach for such injuries. Among the studied molecules, human natural killer-1 (HNK-1) stands out as it is related to the stimulation of motor axon outgrowth. Therefore, we aimed to comparatively investigate the effects of local administration of an HNK-1 mimetic peptide (mp-HNK-1) and systemic treatment with ursolic acid (UA), another HNK-1 mimetic, after ventral root avulsion and reimplantation with heterologous fibrin biopolymer (HFB). Methods Female mice of the isogenic strain C57BL/6JUnib were divided into five experimental groups: Avulsion, Reimplantation, mp-HNK-1 (in situ), and UA (systemic treatment). Mice were evaluated 2 and 12 weeks after surgery. Functional assessment was performed every four days using the Catwalk platform. Neuronal survival was analyzed by cytochemistry, and glial reactions and synaptic coverage were evaluated by immunofluorescence. Results Treatment with UA elicited long-term neuroprotection, accompanied by a decrease in microglial reactions, and reactive astrogliosis. The neuroprotective effects of UA were preceded by increased glutamatergic and GABAergic inputs in the ventral spinal cord two weeks after injury. However, a single application of mp-HNK-1 had no significant effects. Functional analysis showed that UA treatment led to an improvement in motor and sensory recovery. Conclusion Overall, the results indicate that UA is neuroprotective, acting on glial cells and synaptic maintenance, and the combination of these findings led to a better functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Scanavachia da Silva
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia Lombardi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
- Center for Gender-specific Biology and Medicine (CGBM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Benedito Barraviera
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Leite Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Politti Cartarozzi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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2
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Nelson DW, Funnell JL, Cheung CH, Quinones GB, Mendoza CS, Bentley M, Gilbert RJ. In vitro assessment of protamine toxicity with neural cells, its therapeutic potential to counter chondroitin sulfate mediated neuron inhibition, and its effects on reactive astrocytes. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2024; 7:2300242. [PMID: 39071184 PMCID: PMC11281232 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202300242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Multiple therapies have been studied to ameliorate the neuroinhibitory cues present after traumatic injury to the central nervous system. Two previous in vitro studies have demonstrated the efficacy of the FDA-approved cardiovascular therapeutic, protamine (PRM), to overcome neuroinhibitory cues presented by chondroitin sulfates; however, the effect of a wide range of PRM concentrations on neuronal and glial cells has not been evaluated. In this study, we investigate the therapeutic efficacy of PRM with primary cortical neurons, hippocampal neurons, mixed glial cultures, and astrocyte cultures. We show the threshold for PRM toxicity to be at or above 10 μg/ml depending on the cell population, that 10 μg/ml PRM enables neurons to overcome the inhibitory cues presented by chondroitin sulfate type A, and that soluble PRM allows neurons to more effectively overcome inhibition compared to a PRM coating. We also assessed changes in gene expression of reactive astrocytes with soluble PRM and determined that PRM does not increase their neurotoxic phenotype and that PRM may reduce brevican production and serpin transcription in cortical and spinal cord astrocytes. This is the first study to thoroughly assess the toxicity threshold of PRM with neural cells and study astrocyte response after acute exposure to PRM in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek W Nelson
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1623 15 St. Troy, New York 12180, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - Jessica L Funnell
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1623 15 St. Troy, New York 12180, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - Conrad H Cheung
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1623 15 St. Troy, New York 12180, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - Geraldine B Quinones
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1623 15 St. Troy, New York 12180, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - Christina S Mendoza
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1623 15 St. Troy, New York 12180, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - Marvin Bentley
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1623 15 St. Troy, New York 12180, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - Ryan J Gilbert
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1623 15 St. Troy, New York 12180, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. Troy, NY, 12180, United States; Albany Stratton Veteran Affairs Medical Center, 113 Holland Ave. Albany, New York 12208, United States
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3
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Lin YC, Chu YH, Liao WC, Chen CH, Hsiao WC, Ho YJ, Yang MY, Liu CH. CHST11-modified chondroitin 4-sulfate as a potential therapeutic target for glioblastoma. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:2998-3012. [PMID: 37559985 PMCID: PMC10408464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant chondroitin sulfate (CS) accumulation in glioblastoma (GBM) tissue has been documented, but the role of excessive CS in GBM progression and whether it can be a druggable target are largely unknown. The aim of this study is to clarify the biological functions of CHST11 in GBM cells, and evaluate therapeutic effects of blocking CHST11-derived chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4S). We investigated the expression of CHST11 in glioma tissue by immunohistochemistry, and analyzed CHST11 associated genes using public RNA sequencing datasets. The effects of CHST11 on aggressive cell behaviors have been studied in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrated that CHST11 is frequently overexpressed in GBM tissue, promoting GBM cell mobility and modulating C4S on GBM cells. We further discovered that CSPG4 is positively correlated with CHST11, and CSPG4 involved in CHST11-mediated cell invasiveness. In addition, GBM patients with high expression of CHST11 and CSPG4 have a significantly shorter survival time. We examined the effects of treating C4S-specific binding peptide (C4Sp) as a therapeutic agent in vitro and in vivo. C4Sp treatment attenuated GBM cell invasiveness and, notably, improved survival rate of orthotopic glioma cell transplant mice. Our results propose a possible mechanism of CHST11 in regulating GBM malignancy and highlight a novel strategy for targeting aberrant chondroitin sulfate in GBM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Cheng Lin
- Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hung Chu
- Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Liao
- Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Chen
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chuan Hsiao
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jui Ho
- Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Yin Yang
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General HospitalTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Hui Liu
- Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
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4
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Kamstrup Sell D, Sinkjaer AW, Bakhshinejad B, Kjaer A. Propagation Capacity of Phage Display Peptide Libraries Is Affected by the Length and Conformation of Displayed Peptide. Molecules 2023; 28:5318. [PMID: 37513190 PMCID: PMC10386350 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The larger size and diversity of phage display peptide libraries enhance the probability of finding clinically valuable ligands. A simple way of increasing the throughput of selection is to mix multiple peptide libraries with different characteristics of displayed peptides and use it as biopanning input. In phage display, the peptide is genetically coupled with a biological entity (the phage), and the representation of peptides in the selection system is dependent on the propagation capacity of phages. Little is known about how the characteristics of displayed peptides affect the propagation capacity of the pooled library. In this work, next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to investigate the amplification capacity of three widely used commercial phage display peptide libraries (Ph.D.™-7, Ph.D.™-12, and Ph.D.™-C7C from New England Biolabs). The three libraries were pooled and subjected to competitive propagation, and the proportion of each library in the pool was quantitated at two time points during propagation. The results of the inter-library competitive propagation assay led to the conclusion that the propagation capacity of phage libraries on a population level is decreased with increasing length and cyclic conformation of displayed peptides. Moreover, the enrichment factor (EF) analysis of the phage population revealed a higher propagation capacity of the Ph.D.TM-7 library. Our findings provide evidence for the contribution of the length and structural conformation of displayed peptides to the unequal propagation rates of phage display libraries and suggest that it is important to take peptide characteristics into account once pooling multiple combinatorial libraries for phage display selection through biopanning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danna Kamstrup Sell
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine & Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet & Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Wilgaard Sinkjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine & Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet & Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Babak Bakhshinejad
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine & Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet & Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine & Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet & Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Liu CH, Ho YJ, Wang CY, Hsu CC, Chu YH, Hsu MY, Chen SJ, Hsiao WC, Liao WC. Targeting Chondroitin Sulphate Synthase 1 (Chsy1) Promotes Axon Growth Following Neurorrhaphy by Suppressing Versican Accumulation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093742. [PMID: 37175152 PMCID: PMC10180239 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Versican is a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG), which deposits in perineurium as a physical barrier and prevents the growth of axons out of the fascial boundary. Several studies have indicated that the chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains on versican have several possible functions beyond the physical barrier, including the ability to stabilize versican core protein in the extracellular matrix. As chondroitin sulfate synthase 1 (Chsy1) is a crucial enzyme for CS elongation, we hypothesized that in vivo knockdown of Chsy1 at peripheral nerve lesion site may decrease CS and versican accumulation, and result in accelerating neurite regeneration. In the present study, end-to-side neurorrhaphy (ESN) in Wistar rats was used as an in vivo model of peripheral nerve injury to evaluate nerve regeneration after surgical intervention. The distribution and expression of versican and Chsy1 in regenerating axons after ESN was studied using confocal microscopy and western blotting. Chsy1 was silenced at the nerve lesion (surgical) site using in vivo siRNA transfection. The results indicated that Chsy1 was successfully silenced in nerve tissue, and its downregulation was associated with functional recovery of compound muscle action potential. Silencing of Chsy1 also decreased the accumulation of versican core protein, suggesting that transient treating of Chsy1-siRNA may be an alternative and an effective strategy to promote injured peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Hui Liu
- Ph.D. Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jui Ho
- Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Rd., Taichung 402306, Taiwan
| | - Che-Yu Wang
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402306, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chun Hsu
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402306, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hung Chu
- Ph.D. Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan
| | - Min-Yen Hsu
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402306, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402306, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Jau Chen
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252005, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 251020, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chuan Hsiao
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Liao
- Ph.D. Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan
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6
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Kohon AI, Man K, Mathis K, Webb J, Yang Y, Meckes B. Nanoparticle targeting of mechanically modulated glycocalyx. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.27.529887. [PMID: 36909503 PMCID: PMC10002687 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.27.529887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties and forces in the extracellular environment surrounding alveolar epithelial cells have the potential to modulate their behavior. Particularly, breathing applies 3-dimensional cyclic stretches to the cells, while the stiffness of the interstitium changes in disease states, such as fibrosis and cancer. A platform was developed that effectively imitates the active forces in the alveolus, while allowing one to control the interstitium matrix stiffnesses to mimic fibrotic lung tumor microenvironments. Alveolar epithelial cancer cells were cultured on these platforms and changes in the glycocalyx expression were evaluated. A complex combination of stiffness and dynamic forces altered heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan expressions. Consequently, we designed liposomal nanoparticles (LNPs) modified with peptides that can target heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulfates of cell surface glycocalyx. Cellular uptake of these modified nanoparticles increased in stiffer conditions depending on the stretch state. Namely, chondroitin sulfate A targeting improved uptake efficiency in cells experiencing dynamic stretches, while cells seeded on static stiff interstitium preferentially took up heparan sulfate targeting LNPs. These results demonstrate the critical role that mechanical stiffness and stretching play in the alveolus and the importance of including these properties in nanotherapeutic design for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afia Ibnat Kohon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, 3940 N Elm St., Denton, TX 76207
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle Denton, Texas 76203-5017
| | - Kun Man
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, 3940 N Elm St., Denton, TX 76207
| | - Katelyn Mathis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, 3940 N Elm St., Denton, TX 76207
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle Denton, Texas 76203-5017
| | - Jade Webb
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, 3940 N Elm St., Denton, TX 76207
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, 3940 N Elm St., Denton, TX 76207
| | - Brian Meckes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, 3940 N Elm St., Denton, TX 76207
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle Denton, Texas 76203-5017
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7
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Park HH, Kim YM, Anh Hong LT, Kim HS, Hoon KS, Jin X, Hwang DH, Kwon MJ, Song SC, Kim BG. Dual-functional hydrogel system for spinal cord regeneration with sustained release of arylsulfatase B alleviates fibrotic microenvironment and promotes axonal regeneration. Biomaterials 2022; 284:121526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Li C, Sahu S, Kou G, Jagadeesan N, Joseph TP, Li Lin S, Schachner M. Chondroitin 6-sulfate-binding peptides improve recovery in spinal cord-injured mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174421. [PMID: 34391768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The role of glycosaminoglycan sulfation patterns, particularly in regard to scar formation and inhibition of neuritogenesis, has been mainly studied in cell culture with a focus on chondroitin 4-sulfate. In this study, we investigated chondroitin 6-sulfate (C6S) and found that it also inhibits neurite outgrowth of mouse cerebellar granule neurons in vitro. To examine whether the inhibitory activity of C6S could be neutralized, seven previously characterized high-affinity C6S-binding peptides were tested, among which three peptides neutralized the inhibitory functions of C6S. We further investigated these peptides in a mouse model of spinal cord injury, since upregulation of C6S expression in the glial scar following injury has been associated with reduced axonal regrowth and functional recovery. We here subjected mice to severe compression injury at thoracic levels T7-T9, immediately followed by inserting gelfoam patches soaked in C6S-binding peptides or in a control peptide. Application of C6S-binding peptides led to functional recovery after injury and prevented fibrotic glial scar formation, as seen by decreased activation of astrocytes and microglia/macrophages. Decreased expression of several lecticans and deposition of fibronectin at the site of injury were also observed. Application of C6S-binding peptides led to axonal regrowth and inhibited the C6S-mediated activation of RhoA/ROCK and decrease of PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathways. Taken together, these results indicate that treatment with C6S-binding peptides improves functional recovery in a mouse model of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijie Li
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Sudhanshu Sahu
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Guanhua Kou
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Nataraj Jagadeesan
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Thomson Patrick Joseph
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Stanley Li Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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9
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Gungor S, Oktay Y, Hiz S, Aranguren-Ibáñez Á, Kalafatcilar I, Yaramis A, Karaca E, Yis U, Sonmezler E, Ekinci B, Aslan M, Yilmaz E, Özgör B, Balaraju S, Szabo N, Laurie S, Beltran S, MacArthur DG, Hathazi D, Töpf A, Roos A, Lochmuller H, Vernos I, Horvath R. Autosomal recessive variants in TUBGCP2 alter the γ-tubulin ring complex leading to neurodevelopmental disease. iScience 2021; 24:101948. [PMID: 33458610 PMCID: PMC7797523 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules help building the cytoskeleton of neurons and other cells. Several components of the gamma-tubulin (γ-tubulin) complex have been previously reported in human neurodevelopmental diseases. We describe two siblings from a consanguineous Turkish family with dysmorphic features, developmental delay, brain malformation, and epilepsy carrying a homozygous mutation (p.Glu311Lys) in TUBGCP2 encoding the γ-tubulin complex 2 (GCP2) protein. This variant is predicted to disrupt the electrostatic interaction of GCP2 with GCP3. In primary fibroblasts carrying the variant, we observed a faint delocalization of γ-tubulin during the cell cycle but normal GCP2 protein levels. Through mass spectrometry, we observed dysregulation of multiple proteins involved in the assembly and organization of the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix, controlling cellular adhesion and of proteins crucial for neuronal homeostasis including axon guidance. In summary, our functional and proteomic studies link TUBGCP2 and the γ-tubulin complex to the development of the central nervous system in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdal Gungor
- Inonu University, Faculty of Medicine, Turgut Ozal Research Center, Department of Paediatric Neurology, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Oktay
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University and Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Semra Hiz
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey
- Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology Izmir, Turkey
| | - Álvaro Aranguren-Ibáñez
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Ipek Kalafatcilar
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey
- Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Yaramis
- Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Private Office, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Karaca
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University and Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Uluc Yis
- Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ece Sonmezler
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Burcu Ekinci
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Aslan
- Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology Izmir, Turkey
| | - Elmasnur Yilmaz
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bilge Özgör
- Inonu University, Faculty of Medicine, Turgut Ozal Research Center, Department of Paediatric Neurology, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Sunitha Balaraju
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Translational and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Nora Szabo
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
- Budai Children Hospital, Észak-Közép-budai Centrum, Új Szent János Kórház és Szakrendelő, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Steven Laurie
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Beltran
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel G. MacArthur
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Denisa Hathazi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Ana Töpf
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Translational and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andreas Roos
- Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, ISAS, Dortmund, Germany & Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Medicine, Essen, Germany
| | - Hanns Lochmuller
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, the Ottawa Hospital; and Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Isabelle Vernos
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Spain
| | - Rita Horvath
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Translational and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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10
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Sytnyk V, Leshchyns'ka I, Schachner M. Neural glycomics: the sweet side of nervous system functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:93-116. [PMID: 32613283 PMCID: PMC11071817 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The success of investigations on the structure and function of the genome (genomics) has been paralleled by an equally awesome progress in the analysis of protein structure and function (proteomics). We propose that the investigation of carbohydrate structures that go beyond a cell's metabolism is a rapidly developing frontier in our expanding knowledge on the structure and function of carbohydrates (glycomics). No other functional system appears to be suited as well as the nervous system to study the functions of glycans, which had been originally characterized outside the nervous system. In this review, we describe the multiple studies on the functions of LewisX, the human natural killer cell antigen-1 (HNK-1), as well as oligomannosidic and sialic (neuraminic) acids. We attempt to show the sophistication of these structures in ontogenetic development, synaptic function and plasticity, and recovery from trauma, with a view on neurodegeneration and possibilities to ameliorate deterioration. In view of clinical applications, we emphasize the need for glycomimetic small organic compounds which surpass the usefulness of natural glycans in that they are metabolically more stable, more parsimonious to synthesize or isolate, and more advantageous for therapy, since many of them pass the blood brain barrier and are drug-approved for treatments other than those in the nervous system, thus allowing a more ready access for application in neurological diseases. We describe the isolation of such mimetic compounds using not only Western NIH, but also traditional Chinese medical libraries. With this review, we hope to deepen the interests in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Sytnyk
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Iryna Leshchyns'ka
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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11
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Analysis of Chondroitin/Dermatan Sulphate Disaccharides Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. SEPARATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/separations7030049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulphates belong to a group of naturally occurring glycosaminoglycans and play a role in many physiological processes including ageing and the effects of various diseases. Research into chondroitin sulphates has found that the most important analytes are 4- and 6-sulphated disaccharides. We developed an HPLC method for the separation and quantification of underivatized chondroitin/dermatan sulphates—unsaturated disaccharides (4- and 6-sulphated disaccharides). This method is based on the separation of disaccharides by amido as well as amino columns under acidic conditions. These columns enabled the successful separation of 4- and 6-sulphated disaccharides using 50 (amido column) and 25 mmol/L (amino column) phosphate buffer, pH 4.25 (detection at 230 nm), at retention times of less than 10 min. The limit of quantification was 0.5 μg/mL. The applicability of this method was demonstrated through analysis of unsaturated disaccharides produced from the enzymatic digestion of chondroitin/dermatan sulphates of the solubilized extracellular matrix produced from porcine urinary bladder and human umbilical cord.
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12
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Hussein RK, Mencio CP, Katagiri Y, Brake AM, Geller HM. Role of Chondroitin Sulfation Following Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:208. [PMID: 32848612 PMCID: PMC7419623 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury produces long-term neurological damage, and presents a significant public health problem with nearly 18,000 new cases per year in the U.S. The injury results in both acute and chronic changes in the spinal cord, ultimately resulting in the production of a glial scar, consisting of multiple cells including fibroblasts, macrophages, microglia, and reactive astrocytes. Within the scar, there is an accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules—primarily tenascins and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs)—which are considered to be inhibitory to axonal regeneration. In this review article, we discuss the role of CSPGs in the injury response, especially how sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains act to inhibit plasticity and regeneration. This includes how sulfation of GAG chains influences their biological activity and interactions with potential receptors. Comprehending the role of CSPGs in the inhibitory properties of the glial scar provides critical knowledge in the much-needed production of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan K Hussein
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Caitlin P Mencio
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yasuhiro Katagiri
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alexis M Brake
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Herbert M Geller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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13
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Chen SX, He JH, Mi YJ, Shen HF, Schachner M, Zhao WJ. A mimetic peptide of α2,6-sialyllactose promotes neuritogenesis. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1058-1065. [PMID: 31823885 PMCID: PMC7034278 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.270313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. With the aim to find reagents that reduce oxidative stress, a phage display library was screened for peptides mimicking α2,6-sialyllactose (6'-SL), which is known to beneficially influence neural functions. Using Sambucus nigra lectin, which specifically binds to 6'-SL, we screened a phage display library and found a peptide comprising identical sequences of 12 amino acids. Mimetic peptide, reverse peptide and scrambled peptide were tested for inhibition of 6'-SL binding to the lectin. Indeed, lectin binding to 6'-SL was inhibited by the most frequently identified mimetic peptide, but not by the reverse or scrambled peptides, showing that this peptide mimics 6'-SL. Functionally, mimetic peptide, but not the reverse or scrambled peptides, increased viability and expression of neural cell adhesion molecule L1 in SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells, and promoted survival and neurite outgrowth of cultured mouse cerebellar granule neurons challenged by H2O2-induced oxidative stress. The combined results indicate that the 6'-SL mimetic peptide promotes neuronal survival and neuritogenesis, thus raising hopes for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Shantou University Medical College, China (approval No. SUMC 2014-004) on February 20, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Xi Chen
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jia-Hui He
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yong-Jian Mi
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Qijiang Renmin Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui-Fan Shen
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Correspondence to: Melitta Schachner, ; Wei-Jiang Zhao,
| | - Wei-Jiang Zhao
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
- Correspondence to: Melitta Schachner, ; Wei-Jiang Zhao,
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14
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Benedetti AM, Gill DM, Tsang CW, Jones AM. Chemical Methods for N- and O-Sulfation of Small Molecules, Amino Acids and Peptides. Chembiochem 2020; 21:938-942. [PMID: 31692230 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sulfation of the amino acid residues of proteins is a significant post-translational modification, the functions of which are yet to be fully understood. Current sulfation methods are limited mainly to O-tyrosine (sY), which requires negatively charged species around the desired amino acid residue and a specific sulfotransferase enzyme. Alternatively, for solid-phase peptide synthesis, a de novo protected sY is required. Therefore, synthetic routes that go beyond O-sulfation are required. We have developed a novel route to N-sulfamation and can dial-in/out O-sulfation (without S-sulfurothiolation), mimicking the initiation step of the ping-pong sulfation mechanism identified in structural biology. This rapid, low-temperature and non-racemising method is applicable to a range of amines, amides, amino acids, and peptide sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mary Benedetti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Daniel M Gill
- School of Pharmacy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Chi W Tsang
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alan M Jones
- School of Pharmacy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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15
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Shastry DG, Karande P. Microarrays for the screening and identification of carbohydrate-binding peptides. Analyst 2019; 144:7378-7389. [PMID: 31670365 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01465a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of carbohydrate-binding ligands is crucial for expanding knowledge on the glycocode and for achieving systematic carbohydrate targeting. Amongst such ligands, carbohydrate-binding peptides (CBPs) are attractive for use in bioanalytical and biomedical systems due to their biochemical and physicochemical properties; moreover, given the biological significance of lectin-carbohydrate interactions, these ligands offer an opportunity to study peptide sequence and binding characteristics to inform on natural target/ligand interactions. Here, a high-throughput microarray screening technique is described for the identification and study of CBPs, with a focus on polysialic acid (PSA), a polysaccharide found on neural stem cells. The chemical and biological uniqueness of PSA suggests that an ability to exclusively target this glycan may promote a number of diagnostic and therapeutic applications. PSA-binding peptides from phage display screening and from epitope mapping of an scFv for oligosialic acid were screened in an optimized microarray format with three ligand density conditions. Hypothesis-driven mutations were additionally applied to select peptides to modulate peptide affinity and selectivity to PSA. Peptide compositional and positional analyses revealed the significance of various residues for PSA binding and suggested the importance of basic residue positioning for PSA recognition. Furthermore, selectivity studies performed directly on microarrays with chondroitin sulfate A (CS-A) demonstrated the value of screening for both affinity and selectivity in the development of CBPs. Thus, the integrated approach described, with attention to design strategy, screening, and peptide characterization, successfully identified novel PSA-binding ligands and offers a platform for the identification and study of additional polysaccharide-binding peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya G Shastry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
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16
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Barros Ribeiro da Silva V, Porcionatto M, Toledo Ribas V. The Rise of Molecules Able To Regenerate the Central Nervous System. J Med Chem 2019; 63:490-511. [PMID: 31518122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Injury to the adult central nervous system (CNS) usually leads to permanent deficits of cognitive, sensory, and/or motor functions. The failure of axonal regeneration in the damaged CNS limits functional recovery. The lack of information concerning the biological mechanism of axonal regeneration and its complexity has delayed the process of drug discovery for many years compared to other drug classes. Starting in the early 2000s, the ability of many molecules to stimulate axonal regrowth was evaluated through automated screening techniques; many hits and some new mechanisms involved in axonal regeneration were identified. In this Perspective, we discuss the rise of the CNS regenerative drugs, the main biological techniques used to test these drug candidates, some of the most important screens performed so far, and the main challenges following the identification of a drug that is able to induce axonal regeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marimélia Porcionatto
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo , Escola Paulista de Medicina, Laboratório de Neurobiologia Molecular, Departmento de Bioquímica , Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - third floor, 04039-032 São Paulo , São Paolo , Brazil
| | - Vinicius Toledo Ribas
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Morfologia, Laboratório de Neurobiologia Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, room O3-245 , - Campus Pampulha, 31270-901 , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
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17
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Lee SC, Kim SH, Hoffmeister RA, Yoon MY, Kim SK. Novel Peptide-Based Inhibitors for Microtubule Polymerization in Phytophthora capsici. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112641. [PMID: 31146360 PMCID: PMC6600545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant disease Phytophthora blight, caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici, is responsible for major economic losses in pepper production. Microtubules have been an attractive target for many antifungal agents as they are involved in key cellular events such as cell proliferation, signaling, and migration in eukaryotic cells. In order to design a novel biocompatible inhibitor, we screened and identified inhibitory peptides against alpha- and beta-tubulin of P. capsici using a phage display method. The identified peptides displayed a higher binding affinity (nanomolar range) and improved specificity toward P. capsici alpha- and beta-tubulin in comparison to Homo sapiens tubulin as evaluated by fluorometric analysis. One peptide demonstrated the high inhibitory effect on microtubule formation with a nanomolar range of IC50 values, which were much lower than a well-known chemical inhibitor—benomyl (IC50 = 500 µM). Based on these results, this peptide can be employed to further develop promising candidates for novel antifungal agents against Phytophthora blight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Choon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Sang-Heon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.
| | - Rachel A Hoffmeister
- Department of Natural Sciences, Northeastern State University, Tahlequah, OK 74464, USA.
| | - Moon-Young Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.
| | - Sung-Kun Kim
- Department of Natural Sciences, Northeastern State University, Tahlequah, OK 74464, USA.
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