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Wen C, Odle R, Cheng S. Molecular Weight Distribution of Branched Polymers: Comparison between Monte Carlo Simulation and Flory-Stockmayer Theory. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071791. [PMID: 37050404 PMCID: PMC10097263 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is challenging to predict the molecular weight distribution (MWD) for a polymer with a branched architecture, though such information will significantly benefit the design and development of branched polymers with desired properties and functions. A Monte Carlo (MC) simulation method based on the Gillespie algorithm is developed to quickly compute the MWD of branched polymers formed through step-growth polymerization, with a branched polyetherimide from two backbone monomers (4,4′-bisphenol A dianhydride and m-phenylenediamine), a chain terminator (phthalic anhydride), and a branching agent (tris[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl] ethane) as an example. This polymerization involves four reactions that can be all reduced to a condensation reaction between an amine group and a carboxylic anhydride group. A comparison between the MC simulation results and the predictions of the Flory-Stockmayer theory on MWD shows that the rates of the reactions are determined by the concentrations of the functional groups on the monomers involved in each reaction. It further shows that the Flory-Stockmayer theory predicts MWD well for systems below the gel point but starts to fail for systems around or above the gel point. However, for all the systems, the MC method can be used to reliably predict MWD no matter if they are below or above the gel point. Even for a macroscopic system, a converging distribution can be quickly obtained through MC simulations on a system of only a few hundred to a few thousand monomers that have the same molar ratios as in the macroscopic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Oceanographic Big Data Mining and Application of Zhejiang Province, School of Information Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
- Department of Physics, Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Roy Odle
- SABIC, 1 Lexan Lane, Mt. Vernon, IN 47620, USA
| | - Shengfeng Cheng
- Department of Physics, Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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2
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Dayal P, Misra N, Khewle S, Singh RA. On the Role of Half-Catalan Numbers and Pathwidth in Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesized by AB m Step Polymerization. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pratyush Dayal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Neeldhara Misra
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Surbhi Khewle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Ravi Anand Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
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De Keer L, Van Steenberge PHM, Reyniers MF, D’hooge DR. Going Beyond the Carothers, Flory and Stockmayer Equation by Including Cyclization Reactions and Mobility Constraints. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152410. [PMID: 34372013 PMCID: PMC8348631 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A challenge in the field of polymer network synthesis by a step-growth mechanism is the quantification of the relative importance of inter- vs. intramolecular reactions. Here we use a matrix-based kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) framework to demonstrate that the variation of the chain length distribution and its averages (e.g., number average chain length xn), are largely affected by intramolecular reactions, as mostly ignored in theoretical studies. We showcase that a conventional approach based on equations derived by Carothers, Flory and Stockmayer, assuming constant reactivities and ignoring intramolecular reactions, is very approximate, and the use of asymptotic limits is biased. Intramolecular reactions stretch the functional group (FG) conversion range and reduce the average chain lengths. In the likely case of restricted mobilities due to diffusional limitations because of a viscosity increase during polymerization, a complex xn profile with possible plateau formation may arise. The joint consideration of stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric conditions allows the validation of hypotheses for both the intrinsic and apparent reactivities of inter- and intramolecular reactions. The kMC framework is also utilized for reverse engineering purposes, aiming at the identification of advanced (pseudo-)analytical equations, dimensionless numbers and mechanistic insights. We highlight that assuming average molecules by equally distributing A and B FGs is unsuited, and the number of AB intramolecular combinations is affected by the number of monomer units in the molecules, specifically at high FG conversions. In the absence of mobility constraints, dimensionless numbers can be considered to map the time variation of the fraction of intramolecular reactions, but still, a complex solution results, making a kMC approach overall most elegant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lies De Keer
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (L.D.K.); (P.H.M.V.S.); (M.-F.R.)
| | - Paul H. M. Van Steenberge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (L.D.K.); (P.H.M.V.S.); (M.-F.R.)
| | - Marie-Françoise Reyniers
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (L.D.K.); (P.H.M.V.S.); (M.-F.R.)
| | - Dagmar R. D’hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (L.D.K.); (P.H.M.V.S.); (M.-F.R.)
- Centre for Textiles Science and Engineering (CTSE), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark 70a, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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Norris SCP, Kasko AM, Chou T, D’Orsogna MR. Stochastic Model of Randomly End-Linked Polymer Network Microregions. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sam C. P. Norris
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1600, United States
| | - Andrea M. Kasko
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1600, United States
| | - Tom Chou
- Department of Biomathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1766, United States
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 0095-1555, United States
| | - Maria R. D’Orsogna
- Department of Mathematics, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California 91330-8313, United States
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Coloured random graphs explain the structure and dynamics of cross-linked polymer networks. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14627. [PMID: 32884043 PMCID: PMC7471966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71417-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Step-growth and chain-growth are two major families of chemical reactions that result in polymer networks with drastically different physical properties, often referred to as hyper-branched and cross-linked networks. In contrast to step-growth polymerisation, chain-growth forms networks that are history-dependent. Such networks are defined not just by the degree distribution, but also by their entire formation history, which entails a modelling and conceptual challenges. We show that the structure of chain-growth polymer networks corresponds to an edge-coloured random graph with a defined multivariate degree distribution, where the colour labels represent the formation times of chemical bonds. The theory quantifies and explains the gelation in free-radical polymerisation of cross-linked polymers and predicts conditions when history dependance has the most significant effect on the global properties of a polymer network. As such, the edge colouring is identified as the key driver behind the difference in the physical properties of step-growth and chain-growth networks. We expect that this findings will stimulate usage of network science tools for discovery and design of cross-linked polymers.
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Hao T, Zhou Z, Nie Y. Theoretical Methods of the Size Distribution Function for the Products of Hyperbranched Polymerization. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.202000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tongfan Hao
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jiangsu University 301 Xuefu Road Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Zhiping Zhou
- Research School of Polymeric Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Jiangsu University 301 Xuefu Road Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Yijing Nie
- Research School of Polymeric Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Jiangsu University 301 Xuefu Road Zhenjiang 212013 China
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Schamboeck V, Kryven I, Iedema PD. Effect of volume growth on the percolation threshold in random directed acyclic graphs with a given degree distribution. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:012303. [PMID: 32069527 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.012303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In every network, a distance between a pair of nodes can be defined as the length of the shortest path connecting these nodes, and therefore one may speak of a ball, its volume, and how it grows as a function of the radius. Spatial networks tend to feature peculiar volume scaling functions, as well as other topological features, including clustering, degree-degree correlation, clique complexes, and heterogeneity. Here we investigate a nongeometric random graph with a given degree distribution and an additional constraint on the volume scaling function. We show that such structures fall into the category of m-colored random graphs and study the percolation transition by using this theory. We prove that for a given degree distribution the percolation threshold for weakly connected components is not affected by the volume growth function. Additionally, we show that the size of the giant component and the cyclomatic number are not affected by volume scaling. These findings may explain the surprisingly good performance of network models that neglect volume scaling. Even though this paper focuses on the implications of the volume growth, the model is generic and might lead to insights in the field of random directed acyclic graphs and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Schamboeck
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ivan Kryven
- Mathematical Institute, Utrecht University, PO Box 80010, 3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Piet D Iedema
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Gurfinkel AJ, Rikvold PA. Absorbing random walks interpolating between centrality measures on complex networks. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:012302. [PMID: 32069664 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.012302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Centrality, which quantifies the importance of individual nodes, is among the most essential concepts in modern network theory. As there are many ways in which a node can be important, many different centrality measures are in use. Here, we concentrate on versions of the common betweenness and closeness centralities. The former measures the fraction of paths between pairs of nodes that go through a given node, while the latter measures an average inverse distance between a particular node and all other nodes. Both centralities only consider shortest paths (i.e., geodesics) between pairs of nodes. Here we develop a method, based on absorbing Markov chains, that enables us to continuously interpolate both of these centrality measures away from the geodesic limit and toward a limit where no restriction is placed on the length of the paths the walkers can explore. At this second limit, the interpolated betweenness and closeness centralities reduce, respectively, to the well-known current-betweenness and resistance-closeness (information) centralities. The method is tested numerically on four real networks, revealing complex changes in node centrality rankings with respect to the value of the interpolation parameter. Nonmonotonic betweenness behaviors are found to characterize nodes that lie close to intercommunity boundaries in the studied networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleks J Gurfinkel
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4350, USA
| | - Per Arne Rikvold
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4350, USA.,PoreLab, NJORD Centre, Department of Physics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1048 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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Kryven I, Bianconi G. Enhancing the robustness of a multiplex network leads to multiple discontinuous percolation transitions. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:020301. [PMID: 31574739 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Determining design principles that boost the robustness of interdependent networks is a fundamental question of engineering, economics, and biology. It is known that maximizing the degree correlation between replicas of the same node leads to optimal robustness. Here we show that increased robustness might also come at the expense of introducing multiple phase transitions. These results reveal yet another possible source of fragility of multiplex networks that has to be taken into the account during network optimization and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kryven
- Mathematical Institute, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80010, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ginestra Bianconi
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom The Alan Turing Institute, the British Library, London NW1 2DB, United Kingdom
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