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File N, Carmicheal J, Krasnoslobodtsev AV, Japp NC, Souchek JJ, Chakravarty S, Hollingsworth MA, Sasson AA, Natarajan G, Kshirsagar PG, Jain M, Hayashi C, Junker WM, Kaur S, Batra SK. Substituent Effects Impact Surface Charge and Aggregation of Thiophenol-Labeled Gold Nanoparticles for SERS Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:25. [PMID: 35049653 PMCID: PMC8773556 DOI: 10.3390/bios12010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SERS immunoassay biosensors hold immense potential for clinical diagnostics due to their high sensitivity and growing interest in multi-marker panels. However, their development has been hindered by difficulties in designing compatible extrinsic Raman labels. Prior studies have largely focused on spectroscopic characteristics in selecting Raman reporter molecules (RRMs) for multiplexing since the presence of well-differentiated spectra is essential for simultaneous detection. However, these candidates often induce aggregation of the gold nanoparticles used as SERS nanotags despite their similarity to other effective RRMs. Thus, an improved understanding of factors affecting the aggregation of RRM-coated gold nanoparticles is needed. Substituent electronic effects on particle stability were investigated using various para-substituted thiophenols. The inductive and resonant effects of functional group modifications were strongly correlated with nanoparticle surface charge and hence their stability. Treatment with thiophenols diminished the negative surface charge of citrate-stabilized gold nanoparticles, but electron-withdrawing substituents limited the magnitude of this diminishment. It is proposed that this phenomenon arises by affecting the interplay of competing sulfur binding modes. This has wide-reaching implications for the design of biosensors using thiol-modified gold surfaces. A proof-of-concept multiplexed SERS biosensor was designed according to these findings using the two thiophenol compounds with the most electron-withdrawing substitutions: NO2 and CN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan File
- Sanguine Diagnostics and Therapeutics Inc., Omaha, NE 68106, USA; (N.F.); (N.C.J.); (J.J.S.); (M.A.H.); (A.A.S.); (W.M.J.)
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Joseph Carmicheal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (J.C.); (S.C.); (G.N.); (P.G.K.); (M.J.); (C.H.)
| | | | - Nicole C. Japp
- Sanguine Diagnostics and Therapeutics Inc., Omaha, NE 68106, USA; (N.F.); (N.C.J.); (J.J.S.); (M.A.H.); (A.A.S.); (W.M.J.)
| | - Joshua J. Souchek
- Sanguine Diagnostics and Therapeutics Inc., Omaha, NE 68106, USA; (N.F.); (N.C.J.); (J.J.S.); (M.A.H.); (A.A.S.); (W.M.J.)
| | - Sudesna Chakravarty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (J.C.); (S.C.); (G.N.); (P.G.K.); (M.J.); (C.H.)
| | - Michael A. Hollingsworth
- Sanguine Diagnostics and Therapeutics Inc., Omaha, NE 68106, USA; (N.F.); (N.C.J.); (J.J.S.); (M.A.H.); (A.A.S.); (W.M.J.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (J.C.); (S.C.); (G.N.); (P.G.K.); (M.J.); (C.H.)
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Aaron A. Sasson
- Sanguine Diagnostics and Therapeutics Inc., Omaha, NE 68106, USA; (N.F.); (N.C.J.); (J.J.S.); (M.A.H.); (A.A.S.); (W.M.J.)
- Department of Surgery, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Gopalakrishnan Natarajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (J.C.); (S.C.); (G.N.); (P.G.K.); (M.J.); (C.H.)
| | - Prakash G. Kshirsagar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (J.C.); (S.C.); (G.N.); (P.G.K.); (M.J.); (C.H.)
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (J.C.); (S.C.); (G.N.); (P.G.K.); (M.J.); (C.H.)
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Chihiro Hayashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (J.C.); (S.C.); (G.N.); (P.G.K.); (M.J.); (C.H.)
| | - Wade M. Junker
- Sanguine Diagnostics and Therapeutics Inc., Omaha, NE 68106, USA; (N.F.); (N.C.J.); (J.J.S.); (M.A.H.); (A.A.S.); (W.M.J.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (J.C.); (S.C.); (G.N.); (P.G.K.); (M.J.); (C.H.)
| | - Sukhwinder Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (J.C.); (S.C.); (G.N.); (P.G.K.); (M.J.); (C.H.)
| | - Surinder K. Batra
- Sanguine Diagnostics and Therapeutics Inc., Omaha, NE 68106, USA; (N.F.); (N.C.J.); (J.J.S.); (M.A.H.); (A.A.S.); (W.M.J.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (J.C.); (S.C.); (G.N.); (P.G.K.); (M.J.); (C.H.)
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Single-cell resolution analysis of the human pancreatic ductal progenitor cell niche. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:10876-10887. [PMID: 32354994 PMCID: PMC7245071 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918314117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of progenitors within pancreatic ducts has been studied for decades, but the hypothesis that they may help regenerate the adult endocrine compartment (chiefly insulin-producing β-cells) remains contentious. Here, we examine the single-cell transcriptome of the human ductal tree. Our data confirm the paradigm-shifting notion that specific lineages, long thought to be cast in stone, are in fact in a state of flux between differentiation stages. In addition to pro-ductal and pro-acinar transcriptomic gradients, our analysis suggests the existence of a third (ducto-endocrine) differentiation axis. Such prediction was experimentally validated by transplanting sorted progenitor-like cells, which revealed their tri-lineage differentiation potential. Our findings further indicate that progenitors might be activated in situ for therapeutic purposes. We have described multipotent progenitor-like cells within the major pancreatic ducts (MPDs) of the human pancreas. They express PDX1, its surrogate surface marker P2RY1, and the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor 1A (BMPR1A)/activin-like kinase 3 (ALK3), but not carbonic anhydrase II (CAII). Here we report the single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of ALK3bright+-sorted ductal cells, a fraction that harbors BMP-responsive progenitor-like cells. Our analysis unveiled the existence of multiple subpopulations along two major axes, one that encompasses a gradient of ductal cell differentiation stages, and another featuring cells with transitional phenotypes toward acinar tissue. A third potential ducto-endocrine axis is revealed upon integration of the ALK3bright+ dataset with a single-cell whole-pancreas transcriptome. When transplanted into immunodeficient mice, P2RY1+/ALK3bright+ populations (enriched in PDX1+/ALK3+/CAII− cells) differentiate into all pancreatic lineages, including functional β-cells. This process is accelerated when hosts are treated systemically with an ALK3 agonist. We found PDX1+/ALK3+/CAII− progenitor-like cells in the MPDs of types 1 and 2 diabetes donors, regardless of the duration of the disease. Our findings open the door to the pharmacological activation of progenitor cells in situ.
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